DIGITALDIVIDE, ADDICTION ANDBULLYING
DIGITAL DIVIDE
 Refers to digital inequality or gap
between groups in terms of
knowledge, usage, and access to
ICT due to circumstances like
location, income and age.
 The disparities in access to
telephones, personal computers,
and the internets across certain
demographic groups (Benjamin
Company)
COMPUTER ADDICTION
 It is the “overdependence” or
damaging need to do something
on computer or internet” (E-
Learning Guide on MIL)
 An issue may come as a result of
an intention, or a habit that has
gone worse. If not addressed,
these issues could distress one’s
health and relationships.
 The impact could be linked to
sleep deprivation, anxiety, and
even depression. Setting a limit
and immersing yourself with
outside activity can obviate
addiction.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
ADDICTION
1. Information Overload- excessive
online surfing resulted to insufficient
at work and have less family
interconnection.
2. Compulsion- over time spent in
online activities like gaming,
bartering of stocks, gambling which
cause to a problem at work.
3. Cybersex Addiction- exceed time
spent in surfing porn sites that could
interfere one’s relationship.
4. Cyber-Relationship- excessive time
spent in social networking sites to
make relationship online than
spending time to real persons like
family and friends
DIFFERENT SYMPTOMS OF A
COMPUTER ADDICT PERSON
1. EMOTIONAL SYMPTOMS
 Feeling of guilt, anxiety,
depression, dishonesty,
feeling of great happiness or
excitement (euphoric) in front
of the computer, defensive,
distress, escaping of work,
isolation, and cannot follow
schedule
2. PHYSICAL SYMPTOMS
 Back pain, headache increase
or decrease of weight, sleep
disorder, carpal tunnel
syndrome, blurred or strain
visions
COMPUTER ADDICTION CAN BE
PREVENTED THROUGH:
1. Set limit in using computers and
doing online activities.
2. Talk to your family and friends and
mingle with them most of the time.
3. Organize a non-computer related
activity like sports.
4. Place your gadgets away from you
when not needed.
Remember!
Anything beyond moderation is not
good. To put it simply, learning to
properly use digital resources is
responsible internet behavior.
BULLYING
It is an unwanted, aggressive
behavior among school-aged children
that involve a real or perceived
power imbalance. Simply put, kids
who see themselves superior to
others display their misplaced power
by causing physical, emotional, or
social harm to those they perceive to
be weak.
CYBERBULLYING
 Is the use of digital means of
communication that could hurt or
harass a person. Example of this
are sending hurtful texts or SMS
messages, posting embarrassing
 photos or videos, and spreading
mean or malicious rumors online.
 Such act or acts comprise
cyberbullying if the offender does
them intentionally and repeatedly,
and should be addressed at once.
 According to UNICEF Poll in
September 2019, one in every
three young people in 30
countries has reported being a
victim of online bullying (UNICEF,
2019)
OPPORTUNITIES, CHALLENGES, AND POWER OF
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
OPPORTUNITY
A set of situations that makes it
possible to do something
 Economy
 Education
 Politics
 Tourism
 Employment (Job Hiring)
 Business Processes
CHALLENGE
A test , problem, trial
 Illegal content (Age-inappropriate
content)
 Lack of verification of content
 Incitement of harm
 Infringement of human rights/
defamation
 Money theft/ phishing
 Commercial fraud
 Bullying
 Disclosing private information
 Inappropriate advertisement and
marketing to children
 Privacy
 Copyright infringement
CYBERBULLYING CAN BE
PREVENTED BY DOING THE
FOLLOWING:
1. Be optimistic person.
2. Share to the person whom you can
trust with.
3. Keep your password by yourself.
Don’t share it.
4. Always check the content before
posting or sharing.
5. Always log out your account after
using.
6. Respect and love other people and
yourself.
Remember!
You must always protect your mental
health. If cyberbullying happens to
you, do not be afraid to seek help
and defend yourself.
 Identity theft
ECONOMICS OF MEDIA:
RATINGS AND REVENUES
The economics of media can
be explained in the simple equation
Ratings=Revenues. As a commercial
industry, the media earns profit
through advertisements. Advertisers
pay for air-time or ad space in media
platforms to reach or to promote
their goods or services to the media’s
audience. Advertisers are more likely
to invest if there is a high volume of
consumers patronizing the media
programs or content or if their target
market is among those consumers.
What is Media Economics?
Are the economic policies and
practices of media companies and
disciplines including journalism and
the news industry, film production,
entertainment programs, print,
broadcast, mobile communications,
internet, advertising and public
relations.
 How is Media related to
Economics?
The main relationship
between media and economic
development lies in the function of
media as a source for the
dissemination of information
regarding political reforms and
policies aimed at economic
development.
RATINGS
A colloquial term for audience
measurement that influences timing,
placements, and markets for media
content and advertising. (Balnaves,
O’Regan, & Goldsmith, 2011) Ratings
determine the number of people who
watches, listens, to or reads a
particular media content.
REVENUES
Is an income generated from
the sale of goods or services, or any
other use of capital or assets,
associated with the main operations
of an organization before any costs
or expenses are deducted. (Business
Dictionary). In this context revenue is
the amount of money brought by
advertisers to the media industry.
THE OPPORTUNITY
 The Philippine media is a great
asset in the country’s economy. In
fact, the Philippines Star reported
that in the year 2010 alone, the
creative or copyright-based
industries contributed P661.23
billion to the Philippines economy.
THE CHALLENGES
 Despite thriving as an industry,
the media remains vulnerable to
economic threats. The most
notorious among them is privacy.
Privacy is defined as the
unauthorized use of another’s
production, invention, or
conception especially in
infringement of copyright by the
Merriam Webster’s Dictionary. The
existence of cheap or even free
digital technologies like torrent
downloading makes piracy even
more attractive to consumers.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION FOR
EDUCATION
Education as a knowledge,
skill, and understanding that you get
from attending a school, college, or
university (Merriam- Webster’s
dictionary )
Media and information have
made a radical impact on education
Before……
A student or a learner’s
education is limited to sitting in class,
listening to a professor, passing the
exams and completing the course
works or projects
Education traditionally
requires a student to prove that
learning took place. One must be
able to pass exams that will test their
knowledge.
THE OPPORTUNITY
Today….
Education has taken whole
new meaning with media and
information. Distance learning or
online education is now a fast-
becoming trend in society. Schools
and universities are adopting this
practice as part of their offered
services.
Everyone with access to the
internet need not physically attend a
class to get an education. This setup
is popular among those who wish to
further their education but do not
have the time or energy to deal with
regular school. With media and
information, one can earn a degree
from the comfort of their homes.
Another application of media
and information on education is its
network of information and
contributors. A student can now have
multiple experts as professors, learn
from a variety of information sources
like books, articles, videos, etc. and
study according to his pathway e.g.
visual, intellectual, and experiential.
Media and information have
expanded the horizon of education.
Media and information makes
this process a little less rigorous
through content contribution. By
allowing people to share their
knowledge online for others to see,
the network of experts can check and
balance each other’s understanding
of subjects, therefore refining
learning through interaction.
The convenience, abundance,
and interconnection, aspects of
media and information for education
are opportunities worth taking
advantages of.
THE CHALLENGE
The ease of access to media
and information for educational
purposes, while convenient is also
problematic. Not only does this
promote laziness, constant access
also puts a lot of pressure on servers,
requiring constant upgrades and
regular maintenance around
cyberspace.
This hampers the profitability
aspects of media. When a creative or
intellectual content is pirated, the
right of the owner to sell-either
directly or indirectly through
advertising-is violated.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION FOR
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Its influence is so apparent
that media and information have
become a reflection of society and
vice versa. It is no surprise then that
media and information have been
linked to social changes.
Social Change is the
significant alteration of social
structure (persistent networks of
social relationships, where interaction
between people or groups has
become routine and repetitive) and
cultural patterns (shared ways of
living and thinking)
THE OPPORTUNITY
Development Communication
uses communication to aid in the
development of society. One practical
of this, is community-based media
programs. Though information
dissemination, promotion of
development advocacies, and
providing a medium for social
interaction among communities,
these types of programs pave the
way for a positive social change.
THE CHALLENGE
Media and information have
the power to sway society’s beliefs
and perceptions. People have the
tendency to receive data from the
media and accept it as fact right
away without conducting due
diligence. So should the media fail to
provide facts, or abuse their
influence, society will be all too
vulnerable because of their
obliviousness? This is the fatal flaw in
the relationship, hinders true positive
social change.
THE MEDIA AND POLITICS
Sarah Oates (2008) noted
that there are two perspectives to be
considered in understanding the
relationship of media and politics.
THE IMPACT OF THE MEDIA ON
AN ELEMENT IN POLITICS
This is best illustrated during
the election period in democratic
political setups. Prior to the actual
election day, the media features
candidate profiles, hosts political
debates, gives updates on the
fluctuations of polls, and reports
pertinent news on electoral
campaigns and issues concerning the
candidates.
 These election coverage
activities of the media introduce
political aspirants, to the voters
informs the public of their platforms;
and exposing their track records to
the voters. The information the
public derives from the media often
sways support from one candidate to
the next and therefore affecting the
results of the election itself.
EFFECT OF POLITICS ON THE
MEDIA
Politics regulates the media
industry. They enforce the rules and
regulations governing the media
industry as prescribed in a country’s
political system. It is for this reason
that the nature of media varies from
country to country.
For instance, in a communist
system like North Korea’s the
government prescribes the content of
the media. They impose strict
restrictions in on what consume for
entertainment and severely censors
news and information before allowing
dissemination.
OPPORTUNITY
The interrelationship between
media and politics provides a fair
foundation in the function of media
as a source of information.
MEDIA CONTROVERSIES
A. STEREOTYPING
Is defined as the process of labeling
an entire group of people according
to the characteristics of some. The
have been found guilty of
stereotyping multiple times. As a
form of communication that deals
with the general public, it is not hard
to see why the media is prone to
generalization. Although there is an
obvious improvement in the number
of stereotypes in the media, the
Provisions in the law like the
Freedom of Information Bill which
mandates the release of public
documents to those who requires it
benefits the media in their access to
information and the government in
its war against corruption (The
Official Gazette)
THE CHALLENGE
As a developing country, the
governments concentrate on solving
problems like poverty,
unemployment, lack of proper
healthcare, and access to education.
In its preoccupation to put a stop to
these issues, the government has
given little support to efforts that will
help strengthen the media industry.
The shortage of government
funding, not to mention the lack of
projects and programs, help cultivate
creativity- which is the core of media-
prevent the media industry in
reaching its potential for success.
Even the weak enforcement of
certain laws to protecting the media
exposes them to threats that could
damage repercussions on the
industry.
following still remain a subject of
much controversy.
1. Gender Roles
The alpha-male or the depiction of
the heterosexual male as superior to
the other genders is still ever present
in most media content. It seems that
countless protests from feminist
movements and the LGBT (Lesbians,
Gays, Bisexual, Transgender)
community have done little to
eradicate sexiest elements in the
media.
 2. Racial Discrimination
The Caucasian is at the top of the
social ladder. Black people slavery
may have been long gone, but
media’s tendency to favor whites in
lead roles and giving sidekick roles to
other people of colors raises racial
discrimination allegations.
B. CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Are situations in which there
are competing professional, personal
and/or financial obligations or
interests that complete with the
journalist’s obligation to his outlet
and audience.
Potential Conflicts of Interest
(NYU Journalism Handbook for
Students, Penenberg)
1. Writing about friends and family
members
2. Press junkets trips offered to
journalists that are paid for by the
entities the reporters cover, i.e.,
movie studios, electronics companies,
government agencies.
3. Accepting hospitality:
Overindulging on the subject’s
hospitality
4. Gifts
5. Free tickets, copies of books, CDs,
DVDs, and access to subscription-
only websites to be reviewed, written
about, or used as background
material
6. Paying sources: Compensating
sources for information undermine
content integrity
7. Quid pro quo: Promising
something in return
8. Investment: Any financial
entanglement with the subject
9. Political and charitable donations:
The objectivity of the reporter will be
questioned if he covers and writes
about organizations which he
donated money to.
10. Blogs: Writing blogs raises ethical
concerns and credibility issues it is a
considered personal and opinion
based on content.
C. ACCOUNTABILITY
It is defined as taking
responsibility for one’s actions. It is
at the core of media ethics. Bertrand,
(2000) emphasizes that a media
professional is not just “accountable”
he or she is accountable to someone.
In his book Media Ethics and
Accountability Systems, he explained
that a person in the media is
accountable to one’s self, towards
peers, toward sources, towards
people involved in the news, towards
media users, and towards the
community where they operate.
Media accountability involves self-
regulation by remembering and
respecting those who they are
accountable to in their work.
D. CENSORSHIP
Philip Steele (1999) defines
censorship as any attempt to limit or
prevent the free exchange of
information. It suppresses
information, ideas, or artistic
expressions. Most definitions argue
that censorship happens only when
an outside party stifles information.
Meaning if a content producer
decides to edit out parts of his work,
he or she is not committing
censorship.
Forms of Censorship
(The State University of Oklahoma)
1. Preventive-exercised before the
expression is made public. Examples
of which includes government
restrains, licensing, and self-
censorship.
2. Punitive- exercised after the
expression is made public. This type
of censorship is penalizing in nature.
3. Taboo- is censorship of which
society deems inappropriate or
offensive.
 CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS IN MEDIA &
INFORMATION
 Media become the common outlet
of self-expression and creativity.
 Technological advances and
people’s connectivity created a
huge impact on the lives of
today’s generation.
MOOC
 Massive Open Online Course
(MOOC) is an acronym for Massive
Open Online Course. The word
“massive “means accessible to all,
“online” means connected to or
available through a system, and
“course” means the act of moving
in a path from point to point.
 Refers to a route or pattern of
getting a content or information
available through an online
system that can be accessed by
many people. MOOC is also
described as a pattern for
providing learning information.
 Are asynchronous web-based
courses geared towards enabling
several hundreds of students all
over the world to enroll and learn
from top world-renowned
academic institutions at the same
time.
 Deliver content via recorded
video, lectures, online readings,
and online assessments, with
various degrees of student-
student and student –instructor
interactions.
 Many MOOC providers offer free
courses, which entice more people
to enroll. There are MOOCs that
provide certificates of completion
to the students; however, most of
them do not count for college
credit. The concept of MOOC was
invented in 2008 by Dave Cormier,
from the University of Prince
Edward Island., for a course
offered by the University of
Manitoba, “Connectivism and
Connective Knowledge”,
 The learning materials or video
content used in the MOOC is
created by a n educational
institution, usually a university or
a college that offers such
programs.
 The organization and
administration operation of MOOC
are coordinated by active MOOC
platforms (Coursera and edX)
MOOCs were created from the
idea of covering an entire
university course online and
thereby making it accessible to
everyone in the world. The intent
was to “democratize” educational
content from elite universities.
Advantages of Open Online
Course (MOOC)
1. Relax requirements
2. Video format
3. Accessibility
4. Repetition
5. High quality
6. Feasibility
7. self-paced
8. Online Collaboration
Sample of MOOC Platforms
a. Coursera- 20 million participants.
Courses were created by the
universities of Stanford, Princeton,
Yale, London, Munich, Zurich, and
many more.
 b. EdX- 10 million learners/
participants, courses were created
from Harvard, MIT, Berkeley, and
oxford, among others.
C. Udacity- is created as an MOOC
platform at Stanford. Now mostly
programming courses in cooperation
with industry partners such as
Google, Facebook, or Daimier.
Courses topics include artificial
intelligence and self-driving cars.
D. Future Learn- is MOOC platform
(UK-based) includes various British
and European universities. Courses
offered are shorter in duration
compared to other.
Examples of MOOC
 Introduction to Computer Science
(Harvard/edX)
 Learning how to Learn (UC San
Diego/ Coursera)
 Machine Learning (Stanford/
Coursera)
The Implications
 By taking learning into virtual
space, attendance is no longer a
determining factor in one’s
education. This makes MOOC
learning a popular alternative for
those whose life situations make
them unable to attend regular
schools.
 Managing MOOC is relatively
cheaper than running educational
institutions. By taking out
expenses of Universities- which
are passed down to students to
exorbitant fees. MOOC addresses
the high cost of education.
 Analytics provides information
about the learning process of
students. Through the use of
data collected through analytics,
MOOC provides the means to
improve learning.
 Since it focuses on connectedness
as part of the learning process,
MOOC allows education to take
place on the global scale.
Connecting learners and
instructors all over the world to
one another to maximize
education.
THE USE OF WEARABLE
TECHNOLOGY
 As a fashion statement
 As a fitness tracker
 As a treatment for hearing
impairments
 For remote treatment of
speech and voice disorders
 To synchronize data and
communication from other
gadgets
 For specific health issue
monitoring, for example
stress management
 As gauge for alertness and
energy levels
 As navigation tools
 As media devices
 As communication gadgets
A. SMART WATCH
This watch is worn as
a typical wristwatch
but do more than just tell time.
Modern smart
watches perform the same functions
of a
smartphone. Some, on the other
hand, do not
have access to the internet, which is
why they
have connection capability to a
smartphone via Bluetooth. Smart
watches are developed for
convenience, but is inability to
function as an independent gadget
puts it at a distinct disadvantage.
B. FITNESS TRACKER
It is derived from
smart watches in form and
design but serves health
applications. The types of
fitness trackers can either
count steps like pedometers,
 measure distance in runs or
jogs, monitor’s calorie intake,
and heart rate.
Fitness tracker aim to promote health
and wellness among its enthusiasts,
unfortunately, issues on their
accuracy have been raised in several
reviews.
C. VIRTUAL REALITY (VR)
Is gradually growing in
popularity among enthusiasts.
Oculus, a high-end VR
headset intended for
entertainment has been
released to the public on
March 28, 2016.
D. AUGMENTED REALITY
The merging of a view
of the real-world environment
upon a digital image in real
time. The oculus has so far
received positive reviews
among users. However,
concerns were raised about
VR technology’s potential to
cause total disconnect from
the physical world.
E. GOOGLE GLASS
an optical head-
mounted display designed in
the shape of a pair of
eyeglasses. It was developed
by Janco Vander Merwe, with
the mission of producing a
ubiquitous computer.
THE CONCEPT OF 3D
ENVIRONMENT
3D OR THREE DIMENSIONAL
 refers to anything that has a
width, height, and depth. The
concept of 3D environment is
explored to mimic the physical
world in the media.
 Widely used by animators and
designers for the film, games,
broadcast, wed and advertising
industries as well as by engineers
and architects to visualize their
products, packaging, and
architectural designs.
 Earlier 3D motion pictures require
their audience to wear glasses
with red and blue lenses.
 According to How Stuff Works,
lenses force one eye to see the
red part of the image and the
other eye to see the blue or green
part. The difference between the
two, makes the
 brain perceive them one image
with three dimensions. Although
effective in making objects appear
solid, old 3D films cause
discrepancies. Recent
development in 3D has solved this
problem.
DIGITAL 3D
 is also a fast-growing element in
the graphic design and imaging
world. Computer software with 3D
design capabilities like Daz Studio
allows graphic designers to create
3D art and environments.
3D PRINTER
 This technology brings digital data
and design to the physical world
literally. The process begins with a
virtual design that can either be
created through a 3D model
program or copied from the actual
object through scanner.
UBIQUITOUS LEARNING
is common in the age
of information. Since
information in the digital age
can be accessed by anyone,
at any given time and place,
ubiquitous or an ever-present
type of learning is possible.
Key Characteristics of Ubiquitous
Learning
 Permanent
 Accessibility
 Immediacy
 Interactivity
 Situated Instructional  Adaptability
activities
 DIMENSIONS OF MEDIA
A. TEXT AND INFORMATION content. As a consumer, these are
MEDIA the questions that you need to ask
Text – a simple and flexible format with regards to the content of text
of presenting information or media and information:
conveying ideas whether hand-  Who or what institution is sending
written, printed or displayed on- this message?
screen.  What techniques are used to
a. Text is very powerful as well in attract and hold attention?
disseminating information,  What is the language used by the
providing direction and giving writer?
suggestions.  What views are represented? Are
b. Text is available in different they balanced?
sources whether it is formal (news  How might the message be
articles, published books, interpreted in different ways?
newspapers, magazines,  What is omitted, slurred or added
advertisements, research works, in the message?
etc.) or informal (blogs, personal e. As a producer of text media and
e-mails, SMS or text messages, information, we need to review
online messengers, social media the media and information design
platforms, etc.). framework: target audience,
• Formal text-based author or sender, key content,
materials are created and purpose, form/style and format.
distributed by established B. VISUAL INFORMATION
institutions (such as AND MEDIA
publishing companies, news 1. Visual media and information
agencies, etc.) and go – materials, programs, applications
through a rigorous process of and the like that teachers and
editing or evaluation and are students use to formulate new
usually governed by information to aid learning through
censorship of the state. the use, analysis, evaluation and
• Informal text-based production of visual images.
materials, on the other 2. Types of visual media –
hand, come from personal photography, video, screenshots,
opinions or views on different infographics, data visualization
issues, processes, etc. (charts and graphs), comic
c. Text can be as short such as a strips/cartoons, memes, visual note-
single sentence or phrase, or they taking, etc.
can be as lengthy as news articles 3. Formally and informally
or investigative reporting. No produced visual media – visual
matter how brief or lengthy, media produced by formal
however, a text is always carefully organizations such as schools,
written with the intent of sending government, and established
a very specific message to the media/publishing outfits are
target audience. considered formally produced. Other
d. In our exposure to text media and visual media are considered
information, we can either be a informally produced.
consumer or a producer of
4. Purpose of visual information
– the primary purpose of visual
information is to gain attention,
create meaning, and facilitate
retention.
5. Visual design elements - the
building blocks or basic units in the
construction of a visual image.
THE DESIGN ELEMENTS ARE:
a. Line – describes a shape or
outline. It can create texture and
can be thick or thin. Lines may be
actual, implied, vertical,
horizontal, diagonal, or contour
lines.
b. Shape – usually a geometric area
that stands out from the space
next to or around it, or because of
differences in value, color, or
texture. Shape may also be
organic.
c. Value – the degree of light and
dark in a design. It is the contrast
between black and white and all
the tones in between. Value can
be used with color as well as black
and white. Contrast is the extreme
changes between values.
d. Texture – the way a surface feels
or is perceived to feel. Texture
can be added to attract or repel
interest to a visual element. Visual
texture is the illusion of the
surfaces peaks and valleys,
resulting in a feeling of
smoothness or roughness in
objects.
e. Color – determined by its hue
(name of color), intensity (purity
of the hue), and value (lightness
or darkness of hue). Color and
color combination can play a large
role in the design. Color may be
used for emphasis or may elicit
emotions from viewers. Colour
maybe warm, cool, or neutral. It
plays a major role in our visual
perception, as it influences our
reactions about the world around
us. It is therefore important to
create color palettes that evoke
the appropriate audience
reactions. Color has three
properties.
f. Form – a figure having volume
and thickness. An illusion of a 3-
dimensional object can be implied
with the use of light and shading.
Form can be viewed from many
angles.
C. AUDIO INFORMATION AND
MEDIA
Hearing is simply the act of
perceiving sound by the ear. If you
are not hearing-impaired, hearing
simply happens. Listening, however,
is something you consciously choose
to do. Listening requires
concentration so that your brain
processes meaning from words and
sentences.
TYPES AND CATEGORIES OF
AUDIO INFORMATION
a. Radio broadcast - live or
recorded audio sent through radio
waves to reach a wide audience.
b. Music - vocal and/or instrumental
sounds combined in such a way as to
produce beauty of form, harmony,
and expression of emotion. It is
composed and performed for many
purposes, ranging from aesthetic
pleasure, religious or ceremonial
purposes, or as an entertainment
product.
c. Sound recording - recording of
an interview, meeting, or any sound
from the environment.
d. Sound clips/effects - any
sound, other than music or speech,
artificially reproduced to create an
effect in a dramatic presentation, as
the sound of a storm or a creaking
door.
e. Audio Podcast - a digital audio
or video file or recording, usually part
of a themed series, that can be
downloaded from a website to a
media player or computer.
DIFFERENT WAYS OF STORING
AUDIO MEDIA:
a. Tape - magnetic tape on which
sound can be recorded.
b. CD - a plastic-fabricated, circular
medium for recording, storing, and
playing back audio, video, and
computer data.
c. USB drive - an external flash
drive, small enough to carry on a key
ring, that can be used with any
computer that has a USB port.
d. Memory Card - (aka flash
memory card or storage card) is a
small storage medium used to store
data such as text, pictures, audio,
and video, for use on small, portable,
or remote computing devices.
e. Computer hard drive -
secondary storage devices for storing
audio files.
f. Internet/Cloud - websites or file
repositories for retrieving audio files,
and more precisely the files are
stored in some datacenter full of
servers that is connected to the
Internet.
DIFFERENT AUDIO FILE
FORMATS:
a. MP3 (MPEG Audio Layer 3) - a
common format for consumer audio,
as well as a standard of digital audio
compression for the transfer and
playback of music on most digital
audio players.
b. MP4A/AAC (MPEG-4
Audio/Advanced Audio Coding) -
an audio coding standard for lossy
digital audio compression. Designed
to be the successor of the MP3
format, AAC generally achieves
better sound quality than MP3 at
similar bit rates.
c. WAV - is a Microsoft audio file
format standard for storing an audio
bitstream on PCs. It has become a
standard file format for game
sounds, among others.
d. WMA (Windows Media Audio)
- is an audio data compression
technology developed by Microsoft
and used with Windows Media
Player.
D. MOTION INFORMATION AND
MEDIA
• There is no universally adopted
definition for motion media.
• Motion media is visual media that
gives the appearance of movement.
• Motion media can be a collection of
graphics, footage, videos. It is
combined with audio, text and/or
interactive content to create
multimedia
ADVANTAGES OF MOTION
MEDIA AND INFORMATION
• It captures motion in a manner that
can be viewed repeatedly
• It can show processes in detail and
in sequence
• Simulations allow for safe
observation
• It can cut across different cultures
and groups
• It allows scenes, history, events
and phenomenon to be recreated
• It enables learning with emotions
LIMITATIONS OF MOTION
MEDIA AND INFORMATION:
• Compared to other forms of visual
media the viewer cannot always
interrupt the presentation.
• It is oftentimes more costly than
other forms of visual media.
• Other data may be presented best
using still images. Examples are
graphs, diagrams, maps.
• It is subject to misinterpretation
E. MANIPULATIVE AND
INFORMATION MEDIA
a. Interactive Media – a method of
communication in which the
program's outputs depend on the
user's inputs, and the user's inputs in
turn affect the program's outputs.
Interactive media engage the user
and interact with him or her in a way
that non-interactive media do not.
Websites and video games are two
common types of interactive media.
b. Interactivity – the
communication process that takes
place between humans and computer
software. The most constant form of
interactivity is typically found in
games, which need a continuous
form of interactivity with the gamer.
Database applications and other
financial, engineering and trading
applications are also typically very
interactive.
c. One area where interactivity is
most useful is in online training.
Interactivities in this area allow
learners to interact with the course in
terms of action and/or thinking.
DIFFERENT PLATFORMS OF
INTERACTIVE MEDIA:
a. Mobile apps - a software
application developed specifically for
use on small, wireless computing
devices such as smartphones and
tablets, rather than desktop or laptop
computers.
b. 3D TV - a television display
technology that enables a three-
dimensional effect, so that viewers
perceive that an image has depth as
well as height and width, similar to
objects in the real world.
c. Video games (multi-player) - a
game played by electronically
manipulating images produced by a
computer program on a television
screen or other display screen.
Multiplayer games allow two or more
players to play with one another or
play together.
d. Role-playing games (RPG) - a
game in which players assume the
roles of characters in a fictional
setting. Players take responsibility for
acting out these roles within a
narrative, either through literal acting
or through a process of structured
decision-making or character
development.
e. Massively Multiplayer Online
Roleplaying Game (MMORPG) -
any story-driven online video game in
which a player, taking on the
persona of a character in a virtual or
fantasy world, interacts with a large
number of other players.
f. Interactive websites (pools,
surveys, exams, exercises)
g. Virtual reality and immersive
environments - the computer-
generated simulation of a three-
dimensional image or environment
that can be interacted with in a
seemingly real or physical way by a
person using special electronic
equipment, such as a helmet with a
screen inside or gloves fitted with
sensors.
h. Social media - websites or online
services where users (actual people)
are the creators and consumers of
the content, and where social
interactions (commenting, liking,
posting, talking) are the main
features of content. Examples are
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram,
Snapchat, Vine, etc. Relate this topic
to their output in the previous
activity.
F. MULTIMEDIA AND
INFORMATION MEDIA
Over the years, it has
been established that
information can be expressed
through text, speech, sound,
graphics or images,
 animation, and video. A
combination of these media
sources is considered
multimedia.
Dave Marshall defines
multimedia as “the field
concerned with the computer-
controlled integration of text,
graphics, drawings, still and
moving images (video),
animation, audio, and any
other media where every type
of information can be
represented, stored,
DIFFERENT DIMENSIONS OF INFORMATION AND
MEDIA
A. PEOPLE MEDIA
Philippine media has grown
throughout history and how new
professions for people in media have
evolved. Traditional media has
affected Filipinos in the past,
throughout the different era.
a. Pre-Spanish Era- knowledge
was passed on through folk media
and indigenous forms of media.
Careers: Town crier, messenger,
community scribe.
b. Spanish Era- while education
was limited to the elite,
publication of books (i.e., Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo)
and newspapers (La Solidaridad)
advanced the propaganda
movement which led to the
people’s revolution against
Spanish rule. Filipinos at that time
did not have a common language.
Only the elite spoke and
understood Spanish. Thus
communication was limited. Pen
names were used to avoid political
oppression. Careers: book writers,
newspaper writer, editor,
publisher, copyreader, artist.
transmitted and processed
digitally.”
While traditional or
analog media still co-exist
with computer-controlled
media, Savage and Vogel
(2009) assert that the
contemporary definition of
multimedia is mostly in the
digital form. Moreover, both
trending and emerging forms
of multimedia are described
as ubiquitous, interactive,
massive, and immersive.
c. American and Japanese Era-
During this era, major newspaper
(i.e. Manila Times and Manila
Bulletin), radio broadcasting and
movies became available. Media
was used for propaganda by
government and other groups.
Careers: book writers, newspaper
writer, editor, publisher, copyreader,
artist, cartoonist, reporter, producer,
broadcaster.
d. Post-war Era- the golden age of
Philippine Journalism, Advertising,
Communication Education, and
press freedom flourished in this
era.
Careers: book writers, newspaper
writer, editor, publisher, copyreader,
artist, cartoonist, reporter, producer,
media technicians, advertisers.
e. Martial law Era- Highlights of
this era include the government
takeover of media and the press
and the image engineering of the
Marcoses in the name or
nationalism.
f. Post- EDSA Era- People Power
brought greater freedom for
Philippine media. During this era,
the new constitution recognized
 the vital role of communication
and information in nation-
building. Press freedom influenced
the growth in media careers.
g. Modern Era- Careers: web
designer, online instructors, digital
producers, bloggers, animators,
programmer, archivist, metadata
analyst, data miner, user
experience designer, call center
agents, virtual assistants.
B. PEOPLE IN SOCIAL MEDIA
Social media has enabled
people to be channels of information,
thereby becoming a medium of
communication.
a. People as media- Individuals
serve as channels of information.
Traditionally, this is limited to folk
media, writing, or creating a
media artifact. With the advent of
social media, individuals have
been empowered to not just
create media artifacts but to give
feedback, edit and add on to the
media artifact.
b. Characteristics of social
media:
Areas Advantages
Relationships People who physically apart
can continue to
communicate at a lower
cost, send pictures, use live
streaming, thereby
strengthening the ties
between them.
Diversion/ Social media can provide
Entertainment great entertainment and
allow users to have a
respite from their bust
schedules.
Learning Social media provides a
platform for real time
collaborative learning.
Resources can be made
readily available. Learners
can take control of their
own learning.
Recognition Instant recognition by the
 Individualized, builds profiles
(includes personal details,
pictures, likes)
 Connect with friends and people
(includes referrals by other friends
or by the site itself)
 Uploads content in real time
 Enables conversations (both
private and public)
 Provides tracking (history and
threads)
c. Formats and examples of social
media
 Relationship or social media-
Facebook
 Micro- blogging- Twitter,
Instragram
 Special interest networks-
Linkedin, Pinterest
 Media Sharing- YouTube , Flickr
 Collaborative news- Reddit, Waze
 Discussion Forums- Google Groups
 Group buying/ merchant sites-
OLX, Groupon, Dealgrocer
 Virtual worlds- Farmville, world of
Warcraft, Secondlife, Minecraft
d. Advantages and limitations of
using social media in the following
areas:
Limitations
Demands on relationship-building
increases with social media.
People expect friends and family
to respond immediately. Some
private conversations can be
made vulnerable to exposure.
This form of entertainment can
often be addictive. Others find it
more difficult to manage this time
wisely and to focus on the task at
hand.
Teachers need to develop skills
for a more inclusive and
personalized way of facilitated
learning. Not all information is
valid, accurate, or beneficial.
Social media has created a
 way of simply liking a post
can be very gratifying and
encouraging.
Career It has become easier to
progression market oneself through
social media. Connections
and referrals are
established more quickly.
The 5 areas above are the key important reason why social media is popular, and hint at the value
of social media.
C. TEXT AS VISUAL
a. Typeface also called font, font
type, or type) refers to the
representation or style of a text in
the digital format.
b. A typeface is usually comprised of
alphabets, numbers, punctuation
marks, and other special
characters.
c. In the absence of images and
drawings, text is the easiest way
of communicating to your
audience. The use of font types
can express different emotions or
meaning.
TYPES OF TYPEFACES:
1. Serif- connotes formally and
readability in large amount of texts.
This font is usually used for the body
text of books, newspapers,
magazines and research publication.
Also, serif fonts give a classic of
elegant look when used for title or
heading. Examples: Times New
Roman, Garamond, Baskerville
2. Sans serif- brings a clean or
minimalist look to the text. This font
is used for clear and direct meaning
of text such as road signage, building
directory or nutrition facts in food
packages. Also, sans serif font gives
a modern look and is used primarily
in webpage design. Examples: Arial,
Helvetica, Tahoma, Verdana, Calibri
3. Slab serif- carries a solid or
heavy look to text. This font can be
used for large advertising sign on
specific need for validation and
attention.
There is no separation of private
and professional. What is posted
about the private self may affect
the professional.
billboards. Examples: Rockwell,
Playbill. Blackoak.
4. Script- draws much attention to
itself because of its brush-like
strokes. This must be used sparingly
and not to be used in large body
text. This font is usually used in
wedding invitation cards or other
formal events.
Example: Edwardian, Vladimir,
Kunstler
5. Display or Decorative – caters
to a wide variety of emotions (such
as celebration, fear, horror, etc.) or
themes (such as cowboys, circus,
holidays, summer, kiddie, etc.)
Examples: Chiller, Jokerman, Curlz
MT
DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND
ELEMENTS
1. Emphasis- refers to the
importance or value given to a part
of the text- based content. When
trying to make a point or highlighting
a message, you can make the text
bold, italicized, have a heavier
weight, darkened or lightened
(depending on your background
color) or enlarged.
2. Appropriateness- refers to how
fitting or suitable the text is used for
a specific audience, purpose or
event. In the creation of text-based
content, make sure that the selection
criteria(tone, style, purpose, clarity)
is followed. As for the choice of
typefaces to be used, refer to the
discussion of the characteristics of
the fonts. When it comes to large
body text, the font should be clear
enough to read.
3. Proximity- refers to how near or
far are the text elements from each
other. When two things are closely
related, we bring them close
together. Otherwise, we put text
elements far from each other. For
example, the main title and subtitle
are usually placed close to each
other.
4. Alignment- refers to how the text
is positioned in the page. This can be
left, right, center or justified.
5. Organization- refers to a
conscious effort to organize the
different text elements in a page.
Organization ensures that while some
text elements are separated from
each other (based on the principle of
proximity), they are still somehow
connected with the rest of the
elements in the page. When there
are many elements needed to fit in a
page, start by creating a framework
or a compartment for the elements.
Divide the space by creating lines
across the page, making it look like
cabinet with various space sizes.
Once you are done
compartmentalizing, you can place
the different text elements on the
boxes.
6. Repetition- concerns consistency
of elements and unity of the entire
design. Repetition encourages the
use of repeating some typefaces
within the page. When several
typefaces are used on a page, it
might distract the audience and fail
to communicate what you want them
to get from the content. To strike a
balance, do not also use just a single
typeface for a visual design product.
7. Contrast- creates visual interest
to text elements. Contrast is
achieved when two elements are
different from each other. When you
place a white text on a very light
yellow background, contrast is not
achieved and the text will be difficult
to read, but when you put a white
text on a dark brown background,
contrast is created. Contrast can be
achieved in a various ways, by
joining the following elements: large
font with the small font, serif and
sans serif, thin elements with thin
elements, cool color and warm color.
VISUAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
ARE:
1. Consistency of margins,
typeface, typestyle, and colors
necessary, especially in slide
presentations or
documents that are more than
one page.
2. Center of interest- an area that
first attracts attention in a
composition. This area is more
important when compared to the
other objects or elements in a
composition. This can be by
contrast of values, more colors,
and placement in the format.
3. Balance- a feeling of visual
equality in shape, form, value,
color, etc. balance can be
symmetrical and evenly balanced,
or symmetrical and uneven
balanced. Objects, values, colors,
textures, shapes, forms, etc. can
be used in creating balance in a
composition.
4. Harmony- brings together a
composition with similar units. If
for example your composition was
using wavy lines and organic
shapes, you would stay with those
types of lines and not put in just
one geometric shape.
5. Contrast- offers some change in
value creating a visual discord in a
composition. Contrast shows the
 difference between shapes and
can be used as a background to
bring objects and forward in a
design. It can also be used to
create an area of emphasis.
6. Directional movement- a visual
flow through the composition. It
can be the suggestion of motion in
a design as you move from object
to object by way of placement and
position. Directional movement
can be created with a value
pattern. It is with the placement
of dark and light areas that you
can move your attention through
the format.
7. Rhythm- a movement in which
some elements recur regularly.
Like a dance, it will have a flow of
objects that will seem to be like
the beat of music.
8. Perspective- created through the
arrangement of objects in two-
dimensional space to look like
they appear in real life.
Perspective is a learned meaning
of the relationship between
different objects seen in space.
ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF
SOUND DESIGN
a. Elements of Sound Design- the
objects or things that we have to
work with.
• Dialogue- speech, conversation,
voice-over.
-waterfall- as first fades out, the
second element begins at full
volume. Better for voice
transitions, than for
• Sound Effects- any sound other
than music or dialogue.
• Music- vocal or instrumental
sounds 9or both) combined in
such a way as to produce beauty
of form, harmony, and expression
of emotion.
• Silence- absence of audio or
sound
b. Principles of Sound Design-
the techniques of combining the
different elements or objects.
 Mixing- the combination, balance
and control of multiple sound
elements.
 Pace- time control. Editing. Order
of events: linear, non-linear, or
multi-linear.
 Transitions- How you get from
one segment or element to
another.
TYPES OF TRANSITIONS
 Segue- one elements stops, the
next begins (“cut” in film)
 Cross-fade- one element fades
out, the next fades in, and they
overlap on the way.
 V-Fade- first element fades to
inaudible before the second
element begins.
 Fade to Black- V-fade with some
silence between elements effects
 Stereo Imaging- Using left and
right channel for depth