2nd Grading Coverage

Formulas may be used to solve problems involving “Precent, Base, Rate”

Rate
 It is the number of hundredth taken. It usually written with % sign.
Formula: Rate=Percentage ÷ Base
Base
 Is the whole value in which the rate operates. It is the whole total of the number.
Formula: Base=Percentage ÷ Rate
Percentage
 Is the part of the base. It is written without % sign.
Formula: Percentage=Rate x Base

Formulas may be used to solve problems involving “Commissions”

Commission
 Is an incentive paid to employees that sell merchandise.
Formula: Rate of Commission x Gross Proceeds

Rate of Commission
 Refers to how many % of the gross proceeds the salesperson receives.
Formula: Commission ÷ Gross Proceeds

Gross Proceeds
 Refers to the sales made by the salesperson.
Formula: Commission ÷ Gross Proceeds

Net Proceeds
 Refers to the amount left after the commission is deducted.
Formula: Gross Proceeds - Commission

Formulas may be used to solve problems involving “Interests”

Interest
 Is an amount that is charged for the use of money for a period.
Formula: Principal x Rate x Term

Principal
 Is the amount of money deposited, invested or barrowed.
Formula: Interest ÷ Rate x Term

Rate of Interest
 Tells how much interests per principal per hundred earns in a year.
Formula: Interest ÷ Principal x Term

Time/Term
 Refers to the period of the principal earns interest.
Formula: Interest ÷ Principal x Rate
 Formulas may be used to solve problems involving “Proportions”

Indirect Proportion
 As the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable decreases.
Formula: a to c, b to d

Direct Proportion
 Increase in one variable is accompanied by the increase of the other variable.
Formula: a to d, b to c

Partitive Proportion
 The whole is divided into parts proportional to the given ratios.
Formula: Find the sum of the ratio
Divide the whole by the sum of the ratio
Multiply each ratio by the quotient

Formulas may be used to solve problems that involve “Discount”

Discount
 A percentage deducted from the price of an item.
Formula: Rate of Discount x Original Price

Markup
 Is a percentage added to the price of an item.
Formula: Rate of Markup x Original Price

Rate of Discount
 Formula: Discount ÷ Original Price

Original Price
 Formula: Discount ÷ Rate of Discount

Sale or Selling Price

 Formula: Original Price – Discount

Formulas may be used to solve problems that involve “Markup”

Markup
 Formula: Markup x Original Price

Rate of Markup
 Formula: Markup ÷ Original Price

Original Price
 Formula: Markup ÷ Rate of Markup
 Ratios
 Is a comparison of two or more quantities.
Example: 3:8

Equivalent Ratios
 Are equal if both the cross products are equal.

Example: 6 3 =6x4 =24

8 4 =3x8 =24

Fractional Notation
 A ratio expressed in fractional form.
Example: 3
8
Word Notation
 It is the notation of ratios in words.
Example: 3 to 8

Odds Notation
 It is the notation of ratios using colon.
Example: 3:8

Proportion
 The product of the extreme is equal to the product of the means.

Example: 6 3 =6x4 =24

8 4 =3x8 =24
Precent
 Laterally means per hundred from the word per centum. Its sign is %.

A. Comparing Fractions
Direction: Arrange the following fractions from the least to greatest.

1. 20 5
60 10

20x10 =200
5x60 =300 Therefore, 5/10 is > than 20/60

Prepared by:
Isnihaya G. Guro, LPT
Class Adviser