R epublic of the P hilippines

D epartment of E ducation
REG IO N I
SCH O O LS D IVISIO N O FFICE D AG U PAN CITY
D AG U PAN CITY N ATIO N AL H IG H SCH O O L – SEN IO R H IG H SCH O O L
TAPU AC D IST., D AG U PAN CITY

IMPACT OF HEALTHCARE TO THE COPING STRATEGIES OF

ELDERLY DURING THE COVID -19 PANDEMIC

A Capstone Research Plan Submitted to the Grade 12 STEM Faculty of

Dagupan City National High School – Senior High School

Proponents:
Alison Jan S. Abarabar
Aleah Jane B. Cabrera
Jomel S. Camat
Matthew Joshua G. De Guzman
Adrian Kurt M. Javier
Kerl Airan C. Ramillano
John Lloyd P. Romero
Ma. Trisha Anne E. Salazar
Ricardo V. Terrado Jr.
Rhanniel E. Villanueva

Adviser:
DEAN DARYL B. CAÑETE
GERALDINE A. CACHO
ROWELA L. ARENAS
ROCHELLE CABARIO

Dagupan City National High School – Senior High School

Address: Tapuac Dist., Dagupan City
Email: 300368@deped.gov.ph
Telephone: (075) 202-6057
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CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

This chapter includes the introduction, theoretical framework,

statement of the problem, scope and delimitation, significance of the

study and the definition of terms used.

I.I. Background of the Study

Coronavirus disease, also known as COVID-19, is an infectious

disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that primarily spread from an

infected person’s mouth when they cough, sneeze or breathe1.

Although all age groups are at risk of contracting COVID-19, older people

face significant risk of developing severe illness if they contract the

disease due to physiological changes that come with ageing and potential

underlying health conditions (World Health Organization 2020) 2. More

importantly, healthcare is needed for the elderly as people who are 60

years old and above are considered vulnerable population, and who are

1
World Health Organization. “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)”
2
World Health Organization. “Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)”
 3

suffering from illnesses known as comorbidities (Philippine Statistics

Authority 2020)3.

In most nations, these restrictions (ranging from social isolation to

travel and movement restrictions to the prohibition of public

transportation and the closure of workplaces, businesses, and

industries) have caused enormous disruptions in people's lives and work.

The pandemic has had a variety of clinical and public health effects

(WHO 2021)4. Moreover, the establishment of clinical protocols and

individual risk assessments in hospital settings, there was a massive

global mobilization of public health and social measures in health

facilities and communities.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has warned that the country's

health-care system is in danger of collapsing 5. According to WHO's

Philippines Health System Review published in 2018, the National

Capital Region had 23 beds per 10,000 people, while the rest of the

country had less than ten beds per 10,000 people. Public and privately-

owned health systems are supposed to complement. Moreover, the

establishment of clinical protocols and individual risk assessments in

3
Philippine Statistics Authority. “How Much Is the Vulnerable and
Elderly Population Aged 60 and above Spending for Health Care?”
4
WHO. “The impact of COVID-19 on health and care workers: a closer
look at deaths”
5
The Lancet Regional Health. “COVID-19: an ongoing public health crisis
in the Philippines”
 4

hospital settings, there was a massive global mobilization of public

health and social measures in health facilities and communities 6. The

COVID-19 pandemic adds to the already strained public health system.

Therefore, addressing the unmet care and support requirements of an

aging population, as well as providing services and solutions that are

centered on what older people need or desire, is becoming a pressing

public health issue (Vlachantoni 2017) 7. Identifying and comprehending

older people's care and support needs, as well as the larger context in

which they live and interact, is required in order to properly meet these

requirements.

This research will demonstrate how COVID-19 has affected the

Philippines, our economy, the elderly, and anyone with comorbid

conditions. It will also demonstrate how COVID-19 has affected the

Philippines. The results can be used to guide community and clinical

programs for older persons that employ healthy coping mechanisms like

exercise, routine modifications, and social tactics to promote social

support and support meaningful daily activities during stressful or

traumatic periods.

The researchers are aware with this kind of situation that is why out

of curiosity, the researchers came up with the research entitled “Impact

6
Dayrit et al. “Philippines Health System Review”
7
Vlachantoni. “Unmet need for social care among older people.”
 5

of Healthcare to the Coping Strategies of Elderly During the COVID -19

Pandemic.”

I.II. Theoretical Framework

This study entitled “Impact of Healthcare to the Coping Strategies of

Elderly During the COVID -19 Pandemic” is engrossed in the efficiency of

healthcare rendered to the coping strategies of the elderlies during the

days of the pandemic. This research is related by two theories: French

philosopher Auguste Comte coined the Positivism in social medicine and

Richard Lazarus developed the Cognitive-Motivational-Relational theory.

Due to the challenges posed by the pandemic crisis in the Philippines,

the number of older persons with unmet care and support requirements

is rapidly growing. One of the most pressing public health concerns is

meeting these unmet demands. Understanding the care and support

needs of older persons is necessary before developing successful

solutions to fulfill some of these needs (Abdi et al. 2019) 8.

According to an article written by Alderson (1998), positivist theories

take some account of context in social medicine but tend to interpret the

8
Abdi et al., “Understanding the Care and Support Needs of Older
People: A Scoping Review and Categorization Using the WHO
International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health
Framework (ICF).”
 6

social in physical terms, such as observing how people's perceptions and

manifestations of pain differ by age, sex, or race. Rather than the

meanings of all the pieces and the total being related, the different

components are still emphasized as independent variables. When it

comes to cause and effect, such as the agony produced by burns,

positivists are more likely to see answers as predictable reactions than

human decisions and reasons. This can make people appear thoughtless,

as if they are being led by specific qualities, shallow ideas, or limited

experiences such as a few depression counseling sessions9.

Treatment focuses on the individual rather than the situation;

explanations of behavior are found in the person’s body rather than in

family ties, educational programs, or city planning. Medical records of

reported pain and suffering, despite their origins in human experiences,

are often viewed as strong truths and the basis for treatment and

research processes—much like a solid road that supports traffic.

The next theory is from the publication of a seminal book, entitled

‘Psychological stress and the Coping Process’ by Richard Lazarus

(1996)10. This theory highlighted Lazarus’ work of cognitive appraisals in

determining one’s reaction to a stressful encounter. The Cognitive-

Motivational-Relational Theory of coping highlights the role of distinct

9
Alderson, “Theories in Health Care and Research: The Importance of
Theories in Health Care.”
10
Lazarus. “Psychological Stress and the Coping Process.”
 7

positive and negative emotions in the stress appraisal process (Lazarus

1991)11. When one is committed to the pursuit of important goals, one

will experience positive emotions from appraisals of smooth goal progress

or attainment, and negative emotions from appraisals of goal thwarting

or delays. Coping, for a given purpose, is a survival technique.

Lazarus and Folkman (1984) viewed stress not as a stimulus or a

response but as a person-environment relationship that is perceived as

taxing or exceeding a person’s resources. Aimed at resolving the stressful

encounter (problem-focused) and those utilized to regulate the

unpleasant emotions that arise during the encounter (emotion-focused)

are the two main types of coping strategies based from Lazarus and

Folkman’s perspectives12.

Coping that are effective for one individual might not be effective for

another person in the same encounter to another. Coping efforts might

also result in positive adjustment to stressors such as adaptation to

illness, caregiving responsibilities, and body image concerns.

In this research, we investigate the impact of healthcare to coping

strategies of elderlies residing in Pogo Chico/Grande during the COVID-

19 pandemic. This will be demonstrated through the use of a

questionnaire.
11
Lazarus. “Emotion and Adaptation”
12
Lazarus and Folkman. “Stress, Appraisal, and Coping”
 8

This study adopted the Input-Process-Output (IPO) model.

OUTPUT
INPUT Impact of
PROCESS
Healthcare enjoyed Healthcare to
Survey and
and Coping Coping Strategies of
Determining the
Strategies of Elderly during the
Correlation
Elderly COVID-19
Pandemic

Figure 1.The paradigm of the study

I.III. Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the impact of healthcare to the coping

strategies of the elderlies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Specifically, it seeks to answer the following questions:

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1. What healthcare services are rendered to the elderly during

pandemic?

2. What are the factors influencing access and utilization of

healthcare services by the elderly people during pandemic?

3. What are the coping strategies of elderly during the pandemic?

4. Are the factors affecting access and utilization of healthcare related

to the coping strategies of elderly during the pandemic?

I.IV. Scope and Delimitation

This study contemplates every aspect of the elderlies’ personal

information that impacts the coping mechanisms of each elderly

participant such as the strategies they employed in coping with the

current struggles COVID- 19 brought. The study was confined to getting

responses from 133 elderlies of Barangay Pogo Grande aged 60 years old

and above of the year 2022. This research does not include non-elderly

people, and elderlies from another barangay in the city. The researchers

secured every piece of information, answer, and profile provided by the

respondents.

I.V. Significance of the Study

 10

The study aims to investigate the impact of healthcare to coping

strategies of elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic. The following

individuals may benefit from the result of this study:

Elderly. This will help the elderly to understand the importance of

knowing the possible effects of their coping strategies to their healthcare.

Students. This will inform the students and to be aware about the

impact of healthcare to the coping strategies of the elderlies, and may

lead them to take actions.

Parents or Guardians. They can act as an instrument for elderly to

be guided about their healthcare due to their chosen coping strategies on

the amidst of COVID-19 pandemic.

Future Researchers. This study will guide future researchers about

the effects of their healthcare amidst of the COVID-19 pandemic and can

be used as a reference material in future studies.

I.VI. Definition of Terms

To facilitate a competent understanding of this study, the following

terms are defined operationally.

Coping Strategies. It refers to the continually shifting cognitive,

emotional, and behavioral processes that people build to deal with

 11

specific external and/or internal pressures that are deemed to be too

much for them.

COVID-19. The respiratory illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 is known

as COVID-19. This is an abbreviation for coronavirus disease 2019.

Elderly. A person of progressed age. It is around somebody who has

a place to the so-called third age and who is near to passing, agreeing to

the life anticipation that the human being can have

Healthcare. A collection of services devoted to safeguarding a

country's citizens' public health. a collection of services mandated to

maintain a community's public health A healthy state or living creature.

Pandemic. Occurs when a disease spreads not just among a

significant number of individuals in different locations, but also across

countries.

CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

 12

This chapter includes some related literature and studies of foreign

and local which are presented in the following paragraphs.

II.I. LITERATURE REVIEW

The COVID-19 pandemic had an immense impact on the global

population, with individuals in many nations suffering the most severe

hazards and difficulties (WHO 2022) 13. Older individuals must have

access to emergency and primary health care services during the crisis.

Health-care workers, social service providers, family members, and

community members who care for the elderly also must be given.

Taking care of the elderly is a critical obligation for everyone. Elder

care focuses on the social and personal needs of senior citizens who

require assistance with daily activities and health care. According to

Eldricare (2021), the senior population in India is expected to reach 12%

of the total population by 2025, mirroring the country's demographic

transition14.

The United States spends more on health care than the rest of the

developed world combined. Every year, 18 percent of our gross domestic

product (GDP) is spent on supporting the country's health-care systems.

13
WHO. “Health care considerations for older people during COVID-19
pandemic”
14
Eldicare. “Importance of Geriatric Care / Elderly Care | EldriCare.”
 13

The amount of the US GDP spent on health care for people aged 65 and

up now surpasses 5%, a figure that is anticipated to double by 2030 and

triple by 2050. However, commercial insurance and government

programs such as Medicare, Medicaid, and the Veterans Administration

cover the vast majority of senior health care costs. These private and

state programs cover the majority of the costs of doctors, hospitals,

assisted living facilities, nursing homes, prescription pharmaceuticals,

and end-of-life care for America's 40.3 million seniors, who account for

13.4% of the population (Fay 2022)15.

Healthcare programs for elders. Medicare is a popular health

insurance program for seniors run by the federal government that

subsidizes healthcare costs. The plan covers those aged 65 and over,

younger people who meet certain conditions, and people with particular

disorders. According to Health Markets (2021), many Medicare

subscribers are eligible for premium-free Part A but must pay a small

monthly out-of-pocket fee for Part B, which costs $148.50 in 2021. When

compared to the out-of-pocket costs of procedures, medicines, and other

related expenses, the savings can be substantial16.

Medicaid is a state-run health insurance program that is partially

supported by the federal government. It is the last-resort insurance for

15
Fay. “Senior Health Care Options and Costs”
16
Health Markets. “The surprising pros and cons of Medicare”
 14

low-income people, especially seniors. Some seniors who qualify for

Medicaid are described as 'dual eligible' since they may also be covered

by Medicare (Fay 2022)17. Medicaid requirements differ 0from state to

state and can be complicated, so low-income seniors should learn about

their state's program and how to qualify for benefits.

A senior veteran of any branch of the armed forces who was

honorably discharged may be eligible for Veterans Administration (VA)

health benefits (Bill Fay 2022). All veterans, regardless of age, who have

served at least two years of continuous active duty, have a service-related

disability, or have been a help in several theaters of war are covered by

the VA's health care system. Furthermore, qualified beneficiaries, such

as elderly spouses or widows from certain disabled or deceased veterans,

may get govt health insurance through the CHAMPVA (Civilian Health

and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs) program 18.

Healthcare for the elderly is crucial during the COVID - 19 pandemic

as they are needed to have a coping mechanism to fight stress and

anxiety while keeping them accompanied. Elderly individuals, especially

those with associated comorbidities can have considerable deficits in the

immune system, being more predisposed to mortality associated with the

viral infection. The multi-disciplinary critical care team must be able to

17
Fay. “Senior Health Care Options and Costs”
18
Fay. “Senior Health Care Options and Costs”
 15

identify physiological changes from a physical point of view, along with

cognitive changes associated with aging, to ensure differentiated care for

the elderly with COVID-19 in critical conditions, with a focus on

preventing complications (Silva et al. 2022) 19.

Provision of quality assured healthcare services for the elderly

population is a challenge that requires a joint approach and strategies.

Failure to address the health needs today could develop into a costly

problem tomorrow (Shrivastava et al. 2013) 20. It is necessary for families

having an elderly to be taken care of, especially during the pandemic to

monitor their and battle the feeling of loneliness among the elderly.

The principal impact of healthcare on the coping strategies of the

elderly is the sense of belongingness. Older adults experience loneliness

and depression in old age, either a result of living alone or a lack of close

family ties and reduced connections with their culture of origin, which

results in an inability to actively participate in community activities

(Singh and Misra 2009) 21. Having someone to talk with helps fight the

feeling of loneliness amongst adults and keeps them occupied, being safe

from further sickness.

19
Silva et al. “Critical Healthcare for the Elderly against COVID-19 : A
Multidisciplinary Approach.”
20
Shrivastava et al. “Health-care of Elderly: Determinants, Needs and
Services”
21
Singh and Misra. “Loneliness, depression and sociability in old age”.
 16

Since elderly persons are more prone to serious health risks and

diseases, any health problems must be identified and taken care of

before they become grievous, as the body may not be able to recuperate

afterward. Being with someone means that they will be monitoring the

health of the elderly in case of being sick. As in some cases, serious

conditions which result in death could have been avoided with the proper

care.

Healthcare impact on coping strategies of elders during COVID 19

pandemic. According to Labadi et al. (2021), forced social isolation and

other pandemic-related changes that occurred during the COVID-19

shutdown greatly elevated the likelihood of mental health issues. Our

goal was to learn how elderly individuals in Hungary dealt with the

psychological effects of the pandemic as well as social isolation 22.

According to the SEM investigation, anxiety and loneliness have a

direct impact on mental health. Furthermore, the link between

intolerance of uncertainty, contamination fear, loneliness, and mental

health was mediated by maladaptive emotion management techniques.

this only proves that catastrophizing and loneliness were found to have a

detrimental impact on mood, social connectivity, and quality of life, but

positive focusing and contamination fear had a good impact.

Labadi et al. “Psychological Well-Being and Coping Strategies of Elderly

22

People during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary.”

 17

Furthermore, the relationship between social support from friends,

contamination fear, loneliness, and mental health was mediated by the

adaptive emotion control technique23.

This literature is important because the researchers’ needs to

understand the behavior, feelings, and understanding of the elder people

to determine the impact of healthcare to the coping strategies. It also

mentioned the concept that learning is a social process, therefore there

should be a dynamic environment where everyone works together

towards one common goal, to be aware of what elderly need during this

kind of times.

II.II. RELATED STUDIES

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 or COVID-19 is one of the worst

pandemics in history, which has already taken a large amount of people

(World Health Organization 2022). COVID-19 has presented a threefold

hazard to the elderly population. The first stems from the increased risk

of illness severity and mortality, as well as the chance of the emergence

or exacerbation of other health problems. The second form of threat

Labadi et al. “Psychological Well-Being and Coping Strategies of Elderly

23

People during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Hungary.”

 18

stems from isolation concerns that older persons have had to endure as

a result of the health authority's confinement restrictions. The conditions

of incarceration, whether mandatory or voluntary, would have an impact

on both physical and mental health. This has resulted in a third threat,

which stems from the media's portrayal of this demographic as a

defenseless and submissive people in the face of the pandemic 24.

Elderly populations, in particular, are at higher risk during this

pandemic attack by COVID-19 due to comorbidity conditions like

diabetes, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and other neurological

disorders that will further add to the anxiety and depressive symptoms,

which compromise immunity of the elderly individuals. Elderly

individuals would have reduced respiratory capacity due to age-related

structural and functional changes in the respiratory system (Zaugg and

Lucchinetti 2000)25.

Coping mechanisms are ways to which external or internal stress is

managed, adapted to or acted upon. Susan Folkman and Richard

Lazarus define coping as "constantly changing cognitive and behavioral

efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are

appraised as taxing", based on a study written by Sincero (2019) 26.

However, older folks have resources that help them to cope with this

24
WHO. “Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) information dashboard”
25
Zaugg and Lucchinetti. “Respiratory Function in the Elderly”
26
Sincero. “Stress and Coping Mechanisms - How the Body Responds to
Stressors.”
 19

stressful circumstance better. The most notable shift noted is a

significant rise in resilience among older persons, but the most crucial

factor to examine is how healthcare helps the elderly adapt throughout

this horrific pandemic that is killing human existence.

In the wake of COVID-19, elderly people have been labelled a risk

group. Many aspects of the lives of people and the world have changed

since the pandemic started, which also had a great impact to older

people who are at higher risk of mortality. Also, the COVID–19 pandemic

affected the well-being and loneliness of older adults and the structural

and functional characteristics of social relationships (Grolli et al. 2021) 27.

It is emphasized that the older adult can make use of various

strategies in order to combat the said crisis. COVID- 19 restrictions gave

rise to increasing loneliness among older adults, but the effects were a

short term, and therefore strongly negative results were not expected for

their mental health (Vahia et al. 2020) 28. Considering that this situation

is still continuing and is likely to continue for some time, it is necessary

to take urgent action. For this, there is a need for means to evaluate

social isolation, loneliness and quality of life especially in older adults,

and particularly those living alone, who are at greater risk.

27
Grolli et al. “Impact of COVID-19 in the Mental Health in Elderly:
Psychological and Biological Updates.”
28
Vahia et al. “Older Adults and the Mental Health Effects of COVID-19.”
 20

The number of persons aged 80 and above is expected to increase

from 125 million in 2015 to 434 million in 2050 and 944 million on

2100. Concurrently the number of frail elderlies will increase as well.

Therefore, many health interventions have been developed in aiming to

improve or maintain quality of life of the elderlies. The objective of the

study is to provide an overview of the effects of health care interventions

on quality of life of elderly (UN DESA 2015)29.

According to a study conducted by Jimenez et al. (2020), they found

conflicting and inconsistent results concerning the effects of health care

intervention for elderly on quality of life. It is stated that as the

population of older people will continue to grow, it will be important to

consider different aspects in order to make progression and improve the

quality of life among elderly in a daily practice. It is important that we

assure proper implementation of intervention30.

In the same study, they highlighted the importance of physical

activities, which have been serving as an effective way to fight the mental

and physical consequences of COVID-19 for the elderly. Since most of

the physical activities the elders’ need are took outdoors, the elderly

needed to be mobile at least within the community, yet the role of

UN DESA. 2015. “The World Population Prospects: 2015 Revision.”

29

Jimenez et al. “Physical Exercise as Therapy to Fight against the

30

Mental and Physical Consequences of COVID-19 Quarantine: Special

Focus in Older People.”
 21

mobility in the elderly's daily life and elderly mobility issues during

COVID-19 outbreak remained obscure31.

Based on Finlay et al. (2021), older adults may struggle with stresses

and daily life challenges associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. While

older adults are more physically vulnerable to COVID-19, this study

contributes to an emerging counternarrative to the often-bleak portrayal

of older adults. We highlight diverse and wide-ranging sources of

strength and resilience among older adults to cope with adverse

psychosocial, sociocultural, behavioral, and socioeconomic consequences

of the pandemic. Consistent with the transactional model of stress and

coping, participants employed both cognitive and behavioral strategies 32.

Active coping behaviors included getting exercise and going outside,

adjusting daily routines, taking public health precautionary measures,

and fostering social connections. Participants also shared cognitive

strategies such as reframing their attitude and outlook. These results are

consistent with Aldwin's five main categories: problem-focused coping

(behaviors and cognitions targeted toward solving or managing a

problem, such as implementing a plan), emotion-focused coping

(managing one's emotional reaction to the problem), social support

31
Jimenez et al. “Physical Exercise as Therapy to Fight against the
Mental and Physical Consequences of COVID-19 Quarantine: Special
Focus in Older People.”
32
Finlay et al. “Coping during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative
Study of Older Adults across the United States.”
 22

coping (eliciting others' help or providing support to others), religious

coping (seeking help from a higher power, such as praying), and cognitive

reframing (trying to make sense of the problem and/or focus on the

situation's positive aspects). These strategies are not mutually exclusive,

and participants often reported using more than one concurrently or

sequentially (Finlay et al. 2021) 33.

Bastani et al. (2021) have also confirmed that health status, income,

education, health insurance, employment and residence status are

among socio-economic factors that can affect the utilization of healthcare

services by the elderly. Furthermore, demographic factors and social and

economic determinants can affect the political directions and the

provision of health services for the elderly and the number of allocated

resources to the older population’s health needs 34. Ranjan et al. (2021)

have also noted that some factors like overall health status, healthcare

needs, social and economic factors and cultural determinants can more

affect the access to healthcare services by the elderly than existing

healthcare centers and facilities35.

33
Finlay et al. “Coping during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative
Study of Older Adults across the United States.”
34
Bastani et al. “Factors Influencing Access and Utilization of Health
Services among Older People during the COVID − 19 Pandemic: A
Scoping Review.”
35
Ranjan, et al. “Health Care of the Elderly during Covid-19 Pandemic—
All a Family Physician Should Know.”
 23

According to the research conducted by Falvo et al. (2021), they found

a high degree of ambivalence experienced by their participants at the

individual micro- meso-, and macro-social levels, and discovered that, by

recognizing all older adults as an at-risk category, the current pandemic

has the potential to change the social representation of old age and

reinforce ageism-based beliefs and attitudes among the population. The

results of the study will help to expand the evidence of the consequences

of the pandemic among older adults. It will also aid in the development of

future public health interventions, and suggest tailored messages for

effective COVID-19 prevention by public healthcare authorities.

CHAPTER 3

THE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research methodology to be adopted by this

study. This includes the research design, the sources of data, the

respondents of the study, as well as the instruments used in gathering

the data, and the statistical treatment.

III.I. Research Design

This research applied the use of quantitative research approach

that makes use of both primary and correlational data as for the
 24

researchers to procure information. This study will use a correlational

research design and will be carried out through a questionnaire-based

survey. The researchers will use a correlational study strategy, which will

evaluate correlations without controlling independent factors and

investigates relationships between variables without the researcher

controlling or manipulating any of them. The researchers use this study

strategy to determine if the variables have positive, negative, or zero

correlations. This investigation will demonstrate the effectiveness of

healthcare to the coping strategies of elderly during this time of

pandemic in Barangay Pogo Grande, specifically, to assist in the needs

and provide potentials ways to improve the healthcare for the elderlies in

Barangay Pogo Grande.

III.II. Source of Data

Questionnaires will be used to collect the primary data needed for the

study. The chosen respondents are those who meet the researchers'

eligibility requirements and will be responding closed-ended

questionnaires in the form of a survey. The researchers will be using this

approach to collect significant and appropriate data in order to acquire a

better understanding of the impact of healthcare on the coping strategies

of elderlies in Barangay Pogo Grande during the COVID-19 pandemic.

 25

III.III. Respondents of the Study

The researchers will include only the elderly residents from Barangay

Pogo Grande, Dagupan City. The respondents made used of convenience

sampling in determining the respondents of the study. Specifically, a

total number of 133 elderlies will be the respondent of the study. The

survey questionnaires will be filled out by these chosen respondents.

These criteria were established by the researchers in order to obtain

more useful information and knowledge from respondents who were

more competent and experienced about the subject at hand. This

strategy may help them produce more reliable result.

III.IV. Research Instrument

The chosen research instrument is survey questionnaire that is made

up of Likert scale. The Likert scale will determine the healthcare services,

factors influencing access and utilization of healthcare services and the

elders' coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. It will include

set of choices that respondents will score on a scale of 5 (strongly agree)

to 1 (strongly disagree) based on their own personal experiences. This

will reveal not just the healthcare services that were rendered to the

elderlies, but also its impact to their coping strategies.

 26

The data will be analyzed by computing the mean of the grouped data

as well as a correlation analysis (Pearson’s r). This is to find the

middlemost values of the scales in order for us to see a clearer view on

how elderlies experience the healthcare and their coping strategies.

Correlation analysis is a statistical strategy for determining the strength

of a correlation between two variables.

III.V. Data Gathering

The study's topic statement served as the basis for the questions.

The questionnaires will be divided into three sections, each of which will

include a question for respondents to answer. The first section of the

questionnaire will collect data regarding the healthcare services enjoyed

by elderly. The second part involves the factors influencing access and

utilization of healthcare services. The final section will collect information

on elders' coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Furthermore, relevant literature and studies were used as the basis for

the research questionnaires. Subsequently, the data gathered will be

organized and analyzed.

III.VI. Work Plan and Timeline

 27

Date Target Researcher Activities Expected

Respondents Involved Outputs
April Research Barangay To conduct a Researchers
18, Group Pogo virtual will have a
2022 Members Chico/Grande meeting to better
convene with understanding
fellow about the
researcher purpose of the
and to come study.
up with the
purpose of the
study.
April Research Barangay A group The
22, Group Pogo meeting will researchers
2022 Members Chico/Grande be held to will be
discuss the enlightened
clarifications after the
about the clarifications
chosen topic. on the topic
that they have
chosen.

April Research Barangay Statement of Statement of

29, Group Pogo Chico/ the Problem, the Problem
2022 Members Grande Capstone will be
Research Title approved.
and
questionnaire
s will be
presented to
 28

the Research
Committee
May 2, Research Barangay To Distribute Background of
2022 Group Pogo the parts of the study,
Members Chico/Grande capstone Theoretical
research to Framework,
fellow Statement of
researchers the Study,
(the given and
format should Significance of
be followed). the Study.

May Grade 12 Barangay Chapter 1 will Final output

13, STEM Pogo be presented of Chapter 1
2022 Advisers Chico/Grande to the will be
Research approved.
Committee
May Research Barangay To identify the The Review on
16-31, Group Pogo related Related
2022 Members Chico/Grande literature and Literature and
related Studies will be
studies to the summarized
chosen and
capstone paraphrased.
research.

June Grade 12 Barangay Chapter 2 will Final output

04, STEM Pogo be presented of Chapter 2
2022 Advisers Chico/Grande to the will be
Research approved.
 29

Committee
June Research Barangay To conduct an Chapter 3 will
06, Group Pogo online meeting be clarified,
2022 Members Chico/Grande via Google and group
Meet to members will
discussed the proceed to
Chapter 3 their assigned
distribution tasks.
June 9, Research Barangay To list down Plan for
2022 Group Pogo the Plan of Dissemination
Members Chico/Grande Dissemination and Advocacy
and Advocacy will be
of the approved.
capstone
research.
June Research Barangay To list down Workplan and
10, Group Pogo the activities timeline will
2022 Members Chico/Grande of the be approved.
research
group with its
corresponding
dates.
June Research Barangay Chapter 3 will Final output
12, Group Pogo be presented of Chapter 3
2022 Members Chico/Grande to the will be
Research approved.
Committee
 30

III.VII. Plan for Dissemination and Advocacy

The researchers created an advocacy plan for determining the impact

of healthcare to the coping strategies of the elderlies during the COVID-

19 pandemic in the barangay. This study will benefit people not only in

the barangay, but also in other barangays and healthcare providers.

Part of the plan for the dissemination and advocacy of the study

includes the following:

(a) The researchers will investigate the impact of healthcare on coping

strategies of the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic;

(b) The researchers will be adopting the findings and

recommendations of the study from the online sources, and will be

applying it in the barangay where they are currently assigned;

(c) The findings will be distributed in the barangay with the

assistance of barangay officials, which will aid them in developing coping

strategies for elderly healthcare during the COVID-19 pandemic;

(d) The final copy of the study will be forwarded to Dagupan National

High School Senior High School which can serve as reference in

exploring on similar set-up through conducting a research to confirm or

negate the result of the present study and;

 31

(e) Another copy will be forwarded to the School Library.

QUESTIONNAIRES

Name: ___________________ Age: ___________________

A. HEALTHCARE SERVICES ENJOYED BY ELDERLY

Strongly
Strongly Undecided Disagree
Agree (4) Disagree
Agree (5) (3) (2)
(1)
Diagnostic
(Dyagnostiko)
Emergency
(Emerdyensya)
Home Care
(Pangangalaga sa
Tahanan)
Hospital (Ospital)
Preventative
(Pang-iwas)
B. FACTORS INFLUENCING ACCESS AND UTILIZATION OF HEALTHCARE
SERVICES
Strongly
Strongly Undecided Disagree
Agree (4) Disagree
Agree (5) (3) (2)
(1)
Financial
Constrains
(Pinansyal na
mga hadlang)
Health
Professional
Shortage
 32

(Kakulangan ng
mga Propesyonal)
Lack of Health
Insurance
(Kakulangan ng
Health
Insurance)
Language
Barriers (Kulang
sa pagkaalaman
ng lengguwahe)
Transportation
Access (Access sa
Transportasyon)
C. COPING STRATEGIES OF ELDERLY
Strongly
Strongly Undecided Disagree
Agree (4) Disagree
Agree (5) (3) (2)
(1)
Anticipatory
Mourning
(Pagdadalamhati)
Isolation
(Pagbubukod)
Acceptance
(Pagtanggap)
Seeking Social
Support
(Paghahanap ng
Pakikipag-usap)
Seeking Spiritual
Comfort
(Paghahanap ng
Espirituwal na
Kaginhawaan)
 33

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