Vitamin Larut Air

Vitamin B
Vitamin C

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

 Vitamins
• Vitamin: a potent, important compound that
performs various functions in the body that
promote growth and reproduction and maintain
health.
– Vitamins are organic, meaning that they
contain or are related to carbon compounds.
– Vitamins do not supply calories.
✓They are essential to helping the body make use
of the calories consumed via foods.

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 Vitamin B
Fungsi utama – sebagai koenzim

- Thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2),

niacin, pantothenic acid & biotin:
terlibat pada metabolisme energi

- Vitamin B-6 (Pyridoxine):

metabolisme protein

- Folate & Vitamin B-12: replikasi sel

 The B Vitamins
• Coenzymes

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The Vitamins

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

Vitamin Absorbtion Transport Storage Excretion
Thiamin Small Red blood Little amount urine
intestine by cells of storage,
sodium- found in
dependent muscle and
active liver
transport
Riboflavin Small Protein Little amount urine
intestine by carriers of storage,
active found in liver,
transport or kidney, and
facilitated heart
diffusion
Niacin Small Portal vein Body’s cells urine
intestine by
active
transport and
passive
diffusion
Pantothenic Small Red blood Coenzyme urine
Acid intestine cells form
Vitamin Absorbtion Transport Storage Excretion
Biotin Small Red blood Little amount urine and bile
intestine by cells of storage,
sodium- found in
dependent muscle, liver,
carrier and brain
B-6 Small Portal vein Muscle tissue urine
intestine by
passive
diffusion
Folate Small Portal vein Liver Urine and
intestine by feces
passive
diffusion
B-12 Small Portal vein Liver urine
intestine
C Small Red blood pituitary and urine
intestine by cells adrenal
active glands, white
transport and blood cells,
facilitated eyes, and
diffusion brain
 Thiamin
• Other names: Vitamin B1
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzyme TPP (thiamin
pyrophosphate) used in energy
metabolism → carbohydrate
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
– men: 1.2 mg/day
– women: 1.1 mg/day

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 Thiamin
Sources
-Whole grain,
fortified, or
enriched grain
products
-Moderate
amounts in all
nutritious food
-Easily
destroyed by
heat

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 Thiamin
• Deficiency disease
– Beriberi
• Wet, with edema
• Dry, with muscle wasting
• problem in SE Asia
where diet is high in polished rice
• Deficiency symptoms
– Enlarged heart, cardiac failure
– Muscular weakness
– Apathy, poor short-term memory,
confusion, irritability
– Anorexia, weight loss
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported
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 Riboflavin
• Other names: Vitamin B2
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
– Men: 1.3 mg/day
– Women: 1.1 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes FMN (flavin
mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin
adenine dinucleotide) used in energy
metabolism.

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

 Riboflavin
Sources
-Milk products
(yogurt,
cheese)
-Enriched or
whole
grains
-Liver
-Easily destroyed
by ultraviolet light
and irradiation
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 Riboflavin
• Deficiency symptoms
– Inflamed eyelids and sensitivity to
light, reddening of cornea
– Sore throat
– Cracks and redness at corners of
mouth
– Painful, smooth, purplish red tongue
– Inflammation characterized by skin
lesions covered with greasy scales
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported

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Ariboflavinosis
 Niacin
• Other names
– Nicotinic acid
– Nicotinamide
– Niacinamide
– Vitamin B3
• Precursor: dietary tryptophan
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes NAD (nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (its
phosphate form) used in energy
metabolism
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 Niacin
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
– Men: 16 mg NE/day
– Women: 14 mg NE/day
• Upper level for adults:
35 mg/day
 Niacin
Sources
Milk, eggs,
meat, poultry,
fish
Whole-grain
and enriched
breads and
cereals
Nuts
All protein-
containing foods
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 Niacin
• Deficiency disease: pellagra
where diet is high in corn & low in
protein
• Deficiency symptoms
– Diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting
– Inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red
tongue
– Depression, apathy, fatigue, loss of
memory, headache
– Bilateral symmetrical rash on areas
exposed to sunlight

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 Niacin
• Toxicity symptoms
– Painful flush, burning, tingling
sensation, hives, and rash (“niacin
flush”)
– Excessive sweating
– Blurred vision
– Liver damage, impaired glucose
tolerance

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 Biotin
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
– Adults: 30 g/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of a coenzyme used in energy
metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid
metabolism, and glycogen synthesis
• Significant sources
– Widespread in foods
– Organ meats, egg yolks, soybeans,
fish, whole grains
– Also produced by GI bacteria
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 Biotin
• Deficiency symptoms
– Depression, lethargy, hallucinations,
numb or tingling sensation in the
arms and legs
– Red, scaly rash around the eyes,
nose, and mouth
– Hair loss
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported

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 Pantothenic Acid
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
– Adults: 5 mg/day
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzyme A, used in energy
metabolism
• Significant sources
– Widespread in foods
– Organ meats, mushrooms, avocados,
broccoli, whole grains
• Easily destroyed by food processing
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 Pantothenic Acid
• Deficiency symptoms
– Vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps
– Insomnia, fatigue, depression,
irritability, restlessness, apathy
– Hypoglycemia, increased sensitivity to
insulin
• Toxicity symptoms: none reported

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

 Vitamin B6
• Other names
– Pyridoxine
– Pyridoxal
– Pyridoxamine
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes PLP (pyridoxal
phosphate) and PMP (pyridoxamine
phosphate) used in amino acid and
fatty acid metabolism
– Helps to convert tryptophan to niacin
and to serotonin
– Helps to make red blood cells
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 Vitamin B6
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
–Adults (19-50 years):
1.3 mg/day
• Upper level for adults:
100 mg/day

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

 Vitamin
B6
Sources
Potatoes,
legumes,
noncitrus
fruits
Fortified
cereals
Liver
Soy products
Meats, fish,
poultry
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 Vitamin B6
• Deficiency symptoms
–Scaly dermatitis
–Anemia (small-cell type)
–Depression, confusion,
abnormal brain wave
pattern, convulsions

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 Vitamin B6
• Toxicity symptoms
–Depression, fatigue, irritability,
headaches
–Nerve damage causing
numbness and muscle weakness
leading to an inability to walk
and convulsions (progressive
sensory ataxia)
–Skin lesions
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 Folate
• Other names
– Folic acid
– Folacin
– Pteroylglutamic acid (PGA)
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes THF
(tetrahydrofolate) and DHF
(dihydrofolate) used in DNA synthesis
and therefore important in new cell
formation

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

 Folate
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
–Adults: 400 g/day
• Upper level for adults:
1000 g/day
 Folate
Sources
Fortified grains
Leafy green
vegetables,
legumes, seeds
Liver

Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning

 Folate
• Deficiency symptoms
–Anemia (macrocytic or large-cell
type)
–Smooth, red tongue
–Mental confusion, weakness,
fatigue, irritability, headache
• Toxicity symptoms
–Masks vitamin B12-deficiency
symptoms (nerve damage)

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 Folate
Protective effect
• Heart Disease
• Cancer
• Spina bifida
 Folate
• Neural tube defects in pregnancy
–Spina bifida

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 Vitamin B12
• Other names: cobalamin (and
related forms)
• Chief functions in the body
– Part of coenzymes methylcobalamin
and deoxyadenosylcobalamin used in
new cell synthesis
– Helps to maintain nerve cells
– Reforms folate coenzyme
– Helps to break down some fatty acids
and amino acids

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 Vitamin B12
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
- Adults: 4 g/day
• Absorption
–HCl
–Pepsin
–Intrinsic factor

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 Vitamin B12
• Significant sources
–Animal products (meat, fish,
poultry, shellfish, milk, cheese,
eggs)
• Easily destroyed by microwave
cooking
• Deficiency due to vegan diet or
lack of intrinsic factor

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 Vitamin B12
• Deficiency disease: pernicious
anemia
• Deficiency symptoms
–Anemia (large-cell type)
–Fatigue, degeneration of
peripheral nerves progressing
to paralysis
• Toxicity symptoms: none
reported
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 Vitamin B12
• Deficiency of folate or B12 produces
pernicious anemia

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 Vitamin C
• Other name: ascorbic acid
• Chief functions in the body
– Collagen synthesis
• Strengthens blood vessel walls, forms
scar tissue, provides matrix for bone
growth
– Antioxidant
– Thyroxin synthesis
– Amino acid metabolism
– Strengthens resistance to infection
– Helps in absorption of iron
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 Vitamin C
• AKG 2019 Indonesia
– Men: 90 mg/day
– Women: 75 mg/day
– Smokers: + 35 mg/day
(RDA USA)
• Upper level for adults:
2000 mg/day
• Needs increase with
infection, burns,
surgery & smokers
• Easily destroyed by
heat and oxygen
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 Vitamin C
Sources
Citrus fruits
Cabbage-type
vegetables, dark
green vegetables
(such as bell peppers
and broccoli)
Cantaloupe,
strawberries
Lettuce, tomatoes,
potatoes
Papayas, mangoes Copyright 2005 Wadsworth Group, a division of Thomson Learning
 Vitamin C
• Deficiency disease: scurvy
• Deficiency symptoms
– Anemia (small-cell type)
– Atherosclerotic plaques
– Pinpoint hemorrhages under the skin,
bone fragility, joint pain
– Poor wound healing, frequent
infections, bleeding gums, loosened
teeth
– Muscle degeneration and pain,
hysteria, depression, rough skin,
blotchy bruises
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 Vitamin C
• Toxicity symptoms - >2 gms/day
–Nausea, abdominal cramps,
diarrhea
–Headache, fatigue, insomnia
–Hot flashes, rashes
–Interference with medical tests
(false-negative urine glucose
test), aggravation of gout
symptoms, urinary tract
problems, kidney stones
(oxalate)
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 Vitamin And
Mineral Supplements
• Who needs supplements?

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 Vitamin And
Mineral Supplements
• Arguments for supplements
–Correct overt deficiencies
–Improve nutrition status
–Reduce disease risks
–Support increased nutrient needs
–Improve the body’s defenses

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 Vitamin And
Mineral Supplements
• Arguments against supplements
–Toxicity
–Life-threatening misinformation
–Unknown needs
–False sense of security
–Other invalid reasons

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 Vitamin Supplements
1. Healthy people who eat healthy
diets do not require supplements
2. Many B vitamins are lost when
grains are refined but some added
back (enrichment or fortification);
now deficiency usually only occurs
due to poverty, illness, alcohol
abuse
3. Toxicities – usually results from
misuse of supplements
 Vitamin Supplements
4. Unless a specific nutritional problem
exists, a single, balanced multi-
vitamin/mineral preparation that
provides 100% Daily Value should
suffice
5. The only disease a vitamin will cure
is the one caused by a deficiency of
that vitamin
 Vitamin Supplements
Some individuals who may benefit:
1. Low energy intake
2. Illness/injury
3. Absorption problems
4. Certain medications
5. Strict vegetarian
6. Pregnant/lactating
7. Newborn & breastfed infants