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Oluwatimilehin Lokulo-Sodipe LAB 4
Oluwatimilehin Lokulo-Sodipe LAB 4
DATE: 07/12/2022
The Small Signal Amplifier is also known as a "Voltage" amplifier because it typically
converts a low input voltage to a much higher output voltage. Sometimes an amplifier circuit
is required to drive a motor or feed a loudspeaker, and Power Amplifiers are required for
these types of applications where high switching currents are required. A "Power Amplifier"
(also known as a large signal amplifier) main's job, as the name implies, is to deliver power
to the load, which is the product of the voltage and current applied to the load, with the
output signal power being greater than the input signal power[1]. In other words, a power
amplifier amplifies the power of the input signal which is why these types of amplifier
circuits are used in audio amplifier output stages to drive loudspeakers. Amplifier Classes
represent the amount of the output signal that varies within the amplifier circuit during one
cycle of operation when excited by a sinusoidal input signal. The most commonly
constructed amplifier classes are those used as audio amplifiers, primarily class A, B, AB,
and C[2].
APPARATUS
● Multi-meter
● 1k potentiometer
● Loud speaker
● Output transformer
● Jumper wires
● Bread Board.
PROCEDURE
1.1. VR1 was adjusted for an undistorted output waveform measured at the collector of the
output transistor T2. The 1 kHz input signal will be heard on the loudspeaker.
1.2. The frequency of the function generator was varied and the limits of the frequency range
RESULTS
98Hz 20,733Hz
DISCUSSION:
The circuit in figure 1 is a multistage transistor amplifier circuit, it is a form of class A power
configuration was used because unlike single-stage amplifiers, the output signal is sufficient as
the output of the first stage acts as the input of the second stage[4].
The human ear can hear a frequency range of 20Hz to 20kHz[5] through this experiment, we
created a speaker to test this range. To do this, we varied the frequency of the input waveform.
The waveforms experience phase inversion due to it being a common emitter circuit[6], but have
the same frequency. Starting with a frequency of 1kHz, we increased the frequency until it was
inaudible to all the group members this turned out to be 20,733kHz. This correlates to the upper
band of the human ear. The experiment was done again reducing the frequency until it wasn’t
audible. The value came out to be 98Hz. This is much higher than the lower band, this
discrepancy could be due to the amplitude of the sound wave. The wave amplitude is responsible
for the sound seeming louder or softer[7]. It is possible that if isolated with the speaker alone that
the sound would still be heard, however with a low amplitude and a lot of background noise, the
CONCLUSION:
In conclusion, we were able to verify the human ear audio range using a multistage single-ended
loudspeaker, The results have a strong correlation to the expected values, however the noisy
environment in which the experiment was conducted could have drowned out the sound as it
reached the upper and lower limits. A suitable resolution to this would be performing the
experiment with slight soundproofing around the experiment area to keep surrounding sounds
out.
REFERENCES:
[1] W. Storr, ‘Introduction to the Amplifier an Amplifier Tutorial’, Basic Electronics Tutorials, Jul.
16, 2013. https://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/amplifier/amp_1.html (accessed Dec. 08,
2022).
[2] J. Bandele, ‘Power Amplifiers’. Dec. 08, 2022.
[3] M. Uniyal, ‘Multistage Amplifier - Details, Diagram, Configurations, Example’, Sep. 29, 2022.
https://byjusexamprep.com/multistage-amplifier-i (accessed Dec. 11, 2022).
[4] R. Boylestad and L. Nashelsky, ‘Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory’, 2006.
[5] D. Purves et al., ‘The Audible Spectrum’, Neurosci. 2nd Ed., 2001, Accessed: Dec. 11,
2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10924/
[6] ‘Transistor Common Emitter Amplifier » Electronics Notes’. https://www.electronics-
notes.com/articles/analogue_circuits/transistor/transistor-common-emitter-configuration.php
(accessed Dec. 11, 2022).
[7] K. Fagan, ‘Amplitude and Intensity’, Discovery of Sound in the Sea, Sep. 09, 2016.
https://dosits.org/science/sound/characterize-sounds/intensity/ (accessed Dec. 11, 2022).
APPENDIX
Figure1-Input values
Figure 2- Output values