Protein

Represented By : Urwa Yousuf

Introduction

 A protein is a naturally occurring, extremely complex substance that

consists of amino acid joined by peptide bonds. Proteins are present in all
living organisms and include many essential biological compounds such as
enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.
Discovery

 Proteins were first described by the Dutch chemist Gerardus Johannes

Mulder and named by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1838.
Synthesis

 Protein synthesis occurs in the ribosomes of cells. In eukaryotic cells,

ribosomes are found as free-floating particles within cells and are also
embedded in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, a cell organelle.
Role In Life

 Proteins are essential for life and are essential for a wide range of cellular
activities. Protein enzymes catalyze the vast majority of chemical
reactions that occur in the cell. Proteins provide many of the structural
elements of a cell, and they help to bind cells together into tissues. Proteins,
in the form of antibodies, protect animals from disease, and
many hormones are proteins. Proteins control the activity of genes and
regulate gene expression.
Types

 Antibodies ( IgG, blood and tissue fluids)

 Contractile proteins (Myosin ,converts chemical energy in the form of ATP to
mechanical energy)
 Enzymes (Salivary amylase is the first step in the chemical digestion of food)
 Hormonal proteins (Insulin, Regulate Glucose level in body )
 Structural proteins ( primary , secondary , tertiary , quarternary)
 Storage proteins (Prolamin , the main repository for nitrogen in the
endosperm of cereal seeds)
 Transport proteins ( Hemoglobin oxygen transport protein)
Structure Of Proteins
Structure Of Protein

 The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and
quaternary. It is helpful to understand the nature and function of each level
of protein structure in order to fully understand how a protein works
1. Primary Proteins
 The simplest level of protein structure, primary structure, is simply the
sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. For example, the
hormone insulin has two polypeptide chains, A and B
Structure Of Protein

2. Secondary Protein
 The next level of protein structure, secondary structure, refers to local
folded structures that form within a polypeptide due to interactions
between atoms of the backbone. (The backbone just refers to the
polypeptide chain apart from the R groups – so all we mean here is that
secondary structure does not involve R group atoms.) The most common
types of secondary structures are the α helix and the β pleated sheet.
Structure Of Protein

3. Tertiary Protein
 The overall three-dimensional structure of a polypeptide is called its tertiary
structure. The tertiary structure is primarily due to interactions between the R
groups of the amino acids that make up the protein.
 R group interactions that contribute to tertiary structure include hydrogen
bonding, ionic bonding, dipole-dipole interactions, and London dispersion
forces.
Structure Of Protein

4. Quaternary Structure
 some proteins are made up of multiple polypeptide chains, also known as
subunits. When these subunits come together, they give the protein
its quaternary structure.
 one example of a protein with quaternary structure: hemoglobin.
 hemoglobin carries oxygen in the blood and is made up of four subunits,
two each of the α and β types.