GSS614 - CHAPTER 5 - Tides

GLS 614 : HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 5 - TIDES
Kingsport, Nova Scotia. Part of the Bay of Fundy, home of the WORLDS HIGHEST TIDES.
CHAPTER 5:
TIDES
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING
MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yQnpWyXMyL8
GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 5 : TIDES MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID GLS614 HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 5 : TIDES MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID
INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION
Tides – a periodic changes of the height of the water surface.
F at points on the meridian
right angle to the earth-moon
Consider only the earth and moon attraction due to their masses.
line.
The moon keeps in its orbit around the earth because of force of gravity continually
F+f right under the moon.
attracting it towards the earth.
F-f opposite far side (just sign
The force at the centre of gravity of the earth, as F unit of force for each unit of mass.
–ve, value f is the same).
Consider the earth is fully covered with water where no friction between the sea and
the earth.
F + f force at a point under the moon .
F – f force on opposite far side from the moon.
MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 1

INTRODUCTION https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gIbvw2MsxGQ
INTRODUCTION
Tidal Bulge Due Tidal Bulge Due

To Gravity To Inertia
EQUILIBRIUM THEORY EQUILIBRIUM THEORY
This theory assumes that the entire earth is covered

by a uniform layer of water, and that the waters yield,
and are heaped up beneath the moon.
This theory is based on the assumption that the

rotation of the earth relative to the moon is such that
the same side of the earth always; faces the moon.

EQUILIBRIUM TIDES
EQUILIBRIUM THEORY
EQUILIBRIUM TIDES
EQUILIBRIUM TIDES
Motions of the Earth, Sun and Moon
The earth rotates about its polar axis, from west to east within 24 hours.
The Lunar Day
The moon is moving around the earth in the same direction as the earth
rotates, thus it takes approx. 50min longer for the same point on the earth
directly in line with the moon.
The lunar month, or the period between successive new moons is 29.5
mean solar days

SPRING & NEAP TIDES SPRING & NEAP TIDES
The heights of successive HW’s

and LW’s will vary relative to
positions of the sun and the
moon.
Spring tides = maximum range

Neap tides = minimum range
THE REAL TIDES

BASIC TIDAL CONSTITUENTS
In practice, there are many effects which distort the Real tide caused
The algebraic sum of the effects of all the tidal constituents make up the equilibrium tide. tidal predictions that based on equilibrium tide. I. Lag behind the
equilibrium tide (phase
lag (g) deg/hr
The tidal constituents can ONLY be obtained from the analysis of the real tide observed at Refer the tide as a wave “forced” by the tide-producing
a place. forces, and the rise and fall on the coast as a result of II. Differ in magnitude
flow convergence or divergence. from that of the
Main tidal constituents: equilibrium tide
These include: (amplitude = H)
S2 Sun’s longitude
M2 Moon’s longitude
of each constituents
K1 Effect of the sun and moon at average declination (11.7 deg) 1. Friction – seabed, coastline, internal drag b/w water
O1 Effect of moon’s variation from average declination molecules
P1 Effect from sun’s variation from average declination 2. Natural resonance of the water body
3. Land masses and shallow water
There are total of 64 tidal constituents for one year observation 4. Coriolis effect and derived wave types
28 constituents for one month observation 5. Weather

TYPE OF TIDES TYPE OF TIDES

Tidal constituents are generally grouped by their period and fall into one of four categories:
Overtides:
these have periods shorter than 9 hours and are caused by nonlinear interactions of the other
tidal constituents and bathymetry. They are most common in estuaries and very shallow water.
approximately 4 or 6 cycles per day.
Semidiurnal:
These have periods close to 12 hours, for 2 cycles per day.
Diurnal: These have periods close to 24 hours.
Mixed: Dominant Diurnal or Dominant Semidiurnal
TIDAL DATUM TIDAL DATUM - Mean Sea Level (MSL)

Because water levels vary  Reference of the geoid
over the course of hours  Average level of the sea over a long period (if possible 18.6 yrs)
and days, sometimes by  Mean of all tide readings
many feet, water depths  As vertical reference level
must be referred to a
known level, or datum.  Observed MSL is subject to change due to:
A number of different I. Polar melting or glacial activity

datums are in use, many II. Meteorological effects (rain, wind, pressure), long or short periods, and
of which are illustrated in frequency not local
this figure. III. Short period effects: sea, swell surges
IV. Tectonic (crustal changes)
V. Astronomical effects ( change in MSL due to combined effect of these
and seasonal meteorological variations )

TIDAL DATUM - Mean Sea Level (MSL) TIDAL DATUM - Mean Tide Level (MSL)
 MSL can be determined by
observation; by the following  It is different from MSL
sequence:
 MTL is the the mean of all HW’s and LW’s over a period of
1. Mean of all tide readings over a time.
long period (30 days to 18.61
yrs)  Not possible to convert MTL – MSL and vice versa
2. Mean of 39 hourly observations
method involves applying filters  MTL and MSL will only coincide when the tidal curve is
3. Mean 25 hourly observation (a perfect sine curve (rarely occurs)
poor value)
TIDAL DATUM - Mean High And Low Water Springs (MHWS and MLWS) TIDAL DATUM - Mean High and Low Water Neaps (MHWN and MLWN)
 Mean heights of two successive HW’s and LW’s respectively,

 Mean heights of two successive HW’s and LW’s throughout a year when the range of tide is least.
respectively, throughout a year when the range of tide is
greatest (once every 14.5 days) – Spring tide.  During Neap tide (once every 14.5 days)
 These levels are vary with changes in Mean Sea Level and  These levels are vary with changes in Mean Sea Level and
from year to year in a cycle of 18.6 yrs. from year to year in a cycle of 18.6 yrs.

TIDAL DATUM - Mean Higher High Water and Mean Lower Low Water TIDAL DATUM
(MHHW and MLLW)
Because water levels vary
over the course of hours
 When the tide is mainly diurnal, MHHW and MLLW are used and days, sometimes by
instead of MHWS and MLWS many feet, water depths
must be referred to a
 MHHW is the mean of the higher of the two daily high waters known level, or datum.
experienced over a period of time (when only one HW occurs
on a day, it is taken as the higher high water) A number of different
datums are in use, many
 MLLW is the mean of the lower of the two daily low waters of which are illustrated in
experienced over a period of time (when only one LW occurs this figure.
on a day, it is taken as the higher high water)
TIDAL DATUM – Sounding Datum TIDAL DATUM – Chart Datum
 The Datum plane to which soundings are reduced for  The datum plane that being adopted by the national
bathymetric survey authority for its published charts and tidal predictions.
 Datum that being established by a surveyor  CD is defined as a level below which the tide will but seldom
fall.
 Ideally, it should be the same as Chart Datum (CD)
 In tidal waters, CD is normally established at LAT.
 May be differ due to old original survey.
 In non-tidal waters, CD is normally established at MSL.

TIDAL DATUM – Lowest Astronomical Tide SOUNDING DATUM - Selection

 The datum should be low enough so that there is always at least as much water
 The lowest level which can be predicted to occur under as is shown on the chart.
average meteorological conditions and under combination of
astronomical conditions.  The datum should be agree with the established level of chart datum
 There is no simple formula or rule available to calculate it  The datum should be harmony with the datums of neighbouring surveys.
from observation or tidal constituent.
 Beware of TIME DIFFERENCES. Although the range (and datum) may be the
 Can be obtained properly by analysing tidal prediction same over the entire area, the TIMES of HW and LW nay differ from place to
covering several years (18.6 yrs), as the level of LAT will not place.
be reached every year.
 The remedy is to erect extra tide poles in successive sub-area to measure time
differences.
Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains the Tides

Method of Obtaining Sounding Datum https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dBwNadry-TU&t=441s
Three methods in the preferable sequence :
1) Recover previously established sounding or Chart Datum in the survey

area.
2) Transfer datum a place close to the survey area where CD (or SD) is
established, by taking simultaneous tidal observations over a period.
3) Establish a new datum observations. Measure tide level using tide gauge
unit.

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GLS 614 : HYDROGRAPHIC SURVEYING CHAPTER 5 - TIDES

F + f force at a point under the moon .

F – f force on opposite far side from the moon.

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 1

Tidal Bulge Due Tidal Bulge Due

EQUILIBRIUM THEORY EQUILIBRIUM THEORY

This theory assumes that the entire earth is covered

This theory is based on the assumption that the

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 2

Motions of the Earth, Sun and Moon

The Lunar Day

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 3

SPRING & NEAP TIDES SPRING & NEAP TIDES

The heights of successive HW’s

Spring tides = maximum range

THE REAL TIDES

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 4

TYPE OF TIDES TYPE OF TIDES

Diurnal: These have periods close to 24 hours.

Mixed: Dominant Diurnal or Dominant Semidiurnal

TIDAL DATUM TIDAL DATUM - Mean Sea Level (MSL)

A number of different I. Polar melting or glacial activity

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 5

 Mean heights of two successive HW’s and LW’s respectively,

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 6

TIDAL DATUM – Sounding Datum TIDAL DATUM – Chart Datum

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 7

TIDAL DATUM – Lowest Astronomical Tide SOUNDING DATUM - Selection

Neil deGrasse Tyson Explains the Tides

Three methods in the preferable sequence :

1) Recover previously established sounding or Chart Datum in the survey

MOHD SHAHMY MOHD SAID 8

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