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Science – Grade 10
Learner Activity Sheets
Quarter 3 – Week 5: Evidence for Evolution

First Edition, 2021

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 WEEKLY LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS
Science 10 Quarter 3, Week 5

Evidence for Evolution

Name: __________________________________________Section: ______________________

Learning Competency:
Explain how fossil records, comparative anatomy, and genetic information provide
evidence for evolution. (S10LT-IIIf-39)

Specific Objectives:
1. Describe how fossil records provide evidence for evolution.
2. Distinguish homologous structure from analogous structure.
3. Explain how embryotic development provide evidence for evolution.
4. Describe how genetic information provide evidence for evolution.

Time Allotment: 4 hours

Key Concepts:
Evolution – is the process of gradual change that takes place over several generations, during
which certain species of animals, plants or insects gradually change some of their physical
characteristics.

Evidence that proves evolution are categorized into two:

1. Physical evidence

a. Fossils. Fossils are preserved

remains of markings left by
organisms that lived in the past.
Most fossils are found in
sedimentary rocks.
(Campbel,2004)

Figure 1. Fossils as Evidence for Evolution.

Source: https://www.expii.com/t/fossils-evidence-of-
evolution-overview-examples-10255

b. Comparative Anatomy and Embryology. Another evidence for evolution is the

comparative anatomy and embryology of living organisms. Comparative anatomy is the
study of the similarities and differences in organisms’ structures (body parts).

Author: Christina T. Tadle 1

School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
i. Homologous Structures.
Homologous structures are
similarities in structure or body
parts throughout a group
of closely related species.
Example: The similar
bone patterns in bat’s
wings, whale’s flippers, and
cat’s legs and human’s
hands support their descent Figure 2. Homologous Structure
from a common Source:https://kaiserscience.files.wordpress.com/2015/0
mammalian ancestor. 3/homologous_forelimbs-human-cat-whale-bat.jpg
Figure 2. Homologous Structure

ii. Analogous structures

Analogous structures are
similarities in structure or body
parts of some organisms but are
not related to each other. They
develop these similarities because
they lived in the same
environments and experienced
similar selective pressures.
Example: Shark( fish), Penguin
(bird) and Dolphin(mammal) do
not share a recent common Figure 3. Analogous Structure
Source:https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-
ancestor, but they have
yGQINsiwvDM/Vtm5rNYRd8I/AAAAAAAAAFA/Lto2lx5G9
similar appendages Z0/s1600/analogous_structures_med.jpeg
that evolved to help them survive
in an aquatic environment.

iii. Embryology
It is a branch of comparative
anatomy that studies the growth
before birth or hatching of
vertebrate animals.
Comparative embryology
Closely related organisms have
similar embryological development.
Structures appear in the
embryonic stages that serve no
purpose and are not present in
adult.
Example: Vertebrate embryos
❖ All have gills which eventually
Figure 4. Four Different Embryos at Similar
become ear canal Stages of Development
❖ All have tails/tailbones Source:http://eewevolution.weebly.com/uploads/
❖ All pass stages which represent 5/3/4/6/53468969/6397984_orig.jpg
larval fish

Author: Christina T. Tadle 2

School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
 2. Biological Evidence
a. Molecular biology
Like structural homologies, similarities may reflect shared evolutionary ancestry
between biological molecules. At cellular level, all living organisms have:
➢ The same genetic material (DNA)
➢ The same, or highly similar, genetic codes
➢ The same basic process of gene expression (transcription and translation)
➢ The same molecular building blocks, such as amino acids
These common characteristics mean that all living things are derived from a
common ancestor, and that this ancestor had DNA as its genetic material, used the
genetic code, and transcribed and translated its genes.
Scientists study DNA nucleotides and protein amino acid sequences from various
organisms. Closely related species share higher percentage of sequences than
species that are distantly related. It means that a related species has almost
identical amino acid sequences than those that are not related.

Activity 1. The Transformation

Objective: Describe how fossil records provide evidence for evolution.

What you need: pen and paper
What to do: 1. Examine the image below and respond to the following questions. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.
2. Figure 5 shows an image of the series of skulls and forefoot of organisms believed
to be the ancestors of a horse. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

Figure 5. The Evolution of the Horse

Source: https://s3.amazonaws.com/dynamic.wizer.me/uploads%2F32288324-1511967068269-
horse+evolution.jpg

Author: Christina T. Tadle 3

School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
Guide Questions:
1. What are the two characteristics of each skull that could contribute to the inference that these
are all related species?
a. __________________________________________________________________
b. __________________________________________________________________
2. What is the greatest change that happened in the anatomy of the skull from the dawn horse to
the modern horse?
a.__________________________________________________________________
3. What is the significant difference that occurred in forefoot anatomy from the dawn horse to
the modern horse?
a. ___________________________________________________________________

Activity 2. Analogous Vs. Homologous

Objectives: Distinguish homologous structure from analogous structure.

What you need: Pen and paper
What to do: Study the pair of structures below. On your answer sheet, write the word HOMO if
the structures are homologous and the word ANA if it is analogous. Provide a one
sentence explanation about your answer. Refer to the rubric below for your score.
Structure Classification
Example: ANA
Why? Frog and Human does
evolve in different organisms.
Humans are mammals, while
Human Arm Frog feet frogs are amphibians
a.
Why?

Dolphin’s Flipper Penguin’s wing

b.
Why?

Horse’s Leg Lion’s Leg

c.
Why?

Human’s arm Whale’s flipper

d.
Why?

Bat’s wing Bird’s wing

Author: Christina T. Tadle 4
School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
 Scoring Rubric

Points Indicators
4 points Discussion is well organized and demonstrated all relevant ideas.
3 points Discussion is well organized and demonstrated some relevant ideas.
2 points Discussion is well organized and demonstrated few relevant ideas
1 point Discussion is not organized and demonstrated irrelevant ideas.

Activity 3. Whose Embryo is This?

Objective: Explain how embryotic development provides clues for evolution.

What you need: Pen, paper, and coloring materials (crayons, coloring pencils or pens)
What to do:
1. Study and compare the stages of embryotic development of different organism.
2. Color the vertical arrow representing phylogeny gray. Color the name Fertilized
Egg, starting with salamander and going up to human, and the illustrated eggs.
Then color the horizontal arrow, indicating ontogeny gray, at the bottom of the
plate.
3. Continue coloring the forms (late cleavage) through (adult/offspring) and their
titles, left to right, beginning each stage at the bottom of the plate and working up.
Use different colors of your choice for the different stages.

Figure 6. Comparative Embryology

Source:https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ab/92/7e/ab927edf22632f688cff33bb47b6ed46.gif

Author: Christina T. Tadle 5

School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
Guide Questions:
1. Describe the similarities found among organisms during the body segment stage.

2. In the late fetal stage, the fetus of human and monkey is almost identical. However, there is a
slight difference between the two fetuses. Can you tell their differences?

3. Can comparative embryology provide evidence that organisms are related to each other? How?
Explain your answer in two sentences. (Refer to the scoring rubric on page 5 for your score.)

Activity 4. Compare Me Not!

Objective: Describe how genetic information provide evidence for evolution.

Materials: paper, coloring materials, pen.
What to do: 1. Study the table below.
2. Plot the information on the table in a bar graph.
To represent each pairing of organisms, use various colors.

Figure 7. Sequence of amino acids in the cytochrome C of the different

vertebrates
Source: http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter17-
Rabitoy.aspx

Author: Christina T. Tadle 6

School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
 Number of Amino Acid Difference from Human
45

No. of Amino Acids Difference

40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Organisms

Guide Questions:
1. Which organism is most related to human? ________________________
Which organism is least related to human? ________________________
2. By looking at the graph, which set of organisms are related?
a. _________________________, ____________________________, __________________________
b. _________________________, ____________________________, __________________________
3. Do you think the ancestry of chimpanzees, rhesus monkey and humans are common?
Explain your answer in two sentences only. (Refer to scoring rubric on page 5.)

Reflection:
Among the evidence of evolution presented, which is the most convincing? Why? Limit
your explanation to three sentences only.

Scoring Rubrics in Rating Reflection

Score Indicators
5 The discussion is scientifically consistent with strong central idea related to
the topic and provides compelling support to the topic.
4 The discussion is scientifically consistent with strong central idea related to
the topic and provides sensible support to the topic.
3 The discussion is scientifically consistent with a central idea related to the
topic and provide few supports to the topic.
2 The discussion is less scientifically consistent with idea related to the topic.
1 The discussion is not scientifically consistent and does not provide support
related to the topic.

Author: Christina T. Tadle 7

School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
References for learners:

Book Sources:
Acosta, Herma D., Liza A. Alvarez, Dave G. Angeles, Ruby D. Arre, Ma. Pilar P. Carmona, Aurelia
S, Garcia, et.al. “Biodiversity and Evolution”. Science 10 Learner’s Materials, (2015).
Campbell, Neil A., Brad Williamson, Robin J. Heyden. “Evolution Has Left Much Evidence”.
Biology: Exploring Life. (2004).

Web Sources:
Evidence for evolution (article). (n.d.). Khan Academy. Accessed on January 12, 2021, Retrieved
from https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/her/evolution-and-natural-
selection/a/lines-of-evidence-for-evolution

Evidence Supporting Biological Evolution. (n.d.). www.ncbi.nlm. Accessed on January 11, 2021.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK230201/

Evolution definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. Accessed on January 13, 2021.
Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/amp/english/evolution

Fowler, Sarah. (2013, April 25). Evidence of Evolution – Concepts of Biology. Pressbooks.
https://opentextbc.ca/conceptsofbiologyopenstax/chapter/evidence-of-evolution/

Rye, Connie, Robert Wise, Vladimir Jurukovski, Jean DeSaix, Jung Choi, and Yael Avissar.
“Understanding Evolution.” Biology. www.openstax.org. OpenStax, Published October 21,
2016. https://openstax.org/books/biology/pages/18-1-understanding-evolution

Image Sources:
Figure 1. Fossils as Evidence for Evolution. Retrieved from https://www.expii.com/t/fossils-
evidence-of-evolution-overview-examples-10255

Figure 2. Homologous Structure. Retrieved from

https://kaiserscience.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/homologous_forelimbs-human-cat-
whale-bat.jpg

Figure 3. Analogous Structure. Retrieved from https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-

```````yGQINsiwvDM/Vtm5rNYRd8I/AAAAAAAAAFA/Lto2lx5G9Z0/s1600/analogous_structures
```````med.jpeg

Figure 4. Four Different Embryos at Similar Stages of Development. Retrieved from

http://eewevolution.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/4/6/53468969/6397984_orig.jpg

Figure 5. The Evolution of the Horse. Retrieved from

https://s3.amazonaws.com/dynamic.wizer.me/uploads%2F32288324-
1511967068269horse+evolution.jpg

Figure 6. Comparative Embryology. Retrieved from

https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ab/92/7e/ab927edf22632f688cff33bb47b6ed46.gif

Figure 7. Sequence of amino acids in the cytochrome C of the different vertebrates. Retrieved
from http://www.citruscollege.edu/lc/archive/biology/Pages/Chapter17-Rabitoy.aspx

Author: Christina T. Tadle 8

School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
Division: Agusan del Sur
E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
 E-mail address: christina.tadle@caraga.deped.gov.ph
Division: Agusan del Sur
School/Station: Bayugan 3 National High School
9 Author: Christina T. Tadle
Activity 1. The Transformation
1. a. The skulls all have a similar ridge that protrudes from the top. The overall
shape is the same.
b. Each set has flattened teeth. Each skull has a large diastema, or gap
between the front and back teeth.
2. The size of the skull is dramatically larger in the modern horse.
3. The modern horse has longer legs, developed hooves in place of foot bones.
Activity 2. Analogous Vs. Homologous
a. ANA. Dolphins are mammal, Penguins are bird. They developed appendages to
survive in aquatic environment.
b. HOMO. Horses and lions are both mammals and have common ancestor.
c. HOMO. Human and whale are both mammals and have common ancestor.
d. ANA. Bats and Bird does not belong to the same class. They developed wings for
flying.
Activity 3. Whose Embryo is This?
1. They have presence of gill slits which the mammals will develop into ear and
pharynx. All have tails which human become a tailbone.
2. The human fetus has shorter tailbone, while a monkey has longer tail.
3. Yes. Similarity in structures may suggest that organisms share common
ancestor.
Activity 4. Compare Me Not.
1. Chimpanzee
2. a. Human, Chimpanzee, Rhesus monkey
b. Rabbit, Cow, Pigeon
3. Yes. Similarity in the amino acid sequence may suggest the closer relationship of the
organisms.
Reflection: For me, the most convincing evidence for evolution is the molecular
biology. In molecular biology, it compares the different genetic sequence of
different organism. If the genetic sequence of the organisms is almost identical, it
means that the organisms are related to each other. By comparing the DNA
sequence with another organism, scientists can identify which organism is closely
related and where it evolves from.
Answer Key