Ethics

Angilyn Lagatic BPED 2-A

1. In what way does rational will distinguish a human being from an animal insofar as the animal
is
only sentient?
 Humans are highly evolved animals who have spent many centuries creating the
realities that define who we are as individuals. All of us are one. We only believe that we
are apart from everything else. Humans are simultaneously fortunate, magnificent, and
horrifying. When a person's perceptions of themselves are based on false assumptions,
this leads to madness. This is evident wherever you turn your gaze. The necessary
development that a species needs in order to overcome its madness is not being made
by humanity.
2. What is the difference between autonomy and heteronomy? What does autonomy have to
do
with free will in contrast to animal impulse?
 According to Kant, autonomy the antithesis of heteronomy is a quality of the rational
will. The state or condition of being ruled, governed, or subject to another, as in a
military occupation, are examples of actions that are influenced by external forces.
While autonomy is connected to free will in that it makes use of a person's cognitive
ability. The difference between autonomy and heteronomy is that autonomy is the
freedom to act or function independently, whereas heteronomy is the political
submission of a community to the rule of another power or to an external law.
3. How the method does called universalizability work? What are the steps to test if an action is
rationally permissible?
 Immanuel Kant, a German intellectual of the eighteenth century, introduced the
concept of universalizability as a key component of his book Groundwork of the
Metaphysic of Morals. It expresses that the main ethically satisfactory statements of our
activities are those that could rationally be willed to be general law. It is a part of the
critical definition of his absolute goal. Although there is disagreement over the precise
meaning of universalizability, the most common understanding is that it means asking
whether the maxim from your activity could be one that everyone could apply in similar
circumstances.
 We put a maxim to the test by making it applicable to everyone, or by determining
whether doing so would be feasible. It is acceptable to live by a maxim if it can be
 universalized, which means that it is possible for everyone to do so. It is not permissible
to adhere to something if it cannot be universalized.
4. What is meant by enlightenment morality as opposed to paternalism? Why is deontology a
kind of enlightenment morality?
 Morality must originate from reason rather than authority, tradition, or rigid rules. He
started by pointing out that the unique quality of humanity is our possession of reason,
rather than with torment and joy. Therefore, it follows that everyone has morally
righteous duties toward one another, with a particular emphasis on their duty to respect
one another's humanity. He believed that all people were intrinsically deserving of
respect and pride. He argued that these kinds of obligations obligations based on a
deontological morality must be the source of all profound qualities. Results, like joy or
agony, are irrelevant.