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ﻣﻮﻗﻊ ﻗﻠﻤﻲ
Prof : BEN ELKHATIR Les coniques اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ 05اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺎت
JJJG JJJG JJJG
⎧⎪(1 + e )OA = OF + eOK JJJJG JJJG :
MF
-Iدراﺳﺔ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ Mﺑﺤﻴﺚ = e
. ⎨ JJJG JJJG JJJG ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ OA ' = −OAﻓﺈﻥ : )) d ( M , ( D
⎪⎩( −1 + e )OA = OF − eOK
JJJG 1 JJJG JJJG JJJG -(1ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ:
1
ﺇﺫﻥ OF = eOA :ﻭ ، OK = OAﻭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ OF = eOA :ﻭ OK = OA ﻓﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮى اﻟﺘﺂﻟﻔﻲ اﻷﻗﻠﻴﺪي ) ( Ρﻧﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ Fو ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﺎ ) ( Dﻻ ﻳﻤﺮ ﻣﻦ . F
e e
ﻭﺒﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻬﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ : MF
ﺤﻴﺙ eﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻗﻁﻌﺎ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻟﻨﻘﻂ Mﻤﻥ ) ( Ρاﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺤﻘﻖ = e :
• ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ e < 1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ OF < OA < OK :ﻤﻊ . AF < AK )) d ( M , ( D
ﺒﺅﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ) ( Γﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ) ( Γﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺇﻫﻠﻴﻠﺠﺎ . ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻴﺎ ﺒﺅﺭﺘﻪ Fدﻟﻴﻠﻪ ) ( Dو ﺗﺒﺎﻋﺪﻩ اﻟﻤﺮآﺰي eﻭ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺏ ) . Γ ( F , ( D ) , e
ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ e > 1ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ OK < OA < OF :ﻤﻊ . AF > AK • -(2ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻱ ﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ:
ﺒﺅﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ) ( Γﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ،ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ) ( Γﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻟﻭﻻ . ﻟﻴﻜﻥ ) ∆ ( ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺭ ﻤﻥ Fو اﻟﻌﻤﻮدي ﻋﻠﻰ ) M ، ( Dﻭ Mﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻤﺎﺜﻠﺘﻴﻥ
'
ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ) ، ( Dﻟﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) M ( x , yﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ Hﻋﻠﻰ ) ( Dﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
. ) ∆ ( ﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻱ ﻭ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻁﻊ ) ( ∆ ) ∩ ( Γﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺭﺅﻭﺱ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ) ( Γ
2 2
-(3ﺘﺼﻨﻴﻑ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻴﺎﺕ:
⎛ ⎞p ⎛ ⎞p ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Mﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ) ∆ ( ﻓﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ Kﻋﻠﻰ ) ( Dهﻲ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ ) ( Dﻣﻊ ) ∆ (
MF 2 = ⎜ x − ⎟ + y 2ﻭ ⎟ MH = ⎜ x +
2
. x =−
p ⎞ ⎛p
ﻫﻭ ﺸﻠﺠﻡ ) ( Pﺒﺅﺭﺘﻪ ⎟ F ⎜ , 0ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ) ( Dﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ : ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ e ≠ 1ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ( ∆ ) ∩ ( Γ ) = {A , A ' } :ﺤﻴﺙ : •
2 ⎠ ⎝2 }) A = bar {( F ,1) ; ( K , eﻭ }) . A ' = bar {( F ,1) ; ( K , −e
• ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ:01
G JG . ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻱ ) ∆ ( ﻟﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ Aﻭ ' Aﻭ Fو K
( )
) y 2 = 2axﺣﻴﺚ ( a ≠ 0ﻓﻲ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ S , i , jﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻠﺠﻡ
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ Oﻫﻲ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ⎦⎤ ' ⎡⎣ AAﻓﺈﻥ :
a ⎞ ⎛a JJJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG JJJG
) ( D ) : x = −ﺭﺃﺴﻪ Sﻭ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﻩ . ( p = a ) ( Pﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﺒﺅﺭﺘﻪ ⎟ F ⎜ , 0ﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻪ
2 ⎠ ⎝2 (1 + e )OA = OF + eOKﻭ (1 − e )OA ' = OF − eOK
-1-
Prof : BEN ELKHATIR Les coniques اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ 05اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺎت
ﻭ ﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ) ، ( Dﻟﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) M ( x , yﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭ ﻤﺴﻘﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻭﺩﻱ Hﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ : ﻤﻠﺨﺹ: •
2 ﻨﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭل ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ :
a2 ⎛ ⎞ a2
= ( (D ) : x MF 2 = ( x − c ) + y 2ﻭ ⎟ ) MH 2 = ⎜ x −ﻷﻥ ) F (c , 0ﻭ
2
c ⎝ ⎠ c ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻪ ﺒﺅﺭﺘﻪ ﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭﻩ ) (P ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ ﻟﻠﺸﻠﺠﻡ
2
⎛ ⎞ a ⎞ ⎛ c2 2
a ⎞ ⎛a p=a y 2 = 2ax
ﺇﺫﻥ M ∈ ( Γ ) ⇔ ( x − c ) + y 2 = e 2 ⎜ x − ⎟ ⇔ x 2 ⎜ 1 − 2 ⎟ + y 2 = a 2 − c 2 : (D ) : x
2
=− ⎟F ⎜ ,0
⎝ ⎠ c ⎠ ⎝ a 2 ⎠ ⎝2
2 2 b ⎞⎛ b p=b x 2 = 2by
x y
ﻭ ﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ e ≠ 1ﻓﺈﻥ ، a 2 − c 2 ≠ 0ﺇﺫﻥ . M ∈ ( Γ ) ⇔ 2 + 2 2 = 1 : (D ) : y = − ⎟ F ⎜ 0,
a a −c 2 ⎠⎝ 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ) ( Γﺇﻫﻠﻴﻠﺠﺎ ﻓﺈﻥ e < 1 :ﺃﻱ c < aﻨﻀﻊ b = a 2 − c 2 : • G JG
• ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:01
( )
ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ Γ F ' , ( D ' ) , e = Γ ( F , ( D ) , e ) : ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﻭ Oﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺘﺼﻑ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻌﺔ ⎦⎤ ' . ⎡⎣ AA
و هﺬا ﻳﻌﻨﻲ أن ﻟﻠﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻲ ) ( Γﺑﺆرة ﺛﺎﻧﻴﺔ هﻲ اﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ ' Fﻭ ﺩﻟﻴل ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ) ' . ( D ﻨﻀﻊ ' a = OA = OAﻭ ، c = OFﺇﺫﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ) c = eaﻷﻥ ( OF = eOA :
1 a a2
' ) FFاﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻔﺼﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ اﻟﺒﺆرﺗﻴﻦ ( ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻴﺔ = = ) OKﻷﻥ . ( OK = OA : ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ :
e e c
ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ FF ' = 2c :ﺤﻴﺙ . c 2 = a 2 + b 2 : JG G 1 JJJG G JG
ﻨﻠﺨﺹ ﺍﻟﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ) ( Γﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ e ≠ 1ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺩﻭﻟﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﻴﻥ : ( )
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ O , i , jﺤﻴﺙ i = OAﻭ jﻤﺘﺠﻬﺔ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ
a
-2-
Prof : BEN ELKHATIR Les coniques اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ 05اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺎت
ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل ] [ −a, a ﺇﺫﻥ ( Γ ) = ( Γ + ) ∪ ( Γ − ) :ﺤﻴﺙ ) ( Γ +ﻫﻭ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ f
ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ
b
= ) ، f ( xﻭ ) ( Γ −ﻫﻭ ﻤﻤﺎﺜل ) ( Γ +ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ل ) . (Ox ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ a 2 − x 2 : 0 <e <1 ﻟﻺﻫﻠﻴﻠﺞ
a 2
−bx =e
c x y2
= ) f ' (x fﺩﺍﻟﺔ ﺯﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻫﻲ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﺔ ﻟﻺﺸﺘﻘﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل [ ]−a , aﻭﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ : + =1
a a2 b 2
a a2 − x 2
a2
ﻭ ﺠﺩﻭل ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﻜﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ : = (D ) : x ) F (c , 0ﻭ
c
2 c = a2 − b 2 0 <b <a
−a
x 0 a
( D ' ) : x = − ac ) F ( −c , 0ﻭ
'
f '
) (x + 0 −
b2
b ) (
D : y = ) F ( 0, cﻭ
f c
c = b 2 − a2 0<a <b
b2
0 0 (D ) : y = − c
'
) F ( 0, −cﻭ
'
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻴﻘﺒل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ) A ( a , 0ﻭ ) A ' ( −a , 0ﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎﻥ ) (Oyﻷﻥ : ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﺓ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺩﻟﻴل ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﺼﺭﺓ
) f (x ) f (x e >1 ﻟﻬﺫﻟﻭل
. lim+ lim−ﻭ ∞= + ∞= −
x →− a x + a x →a x − a a2
(D ) : x = ) F (c , 0ﻭ
x2 y2
ﺍﻹﻫﻠﻴﻠﺞ ) ( Γﺤﻴﺙ : 0 < b < a c − =1
c a2 b 2
a2 =e
) (
D '
: x = −
c
) F ' ( −c , 0ﻭ a
b2
= (D ) : y ) F ( 0, cﻭ ﺤﻴﺙ c = a 2 + b 2 y2 x2
c − =1
2 b 2 a2
( D ' ) : y = − bc ) F ' ( 0, −cﻭ
ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ } ( Γ ) = {M ∈ ( Ρ ) / MF + MF ' = 2aﺇﻫﻠﻴﻠﺞ ﺒﺅﺭﺘﺎﻩ Fﻭ ' Fﻭ 2aﻫﻲ x ∞− −a a ∞+
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺘﻤﻴﻴﻥ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﺅﺭﻱ . ) f ' (x − +
• ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:04 ∞+ ∞+
G JG
( )
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) ( Ρﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ O , i , jﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ f
. }( Γ ) = {M ∈ ( Ρ ) / MF + MF ' = 8 ) F ( 2, 0ﻭ ) F ' ( 4, 0ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ : 0 0
ﺤﺩﺩ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ) ( Γﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻟﻬﺎ .
ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﻟﺔ fﻴﻘﺒل ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ) A ( a , 0ﻭ ) A ' ( −a , 0ﻤﻤﺎﺴﻴﻥ ﻴﻭﺍﺯﻴﺎﻥ ) (Oyﻷﻥ :
-(2ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ Mﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) ( ΡﺒﺤﻴﺙMF − MF = 2a :
'
) f (x ) f (x
• ﻤﺒﺭﻫﻨﺔ:03 . lim+ﻭ ∞= −
lim − ∞= +
x →− a x + a x →a x − a
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Fﻭ ' Fﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﻭ aﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﻤﻭﺠﺏ ﻗﻁﻌﺎ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ 2a < FF
'
b b
ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺭﻋﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻼﻨﻬﺎﺌﻴﻴﻥ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ lim f ( x ) − x = 0 :ﻭ lim f ( x ) + x = 0
{
ﻓﺎﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ( Γ ) = M ∈ ( Ρ ) / MF ' − MF = 2aﻫﺫﻟﻭل ﺒﺅﺭﺘﺎﻩ Fﻭ ' Fﻭ 2aﻫﻲ } ∞x →− a ∞x →+ a
ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺭﺃﺴﻴﻪ . ﺇﺫﻥ ) (C fﻴﻘﺒل ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ∞ +ﻭ ∞ −ﻤﻘﺎﺭﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﺎﺌﻠﻴﻥ ) ( ∆1ﻭ ) ( ∆ 2ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ :
• ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:05 b b
G JG y = xﻭ . y =− x
( )
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) ( Ρﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ O , i , jﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ G JG
a a
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Prof : BEN ELKHATIR Les coniques اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ 05اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺎت
-ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ A > 0ﻓﺈﻥ ، ( Γ ) ≠ ∅ :ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ : -IVدراﺳﺔ اﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ : ax 2 + by 2 + cxy + dx + fy + g = 0
⎛ ⎞ B -(1ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ : y 2 = Ax 2 + Bx + C
( D1 ) : y = A ⎜x + ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ K = 0ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ( Γ ) = ( D1 ) ∪ ( D 2 ) :ﺤﻴﺙ ⎟ : G JG
⎝ ⎠ 2A ( )
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) ( Ρﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ O , i , jﻭ ) ( Γﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ) M ( x , y
⎛ ⎞ B
ﻤﻥ ) ( Ρﺒﺤﻴﺙ (1) : y = Ax 2 + Bx + C :ﺤﻴﺙ
. ( D2 ) : y = − A ⎜ x + ﻭ ⎟ . \ ∈ ) ( A , B ,C 3 2
⎝ ⎠ 2A
G JG ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ A = 0ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Γﻫﻲ ، y 2 = Bx + C :ﻭ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﻤﻜﻨﺔ : •
( )
ﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ K ≠ 0ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Γﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ Ω, i , jﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺍﻟﺸﻜﻠﻴﻥ :
∅ = ) ( Γﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ B = C = 0ﻓﺈﻥ ( Γ ) = (Ox ) : -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ B = 0ﻭ C < 0ﻓﺈﻥ :
2 2
a = −ﻭ . b = −K
K X Y
2 − 2 = 1ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، K < 0ﺤﻴﺙ Cﻓﺈﻥ ( Γ ) = ( D1 ) ∪ ( D 2 ) :ﺤﻴﺙ ) ( D1ﻭ ) ( D 2 ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ B = 0ﻭ > 0
A a b
ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻻﺘﺎﻫﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ y = − C :ﻭ . y = C
K Y 2 X2
= aﻭ . b= K 2 − 2 = 1ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، K > 0ﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻭ ⎛ ⎞C
A b a -ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ B ≠ 0ﻓﺈﻥ . M ( x , y ) ∈ ( Γ ) ⇔ y 2 = B ⎜ x + ⎟ :
ﻭﻓﻲ ﻜﻼ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﺘﻴﻥ ) ( Γﻫﺫﻟﻭل . ⎝ ⎠B
C
• ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:06 X = x +ﻭ ، Y = yﻭ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Γﺘﺼﺒﺢ Y 2 = BX :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻨﻀﻊ
G JG B
) (Cﺍﻟﺫﻱ ( )
ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) ( Ρﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ ، O , i , jﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ G JG
. ، 4mx 2 + 4 max + 16 y 2 − m 2a 2 = 0ﺤﻴﺙ ( m , a ) ∈ \ × \*+ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ :
⎞ ⎛ C
Ω, i , jﺤﻴﺙ ⎟ . Ω ⎜ − , 0
⎠ ⎝ B
( )
.1ﺃﺩﺭﺱ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺒﺎﺭﺍﻤﺘﺭ ﺍﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ mﻁﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ) . (C 4C − B 2
⎞ ⎛ B 2 − 4C
= (D ) : x ⎜ Fﻭ ﺩﻟﻴﻠﻪ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻴﻡ ﺇﺫﻥ ) ( Γﺸﻠﺠﻡ ﺭﺃﺴﻪ ، Ωﺒﺅﺭﺘﻪ ⎟ , 0
.2ﻨﺄﺨﺫ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻲ . m = 3 4B ⎝ 4B ⎠
أ -ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻥ ) (Cﻤﺨﺭﻭﻁﻲ ﻭ ﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻩ ،ﺒﺅﺭﺘﺎﻩ ،ﺩﻟﻴﻼﻩ ،ﺭﺅﻭﺴﻪ ﻭ ﺘﺒﺎﻋﺩﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﻜﺯﻱ . e ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، A ≠ 0ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ : •
2
ب -ﻟﺘﻜﻥ ) M ( zﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ) (Cﻟﺤﻘﻬﺎ ، zﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ OMﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ aﻭ xﺃﻓﺼﻭل . K =−
B 2 − 4AC ⎛
، (1) ⇔ y 2 = A ⎜ x +ﺤﻴﺙ
⎞ B
⎟ +K
3a 4A ⎝ ⎠ 2A
= ، OMﺤﻴﺙ ] . θ ≡ arg ( z ) [ 2π ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁﺔ ، Mﺜﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ : G JG
) 2 ( 2 + cos θ ( )
X = x +ﻭ ، Y = yﻓﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Γﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ Ω, i , jﻫﻲ :
B
2A
ﻨﻀﻊ :
ج -ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﻴﻥ ' zﻭ " zﻟﺤﻘﺎ ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ' Mﻭ " Mﻤﻥ ) (Cﻋﻤﺩﺘﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ
⎛ B ⎞
αﻭ . α +π . Ω⎜− ، Y 2 = AX 2 + Kﺤﻴﺙ ⎟ , 0
⎠ ⎝ 2A
ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ " z ' − zﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩﻴﻥ aﻭ ، αﺜﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ . M M
' "
-ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ A < 0ﻓﺈﻥ ( Γ ) = ∅ :ﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ ، K < 0ﻭ } ( Γ ) = {Ωﻓﻲ ﺤﺎﻟﺔ . K = 0
2 1 1 G JG
،ﻋﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ Zﺒﺩﻻﻟﺔ = +
"Z z' z
د -ﻟﺘﻜﻥ Pﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ ﻟﺤﻘﻬﺎ Zﻴﺤﻘﻕ :
( )
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ K > 0ﻓﺈﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Γﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ Ω, i , jﺘﻜﺘﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل :
aﻭ ، αﺜﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻤﺤل ﺍﻟﻬﻨﺩﺴﻲ ﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ Pﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻟﺤﻘﻬﺎ Zﻟﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ αﻋﻠﻰ
K X2 Y 2
⎧π ⎫ a = −ﻭ . b = Kﺇﺫﻥ ) ( Γﺇﻫﻠﻴﻠﺞ . ﺤﻴﺙ + =1
⎬] ∈ . \ − ⎨ + k π / k A a2 b 2
⎩2 ⎭
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Prof : BEN ELKHATIR Les coniques اﻟﺜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻮم رﻳﺎﺿﻴﺔ 05اﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻴﺎت
ﻭ . ( H ) : x 2 + 4xy + y 2 − 6 ( x + y ) + 5 = 0
G G
، أ -ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ) ( Pﻭ ) ( Hﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ ) (O ,u ,vﺜﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﺘﻬﻤﺎ
G G JG G 1 G JG
= . v
1
2
(
= uﻭ −i + j) 2
( )
ﺤﻴﺙ i + j :
G JG
( )
ب -ﺃﻭﺠﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﻠﻡ O , i , jﺇﺤﺩﺍﺜﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﺘﺭﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﻨﻴﻴﻥ ) ( Pﻭ ) . ( H
-Vﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﻣﻤﺎس ﻟﻤﺨﺮوﻃﻲ:
G JG
( )
ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ) ( Ρﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ O , i , j
-(1ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺱ ﻟﺸﻠﺠﻡ:
• ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ:01
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ) ( Pﺸﻠﺠﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻪ ، y = 2 pxﻓﻠﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ) M 0 ( x 0 , y 0ﻤﻥ ) ( Pﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ
2
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