324

C h a p t e r 6   B e n d i n g

EXAMPLE 6.17

The composite beam in Fig. 6–38a is made of wood and reinforced with a
steel strap located on its bottom side. If the beam is subjected to a bending
moment of M = 2 kN # m, determine the normal stress at points B and C.
Take Ew = 12 GPa and Est = 200 GPa.

9 mm
150 mm
B B¿

M  2 kNm
A
_
y
150 mm 150 mm

C N C 150 mm
20 mm 20 mm
(a)    (b)

Fig. 6–38

SOLUTION

Section Properties.  Although the choice is arbitrary, here we will

transform the section into one made entirely of steel. Since steel has a
greater stiffness than wood (Est 7 Ew), the width of the wood is reduced to
an equivalent width for steel. For this to be the case, n = Ew >Est, so that
12 GPa
bst = nbw = (150 mm) = 9 mm
200 GPa
The transformed section is shown in Fig. 6–38b.
The location of the centroid (neutral axis), calculated from the bottom of
the section, is

yA [0.01 m](0.02 m)(0.150 m) + [0.095 m](0.009 m)(0.150 m)

y = = = 0.03638 m
A 0.02 m(0.150 m) + 0.009 m(0.150 m)
The moment of inertia about the neutral axis is therefore
1
INA = c (0.150 m)(0.02 m)3 + (0.150 m)(0.02 m)(0.03638 m - 0.01 m)2 d
6 12

1
+ c (0.009 m)(0.150 m)3 + (0.009 m)(0.150 m)(0.095 m - 0.03638 m)2 d
12

= 9.358(10-6) m4
 6.7 Reinforced Concrete Beams 325

1.71 MPa

B¿
28.6 MPa
0.210 MPa
3.50 MPa
3.50 MPa
M  2 kNm
M  2 kNm C
C
7.78 MPa 7.78 MPa

(c)    (d)
Fig. 6–38 (cont.)

Normal Stress.  Applying the flexure formula, the normal stress at B

and C is

2(103) N # m(0.170 m - 0.03638 m)

sB = = 28.6 MPa
9.358(10-6) m4

2(103) N # m(0.03638 m)
sC = = 7.78 MPa Ans.
9.358(10-6) m4

The normal-stress distribution on the transformed (all steel) section is

shown in Fig. 6–38c.
The normal stress in the wood at B in Fig. 6–38a is determined from
Eq. 6–21; that is,

12 GPa
sB = nsB = (28.56 MPa) = 1.71 MPa Ans.
200 GPa

6
Using these concepts, show that the normal stress in the steel and the
wood at the point where they are in contact is sst = 3.50 MPa and
sw = 0.210 MPa, as shown in Fig. 6–38d.
 326 C h a p t e r 6   B e n d i n g

EXAMPLE 6.18

The reinforced concrete beam has the cross-sectional area shown in

Fig. 6–39a. If it is subjected to a bending moment of M = 60 kip # ft,
determine the normal stress in each of the steel reinforcing rods and the
maximum normal stress in the concrete. Take Est = 29(103) ksi and
Econc = 3.6(103) ksi.
SOLUTION
Since the beam is made of concrete, in the following analysis we will neglect
its strength in supporting a tensile stress.

Section Properties.  The total area of steel, Ast = 2[p(0.5 in.)2] =

1.571 in2, will be transformed into an equivalent area of concrete, Fig. 6–39b.
Here
12 in. 29(103) ksi
A = nAst = (1.571 in2) = 12.65 in2
3.6(103) ksi

60 kipft
We require the centroid to lie on the neutral axis. Thus  
y A = 0, or
18 in.
h
12 in. (h) - 12.65 in2(16 in. - h) = 0
1-in.-diameter bars
2
2 in.
(a) h2 + 2.11h - 33.7 = 0
Solving for the positive root,
12 in.
h = 4.85 in.
h¿ 16 in. Using this value for h, the moment of inertia of the transformed section
N A about the neutral axis is
C
1 4.85 in. 2
A¿  12.65 in2 I = c (12 in.)(4.85 in.)3 + 12 in. (4.85 in.) a b d +
12 2
(b)
12.65 in2(16 in. - 4.85 in.)2 = 2029 in4

Normal Stress.  Applying the flexure formula to the transformed section,

the maximum normal stress in the concrete is
[60 kip # ft(12 in.>ft)](4.85 in.)
(sconc)max = = 1.72 ksi Ans.
2029 in4
1.72 ksi The normal stress resisted by the “concrete” strip that replaced the steel is
[60 kip # ft(12 in.>ft)](16 in. - 4.85 in.)
sconc = = 3.96 ksi
6 4.85 in. 2029 in4
The normal stress in each of the two reinforcing rods is therefore
31.9 ksi
29(103) ksi
31.9 ksi sst = nsconc = ¢ ≤3.96 ksi = 31.9 ksi Ans.
(c) 3.6(103) ksi
Fig. 6–39 The normal-stress distribution is shown graphically in Fig. 6–39c.