CH: 1

Database System Concepts and

Architecture
 Database system concept

• Introduction to Database Systems, Purpose

• Characteristics of the database
• File system v/s database approach
• Data abstraction , Data independence, Data integrity
• DBMS System Architecture
• Database Administrator (DBA)
• Role of DBA
• Self-learning Topic - Types of Databases
 Database System
• A database is an organized collection of data
that can be modified, retrieved, or updated.

• Database is a big container where data is

stored in a structured format.

• For instance, a college database.(All such

details should be in a structured format, such
as tables, in a hierarchy.)
❑ Data :
User Input
❑ Information :
Processed data
❑ Database :
Collection of database
❑ Record :
Collection of related data
❑ Table :
Collection of record
❑ DBMS :
set of interrelated data & set of the programs to
operate on it.
 Database Management System
Examples

• Oracle

• MySQL

• SQL Server
 Characteristics of DBMS
● Data Integrity

● Data Security

● Data Independence

● Transaction Control

● Concurrency Control

● Data Recovery and Backup

 Disadvantages of File processing system

1. Data sharing is difficult.

2. Data redundancy(repetition) is present.
3. Data inconsistency.
4. Do not provide transaction support.
5. Maintain integrity(change) is difficult.
6. Security is challenging.
7. Standard maintain is difficult.
 Advantages of database system

• Controls database redundancy

• Data sharing
• Easily Maintenance
• Reduce time
• Backup
• Multiple user interface
 Database Applications
– Banking: all transactions
– Airlines: reservations, schedules
– Universities: registration, grades
– Sales: customers, products, purchases
– Manufacturing: production, inventory,
orders, supply chain
– Human resources: employee records,
salaries, tax deductions
– Finance
 RDBMS
• It is the database based on the relational model
developed by E.F.Codd.
• Columns known as attributes.
• Rows known as tuple.
• Characteristics of relational table:
1. Every value has to be atomic
2. Each an every row is unique
3. Column values are of the same kind/type.
4. Sequence of columns are not important
5. Sequence of rows are not important.
 Difference : DBMS & RDBMS
Sr.No. DBMS RDBMS

1 Old version Latest version

2 Relate on table to another table Relate on database to another database

3 Security is low Security is high

4 Data storage capacity is less Data storage capacity is very high

5 Data integrity is not easy easy

6 Work better for single user More user or network

7 All 12 rules are not followed Followed all 12 rules

 Data Abstraction
Hiding the complexity of data & representing the data
which is needs to be shown to users

What data

How data
● There are mainly three levels of data abstraction and
we divide it into three levels in order to achieve Data
Independence.

● Data Independence means users and data should not

directly interact with each other.

● The user should be at a different level and the data

should be present at some other level. By doing so,
Data Independence can be achieved.
 Levels of Abstraction
Physical level describes how a record is stored.
e.g Student
Structure & details(Rollno,name,%)

Logical level: describes actual data stored in database

with its data type, and the relationships among the
data.

View level: application programs hide details of data

types. Views can also hide information (e.g. Markes)
for security purposes.
 Instances and Schemas
• Database may change as the data or information
may be added or deleted from it.
• Schema : Overall design of the database is known
as Schema.
• Schema – The logical structure of the database
(e.g., set of customers and accounts and the
relationship between them)
• Instance – The collection of information stored in
the database at a particular moment.
 Data Independence
• Ability to modify a schema definition in one
level without affecting a schema definition in
the other levels.

• The interfaces between the various levels and

components should be well defined so that
changes in some parts do not seriously
influence others.
DBMS Architecture
1-Tier Architecture

● In this architecture, the database is directly available to

the user. It means the user can directly use DBMS.

● Any changes done here will directly be done on the

database itself.

● The 1-Tier architecture is used for development of the

local application, where programmers can directly
communicate with the database for the quick response.
Example- To learn SQL we setup SQL server and
the database on the local system.
2-Tier Architecture

• The 2-Tier architecture is same as basic client-server. In

the two-tier architecture, applications on the client end can
directly communicate with the database at the server side.

• The user interfaces and application programs are run on

the client-side.

• The server side is responsible to provide the

functionalities like: query processing and transaction
management.
3-Tier Architecture
● The 3-Tier architecture contains another layer between the
client and server. In this architecture, client can't directly
communicate with the server.

● The application on the client-end interacts with an application

server which further communicates with the database system.

● The 3-Tier architecture is used in case of large web application.

3-Tier database Architecture design is an
extension of the 2-tier client-server architecture.
A 3-tier architecture has the following layers:

• Presentation layer (your PC, Tablet, Mobile,

etc.)
• Application layer (server)
• Database Server
 Database Administrator (DBA)

● Database Administrator (DBA) is individual or person

responsible for controlling, maintenance,
coordinating, and operation of database management
system.

● Database administration is major and key function in

any firm or organization that is relying on one or more
databases.

● They are overall commander of Database system.

The responsibilities of DBA are as follows −

● Makes the decision concerning the content of the database.

● Plans the storage structure and access strategy.
● Provides the support to the users.
● Defines the security and integrity checks.
● Backup and recovery strategies.
● Monitoring the performance and responding to the changes
in the requirements.
Role of DBA
 Types of Database Administrator (DBA) :
● Administrative DBA –
Their job is to maintain server and keep it functional. They are
concerned with data backups, security, trouble shooting,
replication, migration etc.
● Data Warehouse DBA –
Assigned earlier roles, but held accountable for merging data from
various sources into data warehouse. They also design warehouse,
with cleaning and scrubs data prior to loading.
● Development DBA –
They build and develop queries, stores procedure, etc. that
meets firm or organization needs. They are par at programmer.

● Application DBA –
They particularly manages all requirements of application
components that interact with database and accomplish
activities such as application installation and coordinating,
application upgrades, database cloning, data load process
management, etc.
 Types of databases
1. Hierarchical databases
2. Network Databases
3. . Object-Oriented Databases
4. Relational Databases
5. NoSQL Databases

• A NoSQL originally referring to non SQL or

non-relational is a database that provides a
mechanism for storage and retrieval of data.

• A NoSQL database includes simplicity of design,

simpler horizontal scaling to clusters of
machines, and finer control over availability.
● The main advantages are high scalability
and high availability.

● MongoDB falls in the category of NoSQL

document-based database.
NoSQL has the following disadvantages.

• NoSQL is an open-source database.

• GUI is not available

• Large document size.