NDE Rev.1 July 2021

PELATIHAN
INSPEKTUR BEJANA TEKAN
NDE
Refreshing – July 2021
Purwidiatmo
Rev. 1 – july 2021
PELATIHAN INSPEKTUR BEJANA TEKAN
NDE for Pressure Vessel
o Basic Principles
o Code Requirements
NDE s Basic Principle
NDE Methods
o VI (Visual Inspection)
o PT (Penetrant Test)
o MT (Magnetic Particle Test)
o UT (Ultrasonic Test) Volumetric
o RT (Radiographic Test) NDE
o AE
o ET
o LT
o …etc
Basic Principle - PT
Penetrant Test - PT
Capillarity action
1. Apply penetrant on the 2. Clean the excess penetrant

object’s surface
3. Apply developer to absorb

trapped penetrant & as 4. Indication will be revealed
contrast background around the defect
1. Clean area of interest properly 2. Apply penetrant & wait ….
3. Clean excess penetrant properly 4. Apply developer & wait …..

Interpret the result, only after the dwell time is reached
There are two types of penetrant : Fluorescent & Day light
Fluorescent Day light

(Dark room / area & UV light needed)
Equipment :
- Wire brush
+ - Grinder
- Cloths (majun)
Applications :
1. Any material, any form
2. Open discontinuity only (crack, por, laminations ….)

Procedures: (General)
1. Clean the surface (area of interest) from :
• Rough surface, weld spatter, rust, …etc , to be ground smooth –
sand blasted surface not applicable for PT.
• Dirt, paint, grease, oil, can be cleaned using cleaner/remover
solvent
• Allow the surface to dry.
2. Apply penetrant on surface (area of interest) & allow the penetrant liquid
to penetrate the discontinuities (dwell time)
3. Wipe /clean excess penetrant using damped cloth - do not spray the
cleaner directly to the surface & allow the surface to dry.
4. Apply developer on surface and wait until dwell time is reached
5. Evaluate / Interpret the test result.

Basic Principle - MT
Magnetic Particle Test - MT
Magnetic flux leakage
S U S U
Kutub baru
U S
S U
Magnetizing Types
Yoke – AC/DC Yoke – Permanent Prod
Right hand thumb rule

Coils Coils
• Discontinuity shall be perpendicular to the magnetic field lines
• Ink can be fluorescent or day light and may be wet or dry.
Equipments:
- Wire brush
- Grinder
+ - Cloths (majun)
- UV light
- White Light
* Equipment to be calibrated once a year
Applications
1. Ferromagnetic steel only

2. Surface & subsurface discontinuity
1. Clean surface (area of interest) from :
• Dirt, grease, oil, rust, weld spatter…etc, can be cleaned using
cleaner/remover solvent.
• Paint to be removed
• If yoke type used, contact area of the poles also shall be cleaned
2. Apply contrast background paint on surface & allow to dry
3. Magnetize the area of interest & check the magnetic field strength
4. Apply particle ink / iron powder & let it move freely.
5. Adjust the magnetic field lines direction perpendicular to the
discontinuity found
6. Add ink as necessary. 1 2
7. Interpret the result.

8. To cover 100% testing of interest area the magnetic
field lines direction shall be moved in 90 deg angle.
9. Demagnetize tested object
Basic Principle - UT
Ultrasonic Test - UT
Ultrasonic Wave
Spectrum of sound
Frequency range Hz Description Example
0 – 20 Infrasound Earth Quake
20 – 20.000 Audible sound Speech, music
> 20.000 Ultrasound Bat
* Common frequency for UT 1 – 5 Mhz

Wave propagation
Longitudinal Waves propagate in all kind of materials

Transversal Waves only propagate in solid materials
Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse wave travel at

lower speeds
Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-modulus of

the materials
Air 330 m/s

Water 1480 m/s
Steel, long 5920 m/s
Steel, trans 3250 m/s
Sound propagation
Reflection & Transmission
As soon as sound waves comes to a change in material

characteristics, e.g. the surface of work piece, or an internal
inclusion, wave propagation will change too.
Behavior at an interface
Medium 1 Medium 2
Incoming wave Transmitted wave
Reflected wave
Interface
Ultrasonic Test - UT
• Ultrasonic waves are introduced into material, they will propagate in a

straight lines at constant speed,
• At surface interface / reflector, some of the waves is reflected and
some transmitted,
• The amount of reflected or transmitted wave energy provide
information of the reflector size,
• The travel time of the sound wave, represent the distance of the
reflector.
• Discontinuity at right angle to the wave transmission, is best detected
* The beam will be reflected

only by surface
perpendicular to the beam,
others will be deflected
Piezoelectric
Equipments:
A - Scan
• UT Machines
Thickness meter
B - Scan
C - Scan
Equipments: Phased Array
• UT Machines
TOFD – Time Of Flight Diffraction

Equipments:
• Probe / Transducer
Normal, TR, Angle …..
• Calibration blocks
Phased Array
IIW V1, V2, DAC, Step wedge

Equipments:
• Couplant
* Equipment shall be calibrated to fulfilled the

specification requirement.
Applications:
• Surface & Internal discontinuities on steels (incl.
weldment), and other materials….
Procedures: General
example - For angle probe (weld examination)
1. Calibrate the equipment using proper blocks (same material) for:

• Distance
• Sensitivity
2. Clean surface (area of interest) including the scanning ares from :
• Dirt, paint, grease, oil, …etc
• Rough surface, weld spatter, rust, …etc , to be ground smooth
3. Mark the scanning area on object
4. Move the probe back & forth
5. Evaluate any indication shown on screen

Basic Principle - RT
Radiographic Test - RT
Radiation of X-Ray or Gamma Ray.
(Discovered by William Roentgen in 1895)
• Electromagnetic wave - wavelengths shorter than 100 nanometres (nm),

will penetrate solid material. The shorter the wavelength, the greater the
penetration
• Like visible light, X-rays and Gamma radiation also have a photochemical
effect on film.
• By passing penetrating radiation through an object, and recording the
emerging radiation on a film, a two dimensional picture of the differences
in thickness or density of the object can be obtained. Hence, flaws in the
object can be detected. Flaws show up on the film, usually as dark areas
• If the flaw in the object makes little difference to the through thickness of
the object, it is unlikely to show on the radiograph. A lamination can,
therefore, be difficult to detect by radiography. Cracks parallel to the beam,
porosity, slag inclusions and root defects show very well.
Higher energy Lower energy

Radioactive Isotopes
 Iridium ( Ir 192 ) Half life 74 days
 Cobalt ( C0 60 ) Half life 5.3 years
 Cesium ( Cs 137 ) Half life 30 years
Caution !!!
• Short wavelength radiations are ionizing. This means they can cause
chemical changes in the human body.
• No ionizing radiation is safe, as small amounts can cause genetic
damage and increase the likelihood of cancers.
• Stringent safety precautions are needed when using radiography
RT - set up
RT films
Cluster porosity Herring bone porosity

RT films
Lack of root penetration Longitudinal crack

Basic Principle- RT
 UG (Unsharpness Geometry) - penumbra

• Code specify the maximum UG requirement
 Image Quality Indicator ( IQI) – Penetrameter / Penny
• To verify that the correct radiograph technique has been used.
• Types : Wire & Hole – ASTM, DIN, ASME
• Code specify; what IQI shall be shown on radiographic film.
 Film Density
• Level of darkness
• Code specify the range of film density
 Correct film identifications

Basic Principle- RT
Quality of radiographic film
Film shall not be read / interpret unless the quality is acceptable
 Sensitivity - Required IQIs, shall be shown on film

• Film Contrast  UG (unsharpness geometry) - penumbra
• Film Density
 Film damage (on interest area) :

• Scratches, Screen marks
• Water marks, chemical marks
• Image of debris
 Correct film identifications

• Date of exposure
• Joint identification
• Location
• Distance marking
• …etc
Basic Principle- RT
Basic Principle- RT
Equipments:
• Gamma ray Camera
• Survey meter, Pocket & Film badge dosimetere

Basic Principle- RT
Equipments:
• Film
• IQI
Basic Principle- RT
Equipments:
• Viewer Densito meter Step comparisson Film
• Lead letter & number

Basic Principle- RT
Equipments:
• Collimators
• Shielding material
• Yellow ropes
• Radiation signs
• Tapes …etc
Basic Principle- RT
1. Calculate the exposure time
• Material type & thickness
• Source intensity
• UG & SFD
• Film type (fine /coarse grain)
2. Clean the object from debris & any material that will affect the
radiographic result
3. Weldment  shall be clear from visual defect before RT
4. Mark the radiation safe distance/ boundary for non radiography
personnel
5. Set up the exposure & shoot the object.
6. Retrieve the radiation source into the container/camera and make sure it
safely inside (using survey meter), & store the camera in the safe place
(boom pit)
7. Process the film in the dark room & let it dry
8. Evaluate the film quality.
Code Requirements - PT
Section V - Article 1
T-150 Procedure
• All NDE shall be performed following written procedure
• A procedure demonstration shall be performed to the satisfaction of
Inspector
• A personnel demonstration may be used to verify the examiner to apply
the examination procedure
• Written procedure shall be made available to the Inspector.
• At least 1 copy of each procedure available to NDE personnel for
reference
Section V – Article 1
T-150 Procedure
• Qualification of written procedure by a demonstration shall be performed
prior to production examination
Demonstration shall be
 Under control of a Level III examiner (employee or subcontractor)
 On a minimum of one test specimen having flaws known only by the
supervising Level III Examiner.
 By a Level II or Level III Examiner (other than the supervising Level III)
• The procedure shall be considered qualified when the supervising Level

III and the Inspector are satisfied that indications produced by the
demonstrated procedure effectively reveal the size, location, orientation,
quantity, and characterization of the flaws.
• The qualification demonstration shall be documented & signed by the
supervising Level III and Inspector
T-610 Scope
• This Article shall be used together with Article 1, general requirement and
definition of terms in Article 1, Mandatory Appendix 1.
T-620 General
• Discontinuities open to the surface.
• Either color contrast or fluorescent penetrant can be used
T-621 Written Procedure Requirement

Requirements
• PT shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.
• Minimum content listed in Table T-621.1
Procedure Qualification
• A change an essential variable in Table T-621.1, require requalification
• A change a nonessential variable in Table T-621.1, does not require
requalification
• The changes shall require revision of, or addendum to, the written
procedure
Minimum & Maximum Steps Time  table T-621.3
T-630 Equipment
• Penetrant material, include all penetrants, emulsifiers, solvent / cleaning
agents, developers,..etc.  for detail Article 24
T-640 Miscellaneous Requirements
T-641 Control of contaminants
• For nickel alloys, autenitic or duplex stainless steels and titanium, certificate of
contaminant content required for all liquid penetrant materials.
T-642 Surface Preparation
• Prior to PT, the surface and adjacent area at least 25 mm, shall be dry & free from
dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux, spatter, paint and other matter that could
obscure surface opening or interfere the examination
• The cleaning method employed is an important part of the examination process
• If surface irregularities could mask the indications, Grinding, Machining or other
method may be necessary.
• Typical permitted cleaning agents : detergents, organic solvents, descaling
solutions, and paint removers. Degreasing and ultrasonic cleaning
T-643 Drying After Preparation
• After cleaning, drying of the surfaces shall be by normal evaporation or with
forced hot or cold air.
• A minimum period of time shall be established to ensure that the cleaning solution
has been evaporated prior to apply the penetrant.
T-650 Technique
Either color contrast or fluorescent penetrant shall be used with one of
• Water washable
• Post emulsifying
• Solvent removable
Standard Temperatures
• Part temp. during examination period ( 50 – 520 )C
• Local heating or cooling to maintain the part temp. is permitted
Nonstandard Temperatures
• Part temp. during examination period higher or lower than ( 50 – 520 )C
see Appendix III
Restrictions
• Color contrast and fluorescent penetrant shall not be mixed.
T-660 Calibration
Both visible and fluorescent light meters shall be calibrated at least
once a year
T-670 Examination
Penetrant application
• May be : dipping, brushing or spraying
Penetrant dwell time

• Dwell time is critical
• See Table T-672 or as qualified by demonstration
• Maximum dwell time 2 hr or as qualified by demonstration
• Penetrant shall not be allowed to dry. If it does, examination shall be
repeated.
T-670 Examination
Excess Penetrant removal
• By wiping with clean, dry, lint free cloth or absorbent paper
• Cloth with lightly moistened solvent is allowed.
• Repeat the operation until most traces of penetrant have been removed
• To minimize removal of penetrant from discontinuities, care shall be
taken to avoid the use of excess solvent.
Drying After Excess Pentrant Removal.

• By normal evaporation, blotting, wiping or forced air
T-670 Examination
Developing
• Shall be applied as soon as possible after penetrant removal.
• The time interval shall not exceeding that established in the procedure.
• Tin coating, may not draw the penetrant out of discontinuities, but thick
coating, may mask indication.
• Color contrast, only wet developer - fluorescent, wet or dry developer
may be used
Developing Time
• Developing time for final interpretation begins:
 immediately after dry developer application
 as soon as a wet developer coating is dry.
T-670 Examination
Interpretation
• Final interpretation Shall be made not less than 10 min. nor more than 60
min.
• For large object, examination shall be performed in increments.
• Color contrast penetrants
 Illumination - minimum light intensity shall be 1.076 Lx, and shall be
measured using white light meter prior to evaluation.
 Discontinuities indicated by a deep red color.
 Light pink color indicate excessive cleaning.
T-670 Examination
Interpretation
• Fluorescent penetrants
 Be performed in darkened area, max ambient white light 21.5 Lx
 Examiner shall be in a darkened area for at least 5 min. prior to
performing examination, shall not use photosensitive glasses /
lenses.
 UV-A light shall operate in the range of 320nm – 400 nm
 On the part surface, the UV-A light shall achieved a min of 1.000
mW/cm2 (micro Watt /Cm2)
 UV-A light intensity shall measured with a UV-A light meter :
Prior to use, power source interrupted or change, and at the
completion of examination.
Post-Examination Cleaning
• Should be done as soon as practicable after evaluation.
T-680 Evaluation
• Indications shall be evaluated in terms of the acceptance standards of
the referencing Code Section.
• Discontinuities at the surface will be indicated by bleed-out of penetrant
• Localized surface irregularities due to machining marks or other surface
conditions may produce false indications.
• Broad areas of fluorescence or pigmentation which could mask
indications of discontinuities are unacceptable, and such areas shall be
cleaned and reexamined.
T-690 Documentation
Recording of Indications
• Nonrejectable Indications:
Shall be recorded as specified by referencing code
• Rejectable Indications :
Shall be recorded.
As a minimum, the type of indications (linear or rounded), location and
extent (length or diameter or aligned) shall be recorded.
T-690 Documentation
Examination Records
For each examination, the following information shallbe recorded:
• The requirements of Article 1, T-190(a);
• Liquid penetrant type (visible or fluorescent);
• Type (number or letter designation) of each penetrant, penetrant remover,
emulsifier, and developer used;
• Map or record of indications per T-691;
• Material and thickness, and;
• Lighting equipment.
Code Requirements - MT
Section V - Article 1
T-150 Procedure
• All NDE shall be performed following written procedure
• A procedure demonstration shall be performed to the satisfaction of
Inspector
• A personnel demonstration may be used to verify the examiner to apply
the examination procedure
• Written procedure shall be made available to the Inspector.
• At least 1 copy of each procedure available to NDE personnel for
reference
T-150 Procedure
• Qualification of written procedure by a demonstration shall be performed
prior to production examination
Demonstration shall be
 Under control of a Level III examiner (employee or subcontractor)
 On a minimum of one test specimen having flaws known only by the
supervising Level III Examiner.
 By a Level II or Level III Examiner (other than the supervising Level III)
• The procedure shall be considered qualified when the supervising Level

III and the Inspector are satisfied that indications produced by the
demonstrated procedure effectively reveal the size, location, orientation,
quantity, and characterization of the flaws.
• The qualification demonstration shall be documented & signed by the
supervising Level III and Inspector
T-710 Scope
• This Article shall be used together with Article 1, general requirement and
definition of terms in Article 1, Mandatory Appendix 1.
T-720 General
• MT method to detect cracks & other discontinuity on surface of
ferromagnetic materials
• The sensitivity is greatest for surface discontinuities and diminishes
rapidly with increasing depth of discontinuities below the surface.
• The maximum sensitivity will be to linear discontinuities oriented
perpendicular to the lines of flux.
• For optimum effectiveness in detecting all types of discontinuities, each
area is to be examined at least twice, with the lines of flux during one
examination being approximately perpendicular to the lines of flux during
the other.

Requirements
• MT shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure.
• Minimum content listed in Table T-721
• Shall establish a single or range of values for each requirement
• A change an essential variable in Table T-721, require requalification
• A change a nonessential variable in Table T-721, does not require
requalification
• The changes shall require revision of, or addendum to, the written
procedure
T-730 Equipment
• Listed & describe in T-750
T-731 Examination Medium

• Particle types : color (fluorescent, non fluorescent or both), in order to
make them highly visible against the background surface.
• Dry & Wet particle shall comply with SE-709, para 2.2
• Temperature Limitations. Particles shall be used within the temperature
range limitations set by the manufacturer of the particles.
Alternatively, particles may be used outside the particle manufacturer’s
recommendations providing the procedure is qualified in accordance
with Article 1, T-150 at the proposed temperature.
T-740 Miscellaneous Requirements

Preparation
• Prior to MT, the surface and adjacent area at least 25 mm, shall be dry &
free from dirt, grease, lint, scale, welding flux, spatter, paint and other
matter that could obscure surface opening or interfere the examination
• If surface irregularities could mask the indications, Grinding, Machining

or other method may be necessary.
• Typical permitted cleaning agents : detergents, organic solvents,
descaling solutions, and paint removers. Degreasing and ultrasonic
cleaning
• If nonmagnetic coatings are left on the part in the area being examined, it
shall be demonstrated that indications can be detected through the
existing maximum coating thickness applied
T-750 Techniques
One or more of the following five magnetization techniques
shall be used:
• Prod technique
• Longitudinal magnetization technique
• Circular magnetization technique
• Yoke technique
• Multidirectional magnetization technique
T-752 Prod Technique

Magnetizing Procedure
• To avoid arcing, a remote control switch shall be provided to permit the
current to be applied after the prods have been properly positioned.
Magnetizing Current
• Direct or rectified magnetizing current shall be used.
• The current shall be :
 For thickness > 3/4 in. (19 mm)  (100 – 125) Amp/in of prod
spacing
 For thickness < 3/4 in. (19 mm)  (90 – 110) Amp/in. of prod
spacing.
Prod Spacing
• 3 in. – 8 in.
• The Prod tips shall be kept clean & dressed.
• For open circuit voltage > 25 V, Lead, steel or aluminum tipped prods are
recommended. (to avoid cooper deposits on the object.
Prod Technique
T-753 Longitudinal Magnetization Technique

Magnetizing Procedure
• Magnetization is accomplished by passing current through a multi-turn
fixed coil (or cables) that is wrapped around the part or section of the
part to be examined
• If a fixed, prewound coil is used, when the coil opening is more than 10
times the cross-sectional area of the part, the part shall be placed near
the side of the coil during inspection.
Magnetic Field Strength

• Field strength based on L (Length) & D (Diameter)
• Long parts shall be examined in sections not to exceed 18 in. and 18 in.
shall be used for the part L in calculating the required field strength.
• For noncylindrical parts, D shall be the max cross section diagonal.
T-753 Longitudinal Magnetizing Technique

• Field strength based on L (Length) & D (Diameter), as per : a & b or d & e
below
• Long parts shall be examined in sections not to exceed 18 in. and 18 in.
shall be used for the part L in calculating the required field strength.
• For noncylindrical parts, D shall be the max cross section diagonal.
a. L/D Ratios > 4, shall be within 10%$ 0f:

Ampere-turns = 35.000 / (L/D) + 2
b. L/D Ratios 2 ~ < 4, shall be within 10%$ 0f:

Ampere-turns = 45.000 / (L/D)
c. L/D Ratios < 2, coil magnetization technique can not be used
T-753 Longitudinal Magnetization Technique

d. If the area to be magnetized extends beyond 9 in. on either side of the
coil’s center, field adequacy shall be demonstrated using a magnetic
field indicator or artificial flaw shims per T-764.
Magnetizing Current
• Ampere-turns (as per a & b above) / number of turns
Amperes = Ampere-turns / turns
Example: Part 10 in. x 2 in. & 5 turn coil is used.

L/D ratio = 5  use formula a above.
Ampere-turn = 35.000 /( 5+2) = 5.000
Current = 5.000 /5 = 1.000 Amperes. ( + 10% )
Longitudinal Magnetization Technique
T-755 Yoke Technique
T-760 Calibration
T-761 Frequency of Calibration
Magnetizing Equipment
• Frequency.
Magnetizing equipment with an ammeter shall be calibrated:
 At least once a year, or
 After major electric repair, periodic overhaul, or damage.
 If equipment has not been in use for a year or more, calibration shall
be done prior to first use.
• Procedure.
The accuracy of the unit’s meter shall be verified annually by equipment
traceable to a national standard. Comparative readings shall be taken for
at least three different current output levels encompassing the usable
range.
T-760 Calibration
T-761 Frequency of Calibration
Magnetizing Equipment
• Tolerance.
The unit’s meter reading shall not deviate by more than ±10% of full
scale, relative to the actual current value as shown by the test meter.
Light Meters.
Light meters shall be calibrated at least
 once a year or
 whenever a meter has been repaired.
 If meters have not been in use for one year or more, calibration shall
be done before being used.
T-760 Calibration
T-762 Lifting Power of Yokes
• The magnetizing power of yokes shall be verified :
 Prior to use each day the yoke is used.
 whenever the yoke has been damaged or repaired.
• Each alternating current electromagnetic yoke shall have a lifting power
of at least 10 lb (4.5 kg) at the maximum pole spacing, with contact
similar to what will be used during the examination.
• Each direct current or permanent magnetic yoke shall have a lifting
power of at least 40 lb (18 kg) at the maximum pole spacing, with contact
similar to what will be used during the examination.
• Each weight shall be weighed with a scale from a reputable manufacturer
and stenciled with the applicable nominal weight prior to first use. A
weight need only be verified again if damaged in a manner that could
have caused potential loss of material.
T-760 Calibration
T-763 Gaussmeter
• At least once a year or whenever the equipment has been subjected to a
major repair, periodic overhaul, or damage. If equipment has not been in
use for a year or more, calibration shall be done prior to first use.
T-764 Magnetic Field Adequacy and Direction

Application.
• The use of magnetic field indicators, artificial shims, or Hall-Effect
tangential-field probes are only permitted when specifically referenced by
the following magnetizing techniques:
 Longitudinal (T-753)
 Circular (T-754)
 Multidirectional (T-756)
Magnetic filed Adequacy
To produce satisfactory indications, magnetic field shall have sufficient
strength, but shall not so strong that it caused masking the indications
Magnetic field strength shall be verified using :
a. Pie-Shaped Magnetic Particle Field Indicator. The indicator, shown in
Figure T-764.2(a), A suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly
defined line (or lines) of magnetic particles form(s) across the copper
face of the indicator
Pie-type indicators are best used with dry particle procedures.

Magnetic filed Adequacy
b. Artificial Flaw Shims. One of the shims shown in Figure T-764.2(b)(1) or
Figure T-764.2(b)(2).
A suitable field strength is indicated when a clearly defined line (or lines)
of magnetic particles, representing the 30% depth flaw, appear (s) on the
shim face
c. Hall-Effect Tangential-Field Probe. A gaussmeter and Hall-Effect
tangential-field probe shall be used for measuring the peak value of a
tangential field.
A suitable field strength is indicated when the measured field is within
the range of 30 G to 60 G (Gauss)

Magnetic filed Direction
• The direction(s) of magnetization shall be determined by particle
indications obtained using an indicator or shims as shown in Figure T-
764.2(a), Figure T-764.2(b)(1), or Figure T-764.2(b)(2).
• When a clearly defined line of particles are not formed
 in the desired direction, or
 in at least two nearly perpendicular directions for the multidirectional
technique.
the magnetizing technique shall be changed as needed
T-765 Wet Particle Concentration and Contamination

Settling Volumes
Unless otherwise specified by the particle manufacturer:
• For fluorescent particles, the required settling volume is 0.1 mL to 0.4 mL
in a 100-mL bath sample.
• For nonfluorescent`from 1.2 mL to 2.4 mL per100 mL of vehicle for
particles.
• Concentration checks shall be made at least every eight hours.
Contaminanation.
Both fluorescent and nonfluorescent suspensions shall be checked
periodically for contaminants such as dirt, scale, oil, lint, loose fluorescent
pigment, water (in the case of oil suspensions), and particle agglomerates
which can adversely affect the performance of the magnetic particle
examination process.
The test for contamination shall be performed at least once per week.
T-770 Examination
Direction of Magnetization
• At least two separate examinations shall be performed on each area.
• The second examination, the lines of magnetic flux shall be
approximately perpendicular to those used during the first examination.
• A different technique for magnetization may be used for the second
examination.
Method of Examination
Either wet or dry, and may be either fluorescent or nonfluorescent may be
used
• Dry Particles. The magnetizing current shall remain on while the examination
medium is being applied and while any excess of the examination medium is
removed.
• Wet Particles. The magnetizing current shall be turned on after the particles have
been applied. Flow of particles shall stop with the application of current.
Wet particles applied from aerosol spray cans or pump sprayers may be applied
before and/or during magnetizing current application.
T-770 Examination
Examination Coverage
All examinations shall be conducted with sufficient field overlap to ensure
100% coverage at the required sensitivity (T-764).
Rectified Current
• For Direct current, the rectified current for magnetization shall be either
three-phase (full-wave rectified) current, or single phase (half-wave
rectified) current.
• The amperage required with three-phase, full-wave rectified current shall
be verified by measuring the average current.
• The amperage required with single-phase (half-wave rectified) current
shall be verified by measuring the average current output during the
conducting half cycle only.
• When measuring half-wave rectified current with a direct current test
meter, readings shall be multiplied by two.
T-770 Examination
Excess Particle Removal
Excess dry particles in examinations shall be removed with a light air stream of low
pressure dry air.
The examination current or power shall be maintained while removing the excess
particles.
Interpretation
• Shall identify if an indication as false, nonrelevant, or relevant.
• False and nonrelevant indications shall be proven as false or nonrelevant.
• Shall identify the locations of indications and the character of the indication.
 Visible (color contrast) Magnetic Particles

 Surface discontinuities are indicated by accumulations of magnetic particles
 The minimum light intensity shall be 1.076 lx
 The light intensity shall be measured with a white light meter prior to the
evaluation of indications or a verified light source shall be used.
T-770 Examination
Interpretation
 Fluorescent Magnetic Particles
 Be performed in darkened area, max ambient white light 21.5 Lx
 Examiner shall be in a darkened area for at least 5 min. prior to
performing examination, shall not use photosensitive glasses /
lenses.
 UV-A light shall operate in the range of 320nm – 400 nm
 On the part surface, the UV-A light shall achieved a min of 1.000
mW/cm2 (micro Watt /Cm2)
 UV-A light intensity shall measured with a UV-A light meter :
Prior to use, power source interrupted or change, and at the
completion of examination.
T-778 Demagnetization
• When residual magnetism in the part could interfere with subsequent processing
or usage, the part shall be demagnetized any time after completion of the
examination
T-779 Post-Examination Cleaning

When post-examination cleaning is required, it should be conducted as soon as
practical using a process that does not adversely affect the part.
T-780 Evaluation
• Indications shall be evaluated in terms of the acceptance standards of the
referencing Code Section.
• Discontinuities on or near the surface are indicated by retention of the
examination medium. However, localized surface irregularities due to machining
marks or other surface conditions may produce false indications.
• Broad areas of particles which could mask indications from discontinuities are
prohibited, and such areas shall be cleaned and reexamined.
T-790 Documentation
T-792 Recording of Indications
Non rejectable Indications
Shall be recorded as specified by the referencing Code Section.
Rejectable Indications
As a minimum, the type of indications (linear or rounded), location and
extent (length or diameter or aligned) shall be recorded.
T-793 Examination Records

For each examination, the following information shall be recorded:
a. The requirements of Article 1, T-190(a)
b. Magnetic particle equipment and type of current
c. Magnetic particles (visible or fluorescent, wet or dry)
d. Map or record of indications per T-792
e. Material and thickness
f. Lighting equipment
Code Requirements - UT
Section VIII Div. 2 - para. 7.5.5
ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION USED IN LIEU OF RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
• Automatic or semiautomatic ultrasonic shall be performed as per Section V Article
4, Appendix VIII & the followings:
 The ultrasonic Examination shall include volume of weld, plus :
 Mat. Thick. > 8 in.  2 in on each side of weld.
 Mat. Thick. < 8 in.  the lesser of 1 in or t on each side of weld
Alternatively, Examination volume maybe reduce to include HAZ plus ¼ in.
( see notes )
• Straight beam material examination shall be performed :
 Manually
 As part of previous manufacturing process
 During the automated or semiautomated UT examination provided detection of
these reflectors is demonstrated.
• Personnel performing and evaluating UT examinations shall be qualified and
certified in accordance with 7.3. Only UT Level II or III personnel shall analyze the
data or interpret the results.
• Contractor qualification records of certified personnel shall be approved by the
Certificate Holder and maintained by their employer.
• In addition, personnel who acquire and analyze UT data shall participate in the
qualification of the procedure per Section V, Article 4, Mandatory Appendix IX.
• Application of automated ultrasonic examinations shall be noted on the
Manufacturer's Data Report, as well as the extent of it use
T-410 Scope
• This Article provides or references requirements for weld examinations,
which are to be used in selecting and developing ultrasonic examination
procedures
• Referencing Code Section shall be consulted for specific requirements for
the following:
a. Personnel qualification/certification requirements
b. Procedure requirements/demonstration, qualification, acceptance
c. Examination system characteristics
d. Retention and control of calibration blocks
e. Extent of examination and/or volume to be scanned
f. Acceptance standards
g. Retention of records
h. Report requirements
T-420 General
The requirements of this Article shall be used together with Article 1,
General Requirements. Refer to:
a. Special provisions for coarse grain materials and welds in T-451
b. Special provisions for computerized imaging techniques in T-452
c. Mandatory Appendix III for Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) techniques
d. Mandatory Appendix IV for phased array
e. Mandatory Appendix V for phased array E-scan and S-scan linear
scanning examination techniques
f. Mandatory Appendix XI for full matrix capture (FMC) techniques
T-420 General
T-421 Written Procedure Requirements
Requirements
Ultrasonic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure
that shall, as a minimum, contain the requirements listed in Table T-421 or the
Appendices applicable to the technique in use. The written procedure shall establish a
single value, or range of values, for each requirement.
• A change an essential variable in Table T-421, or Table in Mandatory Appendix
applicable to the technique, require requalification
• A change a nonessential variable, does not require requalification
• The changes shall require revision of, or addendum to, the written procedure
T-430 Equipment
T -431 Instrument Requirements
• A pulse-echo-type of ultrasonic instrument shall be used.
• The instrument shall be capable of operation at frequencies over the range of at
least 1 MHz to 5 MHz and shall be equipped with a stepped gain control in units of
2.0 dB or less.
• If the instrument has a damping control, it may be used if it does not reduce the
sensitivity of the examination.
• The reject control shall be in the “off” position for all examinations, unless it can be
demonstrated that it does not affect the linearity of the examination.
• The instrument, when required because of the technique being used, shall have
both send and receive jacks for operation of dual search units or a single search
unit with send and receive transducers.
T-430 Equipment
T -432 Search Units
General
• The nominal frequency shall be from 1 MHz to 5 MHz unless variables, such as
production material grain structure, require the use of other frequencies to assure
adequate penetration or better resolution.
• Search units with contoured contact wedges may be used
Contact Wedges
As required by (a) and (b) below, examinations performed on a curved component
having a diameter less than 14 in. (350 mm) (at the examination surface) shall be
performed using a contoured wedge:
a. Search units shall be contoured as required by the following equation:
A = length of search unit footprint during circumferential
scanning or the width when scanning in the axial
direction.
D = component diameter at insp. Surface (ID 0r OD).
The footprint is defined as the physical dimension of the search unit in the curved
direction of the component.
T-430 Equipment
T -432 Search Units
b. The search unit contoured dimension shall be selected from the tables in (1) and
(2) below, and shall be determined using the same component dimension from
which the examination is being performed (I.D. or O.D.).
T-430 Equipment
T -432 Search Units
Weld Metal Overlay Cladding – Search Unit
Dual element, straight beam search units using an angled pitch-catch technique shall
be used. The included angle between the search unit’s elements shall be such that the
effective focal spot distance is centered in the area of interest. See T-473.
T -433 Couplant
General
• The couplant, including additives, shall not be detrimental to the material being
examined.
Control of Contaminants
• Couplants used on nickel base alloys shall not contain more than 250 ppm of
sulfur.
• Couplants used on austenitic stainless steel or titanium shall not contain more
than 250 ppm of halides (chlorides plus fluorides).
T-430 Equipment
T -434 Calibration Blocks
General
Reflectors.
• Specified reflectors (i.e., side-drilled holes, flat bottom holes, notches, etc.) shall
be used to establish primary reference responses of the equipment.
• An alternative reflector(s) may be used provided that the alternative reflector(s)
produces a sensitivity equal to or greater than the specified reflector(s) (e.g., side-
drilled holes in lieu of notches, flat bottom holes in lieu of side-drilled holes).
T-430 Equipment
Material
• Similar Metal Welds.
The material shall be of the same product form and material specification or
equivalent P-Number grouping as one of the materials being examined. P-Nos. 1,
3, 4, 5A through 5C, and 15A through 15F materials are considered equivalent.
• Dissimilar Metal Welds.
The material selection shall be based on the material on the side of the weld from
which the examination will be conducted. If the examination will be conducted
from both sides, calibration reflectors shall be provided in both materials.
• Transfer Correction.
When the block material is not of the same product form or has not received the
same heat treatment, it may be used provided it meets all other block
requirements and a transfer correction for acoustical property differences is used.
Quality
• Prior to fabrication, the block material shall be completely examined with a
straight beam search unit.
T-430 Equipment
Cladding
• Block selection
The material from which the block fabricated :
 Nozzle dropout
 A component prolongation
 The Same material spec., product form, and heat treatment condition.
• Clad.
 The block shall be clad to the component clad nominal thickness ±1/8 in. (3
mm). Deposition of clad shall be by the same method (i.e., roll-bonded,
manual weld deposited, automatic wire deposited, or automatic strip
deposited) as used to clad the component to be examined. If not known,
deposition may be by the manual method.
 Clad shall be of the same P, A & F numbers.
 For examination from both side of the weld, calibration block for both
materials shall be provided.
T-430 Equipment
Heat Treatment
• The calibration block shall receive at least the minimum tempering treatment
required by the material specification
• If the calibration block contains welds other than cladding, and the component weld
at the time of the examination has been heat treated, the block shall receive the
same heat treatment.
Surface Finish
• The finish on the scanning surfaces of the block shall be representative of the
scanning surface finishes on the component to be examined.
T-430 Equipment
Block Curvature
• Diameter > 20 in the block, essentially have same curvature, alternatively flat may
be used
• Diameter < 20 in. curve block shall be used. Range of single curvature block … see
Fig. T-434.1.7.2
• Alternative for Convex Surface to the requirement in T-434.1.7.1, for straight beam
contact technique,  see nonmandatory appendix G
Non Piping Calibration Block.
• Basic calibration block & block thickness  Fig. T-434.2.1
• Alternative : Nonmandatory Appendix J,Fig. J-431
Piping Calibration Block.

• Basic calibration block  Fig. T-434.3.1 or alternate Fig. T-434.3.2
• Curvature shall be  Fig. T-434.1.7
• T shall be + 25% of nom Thk of component.
T-430 Equipment
Weld Metal Overlay Cladding Calibration Block
Calibration Block for Technique One
• Fig T-434.4.1
• The thickness of the weld metal overlay cladding shall be at least as thick as that to
be examined.
• The thickness of the base material shall be at least twice the thickness of the weld
metal overlay cladding.
• Alternately, calibration blocks as shown in Figure T-434.4.2.1 or Figure T-434.4.2.2
Calibration Block for Technique Two
• Fig T-434.4.3
• The thickness of the weld metal overlay cladding shall be at least as thick as that to
be examined.
• The thickness of the base material shall within 1 in. (25 mm) of the calibration block
thickness, when the examination is performed from the base material surface
T-430 Equipment
Nozzle side weld fusion zone and / or adjacent nozzle parent metal
calibration blocks
• Fig T-434.5.1
• Block thickness shall be the max thk. of nozzle wall adjacent to the nozzle weld + ¾
in. (19 mm)
• Curvature or be within the range of 0.9 to 1.5 times the diameter of the nozzle.
T-440 MISCELLANEOUS REQUIREMENTS
T-441 IDENTIFICATION OF WELD EXAMINATION

AREAS
a. Weld Locations.
Weld locations and their identification shall be recorded on a weld map
or in an identification plan.
b. Marking.
If welds are to be permanently marked, low stress stamps and/or
vibratooling may be used. Markings applied after final stress relief of the
component shall not be any deeper than 3/64 in. (1.2 mm).
c. Reference System.
Each weld shall be located and identified by a system of reference points.
The system shall permit identification of each weld center line and
designation of regular intervals along the length of the weld.
T-450 Technique
The techniques described in this Article are intended for applications where either
single or dual element search units are used to produce:
a. Normal incident longitudinal wave beams / straight beam examinations or

b. Angle beam longitudinal waves, where both refracted longitudinal and shear
waves are present in the material under examination.
c. Angle beam shear waves, where incident angles in wedges produce only refracted
shear waves in the material under examination are generally termed angle beam
examinations.
Coarse Grain Materials

• Ultrasonic examinations of high alloy steels and high nickel alloy weld deposits
and dissimilar metal welds between carbon steels and high alloy steels and high
nickel alloys are usually more difficult than ferritic weld examinations
• Additional items, which are required, are weld mockups with reference reflectors
in the weld deposit
T-450 Technique
Computerized Imaging Technique (CIT)

• CIT is used to characterized and evaluate indications, may also be use to perform
basic scanning for flaw detection.
• Using nonautomated semiautomatic, or automatic scanner technique(s) to produce
two and three dimensional images of flaws
• Computer processes may be used to quantitatively evaluate the type, size, shape,
location, and orientation of flaws detected by ultrasonic examination or other NDE
methods.
• Some CITs that may be used are provided in Nonmandatory Appendix E.
T-453 Scanning Techniques

a. Manual scanning using no scanner equipment
b. Nonautomated scanning using nonautomated scanner( s)
c. Semiautomated scanning using semiautomated scanner(s)
d. Automated scanning using automated scanner(s)
T-460 Calibration
T-461 Instrument Linearity Checks.

Linearity check shall be performed at intervals not to exceed three months for analog
type instruments and one year for digital type instruments, or prior to first use
thereafter :
• Screen Height Linearity  as per Mandatory Appendix I
• Amplitude Control Linearity  as per Mandatory Appendix II
T-462 General Calibration Requirement’s

Linearity check shall be performed at intervals not to exceed three months for analog
type instruments and one year for digital type instruments, or prior to first use
thereafter :
• Calibration surface, contact wedges and couplant shall be as same as the
examination will be performed. i.e. Clad, unclad, convex, concave
• Instrument control shall be the same position for calibration and examination
• Temperature : calibration block and examination surface shall be within 140 C
T-460 Calibration
T-463 Calibration for Nonpiping.
Calibration Block  Fig T-434.2.1 (see also T-472.2)
Angle Beam Calibration

• As per Nonmandatory Appendices B & M
 Distance range calibration;
 Distance–amplitude;
 Echo amplitude measurement from the surface notch in the basic calibration
block.
Straight Beam Calibration

• As per Nonmandatory Appendices C
 Distance range calibration;
 Distance–amplitude correction
T-460 Calibration
T-463 Calibration for Piping.
Calibration Block  Fig T-434.3.1 , Fig. T-434.3.2
Angle Beam Calibration With Notch Generate DAC curve by similar

way as for nonpiping, but uses
Angle Beam Calibration With SDH curve calibration blocks
Straight Beam Calibration

• As per Nonmandatory Appendices C
 Distance range calibration; Similar to Nonpiping.
 Distance–amplitude correction
T-460 Calibration
T-465 Calibration for Weld Metal Overlay Cladding
Calibration for Technique One

• Calibration Bloc  Fig T-434.4.1
• The gain control shall be set to 80% + 5% of FSH – This shall be the primary
reference level.
Calibration for Technique Two

• Calibration Bloc  Fig T-434.4.3
• The gain control shall be set to 80% + 5% of FSH – This shall be the primary
reference level.
T-460 Calibration
T-466 Calibration for Nozzle Side Weld Fusion Zone and / or

Adjacent Nozzle Parent Metal
Single hole
The response from a single side drilled hole shall be set at 80% ± 5% of full screen
height. This is the primary reference level.
Multiple hole
The straight beam shall be directed toward the calibration reflector that yields the
maximum response. The gain control shall be set so that this response is 80% ± 5% of
full screen height. This shall be the primary reference level. The search unit shall then
be manipulated, without changing instrument settings, to obtain the maximum
responses from the other hole position( s) to generate a distance–amplitude
correction (DAC) curve.
T-460 Calibration
T-467 Calibration Confirmation

Calibration check shall be made:
• When any part is changed
• When Examination personnel are Changed, except for automatic.
• At the completion of each examination or series of similar examinations
T-470 Examination
Examination Coverage:
• The entire volume shall be examine by moving the search unit over the scanning
surface
• Each pass of the search unit shall overlap a minimum of 10% of the transducer
(piezoelectric element) dimension parallel to the direction of scan indexing.
• Oscillation of the search unit is permitted if it can be demonstrated that
overlapping coverage is provided.
Rate of search unit movement :
• Scanning speed shall not exceed 150 mm / s.
T-470 Examination
Scanning Sensitivity level

Distance-Amplitude Technique
• Manual Shall be 6 dB higher than the reference level
• Semi-automatic & automatic, may be set at reference level
• Shall be appropriate & capable of detecting calibration reflectors at max.
scanning speed.
Surface Preparation
• Base material or weld surface shall be prepared as needed to permit the
examination.
Recording of Ultrasonic data

• The ultrasonic data for the semi-automatic and automatic techniques shall be
recorded in an unprocessed form with no thresholding.
T-472 Weld Joint Distance-Amplitude Technique
Lamination check of scanning surface shall be performed before performing angle
beam examination.
Angle Beam Technique
• Search unit Angle shall be 450 or an angle appropriate for the configuration
being examine.
• Reflector Parallel to the weld seam
The angle beam shall be directed at approximate right angles to the weld axis
from both sides of the weld (i.e., from two directions) on the same surface
when possible.
• Reflector Transverse to the weld seam
Scanning with weld reinforcement
The angle beam shall be directed from 0 deg to 60 deg with respect to the
weld axis in both axial directions,
Scanning without weld reinforcement
If the weld cap is machined or ground flat, the examination shall be
performed on the weld.
T-473 Weld Metal Overlay Cladding Technique
For lack of bound and weld overlay flaws, technique one shall be used
For lack of bound only, technique two shall be used.
Technique One.
The examination shall be performed from the weld metal overlay clad surface with
the plane separating the elements of the dual element search unit positioned parallel
to the axis of the weld bead. The search unit shall be moved perpendicular to
the weld direction.
Technique Two.
The examination may be performed from either the weld metal overlay clad or unclad
surface and the search unit may be moved either perpendicular or parallel to the weld
direction.
T-474 Non Distance –Amplitude Technique
The number of angles and directions of the scans, for reflectors both
parallel and transverse to the weld axis, shall demonstrate the ability to
detect the minimum size rejectable discontinuities
T-475 Nozzle side weld fusion zone and / or adjacent nozzle parent
metal
• Search unit location
A straight beam examination shall be conducted from the inside nozzle surface.
• Examination
 The full circumference of the nozzle shall be scanned to cover the entire nozzle
side fusion zone of the weld plus 1 in. (25 mm) beyond the weld toes.
 The screen range shall cover as a minimum, 1.1 times the full thickness of the
nozzle wall.
T-480 Evaluation
General
Not all ultrasonic reflector indicate flaws, metallurgical discontinuities and
geometric conditions may produce indications that are not relevant.
Extent of reflector causing a geometric indication shall be recorded. (For example:
internal attachment, 200% DAC)
• Interpret the area containing the reflector in accordance with the applicable
examination procedure.
• Plot and verify the reflector coordinates. Prepare a cross-sectional sketch
showing the reflector position and surface discontinuities
• Fabrication or weld preparation drawing is helpful reference.
T-480 Evaluation
Evaluation Level
All indications greater than 20% of the reference level shall be investigated to the
extent that they can be evaluated in terms of the acceptance criteria of the referencing
Code Section.
Nondistance-Amplitude Technique
All indications longer than 40% of the rejectable flaw size shall be investigated to the
extent that they can be evaluated in terms of the acceptance criteria of the referencing
Code Section.
Evaluation of Laminar Reflector

Reflectors evaluated as laminar reflectors in base material which interfere with the
scanning of examination volumes shall require the angle beam examination technique
to be modified such that the maximum feasible volume is examined, and shall be
noted in the record of the examination.
T-490 Documentation
Nonrejectable Indications
Shall be recorded as specified by the referencing Code Section.
Rejectable Indications
As a minimum, the type of indication (i.e., crack, nonfusion, slag, etc.),
location, and extent (i.e., length) shall be recorded. See Nonmandatory
Appendices D & K for example
T-492 Examination Records
a. Ultrasonic instrument identification (including manufacturer’s serial number);
b. Search unit(s) identification (including manufacturer’s serial number, frequency,
and size);
c. Beam angle(s) used;
d. Couplant used, brand name or type;
e. Search unit cable(s) used, type and length;
f. (f) special equipment when used (search units, wedges, shoes, automatic
scanning equipment, recording equipment, etc.);
g. Computerized program identification and revision when used;
h. Calibration block identification
.
p. Etc….
T-493 REPORT
The report shall include those records indicated in T-491 and T-492.
The report shall be filed and maintained in accordance with the referencing
Code Section.
T-494 STORAGE MEDIA

Storage media for computerized scanning data and viewing software shall
be capable of securely storing and retrieving data for the time period
specified by the referencing Code Section.
Code Requirements - RT
T-210 SCOPE
The radiographic method described in this Article for examination of
materials including castings and welds shall be used together with Article 1
T-220 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
T-221 Procedure Requirements
Written Procedure
Each procedure shall include at least the following information, as applicable:
• Material type and thickness range
• Isotope or maximum X-ray voltage used
• Source-to-object distance (D in T-274.1)
• Distance from source side of object to film (d in T-274.1)
• Source size (F in T-274.1)
• Film brand and designation
• Screen used
Procedure Demonstration
Demonstration of the density and IQI image requirements of the written procedure on
production or technique radiographs shall be considered satisfactory evidence of
compliance with that procedure.
T-222 Surface Preparation
Material Including Casting
Surfaces shall satisfy the requirements of the applicable materials specification or
referencing Code Section, with additional conditioning, if necessary, by any suitable
process to such a degree that the images of surface irregularities cannot mask or be
confused with the image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph.
Welds
• The weld ripples or weld surface irregularities will mask or be confused with the
image of any discontinuity on the resulting radiograph.
• The finished surface of all butt-welded joints may be flush with the base material or
may have reasonably uniform crowns, with reinforcement not to exceed that
specified in the referencing Code Section.
T-222 Backscatter Radiation

A lead symbol “B,” with minimum dimensions of 7/16 in. (11 mm) in height and 1/16 in.
(1.5 mm) in thickness, shall be attached to the back of each film holder during each
exposure
T-224 System of Identification
A system shall be used to produce permanent identification on each radiograph
traceable to the contract, component, weld or weld seam, or part numbers, as
appropriate. In addition, the Manufacturer’s symbol or name and the date of the
radiograph shall be plainly and permanently included on the radiograph.
T-223 Monitoring Density of Radiographs

Either a densitometer or step wedge comparison film shall be used for judging film
density.
T-223 Extent of Examination
Shall be as per the referencing code section.
T-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
T-231 Film
Selection
Shall be industrial radiographic film
Processing
Standard Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film
Processing, SE-999, or Sections 23 through 26 of Standard Guide for Radiographic
Examination, SE-94, may be used as a guide for processing film, except that Section
8.1 of SE-999 is not required.
T-232 Intensifying Screens

May be used when performing radiographic examination in accordance with this
Article.
T-230 EQUIPMENT AND MATERIALS
T-233 Image Quality Indicator (IQI) Design
Standard IQI Design.
• IQIs shall be either the hole type or the wire type.
• Hole-type IQIs shall be manufactured and identified as per SE-1025.
• Wire-type IQIs shall be manufactured and identified as per SE-747,
• Table T-233.1 for hole type and those in Table T-233.2 for wire type.
T-234 Facilities for Viewing of Radiographs

Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will
not cause reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph
Equipment used to view radiographs for interpretation shall provide a variable light
source
T-260 CALIBRATION
T-261 Source Size
Source Size
• Manufacturer’s or supplier’s publications, such as technical manuals, decay curves,
or written statements documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot,
shall be acceptable as source size verification.
• If not available, for x-ray machine operating at 1.000 kV or less  SE-1165, for Ir 192
source  SE-1114
T-260 CALIBRATION
T-262 Densitometer and Step Comparison Film
Densitometers
Shall be calibrated at least every 3 months during use against :
A national standard step tablet or a step wedge calibration film
A step wedge calibration film shall be:
 Traceable to a national standard step tablet &
 Having at least five steps with neutral densities from at least 1.0 through 4.0,
shall be used.
 Shall have been verified within the last year by comparison with a national
standard step tablet, unless,
 Prior to first use, it was maintained in the original light-tight and waterproof
sealed package as supplied by the manufacturer.
 Step wedge calibration films may be used without verification for one year
upon opening, provided it is within the manufacturer’s stated shelf life.
The densitometer is acceptable if the density readings do not vary by more than ±0.05
density units from the actual density stated on the national standard step tablet
or step wedge calibration film.
T-260 CALIBRATION
Step wedge comparison films
Shall be verified prior to first use, unless :
• The density of the steps on a step wedge comparison film verified by a calibrated
densitometer.
• The step wedge comparison film is acceptable if the density readings do not vary
by more than ± 0.1 density units from the density stated on the step wedge
comparison film.
Periodic Verification
• Densitometers.
Periodic calibration verification checks shall be performed as described in T-262.1
at the beginning of each shift, after 8 hr of continuous use, or after change of
apertures, whichever comes first.
• Step Wedge Comparison Films.
Verification checks shall be performed annually per T-262.2. :
T-260 CALIBRATION
Documentation
• Densitometers.
Densitometer calibrations required by T-262.1 shall be documented, but the actual
readings for each step do not have to be recorded. Periodic densitometer
verification checks required by T-262.3(a) do not have to be documented.
• Step Wedge Calibration Films.
Step wedge calibration film verifications required by T-262.1(a) shall be
documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded.
• Step Wedge Comparison Films.
Step wedge comparison film verifications required by T-262.2 and T-262.3(b) shall
be documented, but the actual readings for each step do not have to be recorded.
T-270 EXAMINATION
T-271 Radiographic Technique
A single-wall exposure technique shall be used for radiography whenever practical.
When it is not practical to use a single-wall technique, a double-wall technique shall
be used.
Single-Wall Technique
The radiation passes through only one wall of the weld (material), which is viewed for
acceptance on the radiograph.
Double-Wall Technique
When it is not practical to use a single-wall technique, one of the following
double-wall techniques shall be used.
a) Single-Wall Viewing.
The radiation passes through two walls and only the weld (material) on the film-
side wall is viewed for acceptance on the radiograph. When complete coverage is
required for circumferential welds (materials), a minimum of three exposure taken
120 deg each other shall be made
T-270 EXAMINATION
T-271 Radiographic Technique
Double-Wall Technique
b) Double-Wall Viewing.
For materials and for welds 31/2 in. (89 mm) or less in nominal OD, the radiation
passes through two walls and the weld (material) in both walls is viewed for
acceptance on the same radiograph. For double- wall viewing, only a source-side
IQI shall be used.
• The radiation may be offset from the plane of welds, and minimum 2 exposure
shall be made. (ellipse image )
T-270 EXAMINATION
T-272 Radiographic Energy
The radiation energy employed for any radiographic technique shall achieve the
density and IQI image requirements of this Article.
T-273 Direction of Radiation
Shall be centered on the area of interest
T-274 Geometric Unsharpness Limitation
T-270 EXAMINATION
T-275 Location of Marker  as per Fig. T-275
T-276 IQI Selection
Material.
• IQIs shall be selected from either the same alloy material group or grade as
identified in SE-1025 for hole type or SE-747 for wire type, or from an alloy material
group or grade with less radiation absorption than the material being radiographed.
Size.
The designated hole IQI or essential wire shall be as specified in Table T-276.
• Welds With Reinforcements. The thickness on which the IQI is based is the
nominal single-wall material thickness plus the weld reinforcement thickness
estimated to be present on both sides of the weld (I.D. and O.D.).
• Welds Without Reinforcements. The thickness on which the IQI is based is the
nominal single-wall material thickness. Backing rings or strips shall not be
considered as part of the thickness in IQI selection.
• Actual Values. Withregard to (a) and (b) above, when the actual material/weld
thickness is measured, IQI selection may be based on these known values.
T-270 EXAMINATION
T-277.1 IQI Placement
(a) Source-Side IQI(s).
The IQI(s) shall be placed on the source side of the part being examined, except
for the condition described in (b).
(b) Film-Side IQI(s).
Where inaccessibility placing the IQI(s) on the source side, the IQI(s) shall be
placed on the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter “F”
shall be placed adjacent to or on the IQI(s).
c) IQI Placement for Welds - Hole IQIs. may be placed adjacent to or on the weld. The
identification number(s) and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be in the
area of interest.
(d) IQI Placement for Welds - Wire IQIs, shall be placed on the weld so that the lengths
of the wires are transverse to the longitudinal axis of the weld. The IQI
identification and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be in the area of
interest
(e) IQI Placement for Materials Other Than Welds. The IQI(s) with the IQI identification
and, when used, the lead letter “F,” may be placed in the area of interest.
T-270 EXAMINATION
T-277.2 Number of IQIs
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one IQI image
shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below.
(a) Multiple IQIs. If the requirements of T-282 are met by using more than one IQI, one
shall be representative of the lightest area of interest and the other the darkest
area of interest
(b) Special Cases6
• For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the
component for a single exposure, at least three IQIs, spaced approximately
120 deg apart, are required under the following conditions:
See Mandatory Appendix D
T-277.2 Shims Under Hole-Type IQIs
For welds, a shim of material radiographically similar to the weld metal shall be
placed between the part and the IQI, if needed, so that the radiographic density
throughout the area of interest is no more than minus 15% from (lighter than) the
radiographic density through the designated IQI adjacent to the essential hole.
T-280 EVALUATION
T-281 Quality of Radiographs
All radiographs shall be free from mechanical, chemical, or other blemishes in the
area of interest of the object being radiographed.
Such blemishes include, but are not limited to:
(a) fogging;
(b) processing defects such as streaks, watermarks, or chemical stains;
(c) scratches, finger marks, crimps, dirtiness, static marks, smudges, or tears;
(d) false indications due to defective screens.
T-282 Radiographic Density

• Density Limitations.
 Single film viewing, minimum density : X-ray 1.8, gamma ray 2.0
 Multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set shall have a minimum
density of 1.3.
 The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing.
 A tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between densitometer
readings.
T-280 EVALUATION
T-282 Radiographic Density
• Density Variant.
(a) The density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest shall not :
(1) vary by more than -15% or +30% from the density through the body of the
designated hole-type IQI adjacent to the essential hole or adjacent to the
essential wire of a wire-type IQI, and
(2) exceed the minimum/maximum allowable density ranges specified in T-
282.1, calculation may be rounded to the nearest 0.1 within the range
specified in T-282.1.
(b) When the requirements of (a) above are not met, the radiograph shall be retaken.
(c) When shims are used with hole-type IQIs, the plus 30% density restriction of (a)
above may be exceeded, and the minimum density requirements of T-282.1 do not
apply for the IQI, provided the required IQI sensitivity of T-283.1 is met.
T-280 EVALUATION
T-283 IQI Sensitivity
Required Sensitivity
• Essential hole, or the essential wire of IQIs shall be shown on radiographs.
• The radiographs shall also display the IQI identifying numbers and letters.
• In multiple film technique, If essential hole, or essential wire of IQI, do not show
on any film, but do show in composite film viewing, interpretation shall be
permitted only by composite film viewing.
• For wire-type IQIs, the essential wire shall be visible within the area of interest
representing the thickness used for determining the essential wire, inclusive of
the allowable density variations described in T-282.2.
T-284 Excessive Backscatter

If a light image of the “B,” as described in T-223, appears on a darker background of
the radiograph, protection from backscatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be
considered unacceptable. A dark image of the “B” on a lighter background is not
cause for rejection.
T-280 EVALUATION
T-285 Evaluation by Manufacturer
• The Manufacturer shall be responsible for the review, interpretation, evaluation,
and acceptance of the completed radiographs to assure compliance with the
requirements of Article 2 and the referencing Code Section.
• Documentation required by T-291 shall be completed prior to the evaluation.
• The radiograph review form required by T-292 shall be completed during the
evaluation.
• The radiographic technique details and the radiograph review form documentation
shall accompany the radiographs.
• Acceptance shall be completed prior to presentation of the radiographs and
accompanying documentation to the Inspector.
T-290 DOCUMENTATION
T-291 Radiographic Technical Documentation Details
The organization shall prepare and document the radiographic technique details. As a
minimum, the following information shall be provided.
(a) the requirements of Article 1,
(b) identification as required by T-224
(c) the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with T-275.3
(d) number of radiographs (exposures)
….etc, (m)…
T-291 Radiograph Review Form

As a minimum, the following information shall be provided.
(a) a listing of each radiograph location
(b) the information required in T-291, by inclusion of the information on the review
…. Etc, …(e)

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PELATIHAN

INSPEKTUR BEJANA TEKAN

Refreshing – July 2021

NDE for Pressure Vessel

1. Apply penetrant on the 2. Clean the excess penetrant

3. Apply developer to absorb

1. Clean area of interest properly 2. Apply penetrant & wait ….

3. Clean excess penetrant properly 4. Apply developer & wait …..

There are two types of penetrant : Fluorescent & Day light

Fluorescent Day light

1. Any material, any form

2. Open discontinuity only (crack, por, laminations ….)

4. Apply developer on surface and wait until dwell time is reached

5. Evaluate / Interpret the test result.

Yoke – AC/DC Yoke – Permanent Prod

Right hand thumb rule

* Equipment to be calibrated once a year

1. Ferromagnetic steel only

7. Interpret the result.

Frequency range Hz Description Example

0 – 20 Infrasound Earth Quake

20 – 20.000 Audible sound Speech, music

> 20.000 Ultrasound Bat

* Common frequency for UT 1 – 5 Mhz

Longitudinal Waves propagate in all kind of materials

Due to the different type of oscillation, transverse wave travel at

Sound velocity mainly depends on the density and E-modulus of

Air 330 m/s

As soon as sound waves comes to a change in material

Incoming wave Transmitted wave

• Ultrasonic waves are introduced into material, they will propagate in a

* The beam will be reflected

Equipments: Phased Array

TOFD – Time Of Flight Diffraction

IIW V1, V2, DAC, Step wedge

* Equipment shall be calibrated to fulfilled the

1. Calibrate the equipment using proper blocks (same material) for:

3. Mark the scanning area on object

4. Move the probe back & forth

5. Evaluate any indication shown on screen

• Electromagnetic wave - wavelengths shorter than 100 nanometres (nm),

Higher energy Lower energy

 Iridium ( Ir 192 ) Half life 74 days

 Cobalt ( C0 60 ) Half life 5.3 years

 Cesium ( Cs 137 ) Half life 30 years

Cluster porosity Herring bone porosity

Lack of root penetration Longitudinal crack

 UG (Unsharpness Geometry) - penumbra

 Correct film identifications

 Sensitivity - Required IQIs, shall be shown on film

 Film damage (on interest area) :

 Correct film identifications

• Survey meter, Pocket & Film badge dosimetere

• Viewer Densito meter Step comparisson Film

• Lead letter & number

• The procedure shall be considered qualified when the supervising Level

T-621 Written Procedure Requirement

Penetrant dwell time

Drying After Excess Pentrant Removal.

• The procedure shall be considered qualified when the supervising Level

T-721 Written Procedure Requirement

T-731 Examination Medium

T-740 Miscellaneous Requirements