Givil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Science, University of Surrey Load combinations, Details of how to combine loads are given in unit 3. Debate over what factors should be used is on going but factors acceptable to the UK have nevertheless been recommended and are in the following Table ‘Example of Load combinations and partial factors for the ultimate limit state, Load Permanent load Wind combination | Unfavourable | Favourable | Unfavourable | Favourable 1, Permanent | 1.35 10 15 0.0 > + variable 2. Permanent [1.35 10 > = 15 and wind 3. Permanent | 1.35 1.0 13 0.0 0.75 + variable + wind 4. Permanent | 1.35 10 1.05 00 15 + variable and wind Notes. 3. Windis the secondary variable oad = 1.5 x0.5=0.75 (1.5% ye (wind)} 4. Variable load isthe secondary “variable” load 1.05 (1.5 x vs (office say)} Loading arrangements. Patterns of load are chosen to produce the worst effects on the structure. In the following, the effect of vertical load on a sub structure is examined, In the frame considered, no columns are assumed to exist above the beam, In general, to maximise the moment in a span, that span must carry the maximum load, adjacent spans the minimum, and the spans next to those, the maximum. This produces two patterns of loading, generally called load cases. Load case 1 minimum = maximum minimum maximum minimum Moax { | Moa. Load case 2 maximum minimum maximum minimum maximum vim | Pm PP ae T Maximum span moment - Myx PG Cert!PG DiplomaiMSc in Civil, Bridge & Structural Engineering Page ENGMO41.4.9Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Physical Science, University of Surrey In general, to maximise the su port moments, the adjacent spans must carry the maximum load and the next spans must alternate with minimum and maximum load. ‘This produces (n-1) load \ses where n is the number of spans. The maximum moment at the end supports is produced by the alternate loading arrangement described previously. ‘The code, however, suggests that the maximum support moments are calculated from two adjacent spans carrying the maximum load and all other spans carrying the n um, Toad so the load cases will look like, With the two load cases to produce the maximum span moments, this gives (n + 1) load cases. Load case 1 minimum minimum minimum maximum maximum [erage ete Load case 2 minimum minimum maximum maximum minimum, Load ease 3 [uP of] minimum maximum maximum minimum minimum Load case 4 maximum maximum minimum mi ae | mum minimum Ma Maximum support moment - Mya Clause 5.1.3 is the relevant clause and is included here. Part of Table NA.1 follows and shows the UK recommendation, which differs from EC2 by recommending the case of all spans being fully loaded in the National Application document. 5.1.3 Load cases and combinations (DP In considering the combinations of actions, (EN 1990 Section 6), all the relevant cases shall be considered to enable the critical design conditions to be established at all sections, within the structure or part of the structure considered. Not reference is made to its National Annex. The following simplified load arrangen buildings: Where a simplification in the number of load arrangements for use in & Country is required, nis are recommended for PG CertiPG Diploma/MiSc in Civil, Bridge & Structural Engineering Page ENGMO41.4.10