IMMUNITY

TO
TUMOR
introduction
Cancer is a major health problem worldwide and one of the
most important causes of morbidity and mortality in
children and adults.
Cancer arise from the uncontrolled proliferation and
spread of clones of transformed cells.
The concept of immune surveillance of cancer, which was
proposed by Macfarlane Burnet in the 1950s, states that a
physiologic function of the immune system is to recognize
and destroy clones of transformed cells before they grow
into tumors and to kill tumors after they are formed.
01
GENERAL FEATURES
OF TUMOR IMMUNITY
Tumors stimulate specific adaptive immune responses that can prevent or limit the
growth and spread of the cancers. ( Many tumors are surrounded by mononuclear cell
infiltrates composed of T-lymphocytes, naturalkiller [NK] cells, and macrophages, and
that activated lymphocytes and macrophages are present in lymph nodes draining the
sites of tumor growth)
 The first experiment demonstration that tumors can induce protective immune
responses came from studies of transplanted tumors performed in the 1950s
(Methylcholanthrene, MCA)
 Immune response frequently fail to prevent the growth of tumors:

~ First, tumor cells are derived from host cells (weakly immunogenic)
~ Second, the rapid growth and spread of tumors
~ Third, many tumors have specialized mechanisms for evading host

The immune system can be activated by external stimuli to

effectively kill tumor cells and eradicate tumors (immunotherapy)
02
TUMOR
ANTIGENS
The earliest classification of tumor antigens was based on their patterns of expression
~ tumor-specific antigens: Antigens that are expressed on tumor cells but not on normal cells
~ tumor-associated antigens: Tumor antigens that are also expressed on normal cells

The modern classification of tumor antigens relies on the molecular structure and source of the antigens

To purify and characterize these antigens were based on producing monoclonal antibodies specific for
tumor antigens

A more recently developed approach for identification of tumor antigens specifically is called serologic
analysis of recombinant cDNA expression (SEREX)

Tumor antigens (peptides) that are recognized by T cells are likely to be the major inducers of tumor
immunity and the most promising candidates for tumor vaccines
 NEOANTIGENS: ANTIGENS ENCODED BY MUTATED GENES

The protein neoantigens of tumors are mostly the products of randomly

mutated genes ("passenger mutations") reflecting the genetic instability of
cancer cells or, less commonly, products of mutated oncogenes or tumor
suppressor genes that are involved in oncogenesis ("driver mutations").

Tumor antigens are produced by oncogenic mutants of normal cellular genes

Often, these genes are produced by point mutations, deletions, chromosomal translocations,
or viral gene insertions affecting cellular proto oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes
Peptides derived from them do not induce self-tolerance (circulating CD4+ and CD8+T cells
that can respond to them)
Mutated oncogenes such as Ras and Bcr-Abl proteins and mutated tumor supressor genes
such as p53
THE TECHNIQUES
The following techniques and materials
have been used for the project.
03
CHEMICAL
ANALYSIS
 ANALYSIS
BIOLOGY
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RESEARCH
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 LAB PICTURE
Images help us understand the theory.
04
GENERAL
CONCLUSIONS
 CONCLUSIONS
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 PROJECT SUMMARY
THEORY
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PRACTICE
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CONCLUSION
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ILLUSTRATIONS