Types of research
1. Action research:- Action research refers to examining actions, assessing their effectiveness in bringing
about the desired outcome and choosing a course of action based on those results. It is typically used in
educational settings for teachers and principals to perform a type of self-assessment and course
correction. 2. Causal research:- Causal research, also called explanatory research, seeks to
determine cause and effect relationships between variables. It identifies how much one variable may
cause a change in the other. Causal research is important for evaluating current processes
3. Classification research:-Classification research seeks to identify and classify individual elements of a
group into larger groups or subgroups. 4. Comparative research:- Comparative research identifies
similarities and differences between two individuals, subjects or groups. 5. Cross-sectional research:-
Cross-sectional, or synchronous, research studies a group or subgroup at one point in time. Participants
are generally chosen based on specific shared characteristics 6. Deductive research:- Deductive, or
theory-testing, research is the opposite of inductive research and moves from the broad to the specific.
Researchers choose a hypothesis and test its accuracy through experimentation or observation.
7. Exploratory research:- Exploratory research examines what is already known about a topic and what
additional information may be relevant. It rarely answers a specific question but instead presents the
foundational knowledge of a subject as a precursor to further research.8. Field research:-Field
research occurs wherever the participants or subjects are or "on location." This type of research requires
onsite observation and data collection. 9. Fixed research:- Fixed research involves procedures
determined ahead of time, such as how often testing will take place, where it will take place, the number
of subjects and their types.
METHODS OF COLLECTING PRIMARY DATA
1. DIRECT PERSONAL INTERVIEWS :- The investigator personally meets concerned individuals and collects
the required information from them. When the area to be covered is vast, this method may prove very
costly and time-consuming. Still, this method is concerned useful for certain laboratory experiments or
localized inquires. Due to the personal bias of the investigator, errors are likely to influence the results.
2. INDIRECT PERSONAL INTERVIEWS:- We interview the third parties or witnesses having information,
whenever the direct sources do not exist, or the informants hesitate to respond for some reason or
other. The reliance is not placed on the evidence of one witness only, because some of the informants
are likely to give wrong information deliberately. 3. COLLECTION THROUGH QUESTIONNAIRES:- The
questionnaires are usually sent by mail to inquire through several pertinent questions. In questionnaires,
there is a space for entering the asked information asked. The informants are requested to return the
questionnaires to the investigator within a certain period. This method is cheap, reasonably expeditious,
and good for extensive inquiries. However, only a small percentage of recipients respond to
questionnaires if there is no incentive involved. 4. COLLECTION THROUGH ENUMERATORS:- In this
method, trained enumerators collected the information. They assist the informants in making the entries
in the schedules or questionnaires correctly. If the enumerator is well trained, experienced, and discreet,
then you can get the most reliable information through this method. Enumerator driven approach works
best for a large scale governmental or an organizational inquiry. Private individuals or institutions cannot
adopt this method as its cast would be prohibitive to them. 5. COLLECTION THROUGH LOCAL
SOURCES:- In this method, the agents or local correspondents collect and send the required information,
using their judgment as to the best way of obtaining it, but there is no formal collection of data. This
method is cheap and expeditious but gives only the estimates. It may involve local agents' bias.
TYPE 1 ERROR AND TYPE 2 ERROR WITH EXAMPLE
Type 1 Error:- 1. It occurs when a null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true. 2. In other words, it
occurs when we try to find out something that does not possibly exist at all. 3. It is also called ‘false
positive’ or ‘alpha error’. 4. It indicates the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis. 5. So, ultimately,
what happens is that the true null hypothesis is wrongly rejected even if it is true.
Examples :- 1. Suppose you decide to bake lasagna, and you add an extra ingredient (assuming it will
enhance the taste), that is actually not supposed to be added. 2. Therefore, the null hypothesis is true in
this case, but is being rejected due to false effect. 3. Another example would be to consider the trial of a
person accused of murder. 4. The null hypothesis would be a statement, like ‘He is innocent’.
5..If it is true, he will be let free, and it will be the correct decision. If he is convicted for something he has
not done, a type 1 error has occurred.
TYPE 2 ERROR:- It occurs when a null hypothesis is not rejected when it is actually false. 2. In other
words, it occurs when we try to ignore something that actually exists. 3. It is also called ‘false negative’
or ‘beta error’. 4. It indicates the failure of being able to accept the alternative hypothesis. 5. What
ultimately happens here is that the true null hypothesis is wrongly accepted even if it is false.
EXAMPLES:-1. Consider the same examples as above for convenience. 2. In this case, you have to false
null hypothesis, i.e., the statement is ‘Adding this ingredient has no effect on the dish’, when in reality,
it will have some effect on the dish, good or bad. 3. So, let’s say, the overall consensus is that the dish
will be the same as before, but since the hypothesis is false, the dish has a slightly spicier taste. 4.
Now, this change will not be accepted by any of your guests, they would vouch that the dish is the
same as before, and attribute the spicier taste to some other factor. 5. Thus, here the null hypothesis
is false, but it is being accepted. 6. Similarly, let the null hypothesis ‘He is innocent’, be false in the
second example, i.e., the man is actually guilty.
NATURE AND SCOPE OF BUSINESS RESEARCH
Nature 1= Clearly Defined Objectives: Good business research should clearly define the objective. It
should know in advance what information wants to procure. 2= Choose the Right Methodology: It is the
method used for obtaining business research data. Business research methodologies include phone, mail,
and internet surveys as well as personal interviews. 3= Promoting Business: The objectives of any
good business research should be how to better promote business in an economically sound
manner and to increase the business’s net profit, exposure, and ensure its continuity. 4= Covers
Region in Which Business Operates: It covers all the regions in which the business operates, locally
and internationally. Setting up a hotel means knowing local conditions, 5= Judging
Problems: Another characteristic of good business research is judging local problems of the environment in
which our establishment is going to operate. 6= Flexibility: One more characteristic of good business
research objectives is flexibility. The research may be programmed for one area and then something shows
up. If that ‘something is pertinent, it should be investigated and included in the research 7= Help Determine
How to Produce the Product: Good business research should include the use of the internet. If the business
is manufacturing a specific product, look at the market size and options on how to produce the product.
SCOPE:- 1. Production Management: The research performs an important function in product
development, diversification, introducing a new product, product improvement, process technologies,
choosing a site, new investment etc. 2. Personnel Management: Research works well for job redesign,
organization restructuring, development of motivational strategies and organizational development. 3.
Marketing Management: Research performs an important part in choice and size of target market, the
consumer behavior with regards to attitudes, life style, and influences of the target market. 4. Financial
Management: Research can be useful for portfolio management, distribution of dividend, capital raising,
hedging and looking after fluctuations in foreign currency and product cycles. 5. Materials Management: It
is utilized in choosing the supplier, making the decisions relevant to make or buy as well as in selecting
negotiation strategies. 6. General Management: It contributes greatly in developing the standards,
objectives, long-term goals, and growth strategies.
Non-probability Sampling Method
1. Convenience sampling:- This is one of the non-probability sampling techniques where the
samples that are readily available in the entire population get selected by the
researcher. Convenience sampling is used by researchers because the samples are easy to recruit,
and not necessarily because the researcher considers selecting a sample that represents the entire
population. 2. Consecutive sampling:- Consecutive sampling is similar to convenience sampling in
method, although there are a few differences. In this type of non-probability sampling, the
researcher selects a person or a group from the population and conducts research with them over a
period of time. 3. Quota sampling:- To understand quota sampling, let us look at this example. A
researcher wants to study the career growth of the employees in an organization with 400
employees. To better understand the population, the researcher will select a sample from the
population to represent the total employees or population. 4. Judgmental or Purposive
sampling:- In a judgmental sampling technique, the samples are selected based on the credibility
and knowledge of the researcher. This means that only those deemed fit by the researcher are
selected to participate in the research. It is worthy of note that purposive or judgmental sampling is
not scientific and it can easily accommodate influence or bias from the researcher. 5. Snowball
sampling:- Snowball sampling is useful for finding samples that are difficult for the researcher to
locate. Researchers make use of snowball sampling techniques when their sample size is not readily
available and also small. So this is carried out like a referral program where the researcher finds
suitable members and solicits help in finding similar members so as to form a considerably good
sample size.
Rating Scale AND RANKING SCALE
Rating scale is defined as a closed-ended survey question used to represent respondent feedback in a
comparative form for specific particular features/products/services. It is one of the most established
question types for online and offline surveys where survey respondents are expected to rate an attribute or
feature. Rating scale is a variant of the popular multiple-choice question which is widely used to gather
information that provides relative information about a specific topic.
EXAMPLE: 1. Degree of Agreement: An organization has been intending to improve the efficiency of their
employees. After organizing multiple courses and certifications for the employees, the management decides
to conduct a survey to know whether employees resonate with their ideology behind these certifications.
2. ustomer Experience: It is important to collect information about customer experience. It is important for
organizations to gather real-time details about product or service purchase experiences. 3. Analyze brand
loyalty: Organizations thrive on customer loyalty towards their brand. But brand loyalty is a factor which
needs to be regularly monitored. Using a rating scale question such as Net Promoter Score can help
organizations in garnering real-time details about customer loyalty and brand shareability.
RANKING SCALE:-= Ranking scales offer a different approach to gathering data—these questions ask
respondents to compare items to one another, rather than rating them on a common scale. When trying to
negotiate which items to remove from your dessert menu, for example, you might ask customers to rank the
seven desserts you offer from their most favorite to least favorite, giving you insight into customer
preferences.
 (ANOVA) AND ITS STEPS
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is an analysis tool used in statistics that splits an observed
aggregate variability found inside a data set into two parts: systematic factors and random
factors. The systematic factors have a statistical influence on the given data set, while the
random factors do not. Analysts use the ANOVA test to determine the influence that
independent variables have on the dependent variable in a regression study.
STEPS :-
1. Formulate a Hypotheses:- As with nearly all statistical significance tests, ANOVA starts
with formulating a null and alternative hypothesis.
2. Set a Significance Level:- The significance level, or alpha, is the probability of rejecting
our null hypothesis when it actually holds true. In other terms, it’s the probability of
making a Type I error.
Typically, one should weigh the costs of making a Type I vs. a Type II error to determine the
best alpha for an experiment, but for this toy example I’m just going to use the standard
.05 for our α value.
3. Compute an F-Statistic:- The F-statistic is simply a ratio of the variance between samples
means to the variance within sample means. For this ANOVA test, we’ll be looking at how
far each country’s average wine price is from the overall average price, and dividing that by
how much variation in price there is within each country’s sample distribution.
4. Using the F-Statistic, compute a p-value:- Once we have our F-statistic, we plug it into
an F-distribution to get a p-value. You can find a table for these values in the back of any
statistics book or there are far-easier online calculators that will do this for you. With our
specific degrees of freedom, an F-Statistic of 4.07 yields a p-value .0172.
Layout of The Research Report
1= Purpose of study:- Research is one direction oriented study. He should discuss the problem of his study.
He must give background of the problem. He must lay down his hypothesis of the study. Hypothesis is the
statement indicating the nature of the problem. He should be able to collect data, analyze it and prove the
hypothesis. (2) Significance of study: Research is re-search and hence the researcher may highlight the
earlier research in new manner or establish new theory. He must refer earlier research work and distinguish
his own research from earlier work. He must explain how his research is different and how his research topic
is different and how his research topic is important. (3) Review of Literature: Research is a continuous
process. He cannot avoid earlier research work. He must start with earlier work. He should note down all
such research work, published in books, journals or unpublished thesis. He will get guidelines for his research
from taking a review of literature. He should collect information in respect of earlier research
work. (4) Methodology:- It is related to collection of data. There are two sources for collecting data;
primary and secondary. Primary data is original and collected in field work, either through questionnaire
interviews. The secondary data relied on library work. Such primary data are collected by sampling method.
The procedure for selecting the sample must be mentioned. (5) Interpretation of data: Mainly the data
collected from primary source need to be interpreted in systematic manner. The tabulation must be
completed to draw conclusions. All the questions are not useful for report writing. One has to select them or
club them according to hypothesis or objectives of study. (6) Conclusions/suggestions: Data analysis forms
the crux of the research problem. The information collected in field work is useful to draw conclusions of
study. In relation with the objectives of study the analysis of data may lead the researcher to pin point his
suggestions. This is the most important part of study. (7) Bibliography: The list of references must be
arranged in alphabetical order and be presented in appendix. The books should be given in first section and
articles are in second section and research projects in the third. The pattern of bibliography is considered
convenient and satisfactory from the point of view of reader. 8) Appendices:- The general information in
tabular form which is not directly used in the analysis of data but which is useful to understand the
background of study can be given in appendix.

Meaning It is a statistical method that compares the
means of more than two samples.
Types The two types are one-way and two-way
ANOVA.
Basis The variance between the data set, group,
or sample, along with the variance inside the
data set, group, or sample, is calculated.
Population It can accommodate a huge population
count.
Test produces Test statistical value is F.
Value indicates The higher the F value, there exist significant
variation between sample or group means,
and a low F-value indicates low variability.
Errors More chance of error compared to the t-
test.
It is a statistical test used to compare the
means of two samples.
Common types include one-sample t-test,
two-sample t-test, and paired t-test.
Calculate the mean differences, the
standard deviation, and the number of data
values.
The sample population should be less than
30.
Test statistical value is t.
If the t-score or t-value is small, the groups
or samples are similar, whereas if the t-score
is large, the groups or samples are different.
Errors are possible
VARIOUS STEPS WHILE PREPARING RESEARCH REPORT
#1: Identifying the Research Problem:-- A well-identified problem will lead the researcher to
accomplish all-important phases of the research process, from setting objectives to selecting the
research methodology. Keeping this point in mind, we must draw a line between research and
non-research problems. #2: Reviewing of Literature:- A review of relevant literature is an
integral part of the research process. It enables the researcher to formulate his problem in terms
of the specific aspects of the general area of his interest that has not been researched so far.
A review of previous documents on similar or related phenomena is essential even for beginning
researchers. #3: Setting Research Questions, Objectives, and Hypotheses:-- After
discovering and defining the research problem, researchers should make a formal statement of
the problem leading to research objectives. An objective will precisely say what should be
researched, delineate the type of information that should be collected, and provide a framework
for the scope of the study. #4: Choosing the Study Design:- The research design is the
blueprint or framework for fulfilling objectives and answering research questions. It is a master
plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting, processing, and analyzing the
collected data. #5: Deciding on the Sample Design:- Sampling is an important and separate
step in the research process. The basic idea of sampling is that it involves any procedure that
uses a relatively small number of items or portions (called a sample) of a universe
(called population) to conclude the whole population. #6: Collecting Data From The Research
Sample:- Data gathering may range from simple observation to a large-scale survey in any
defined population. There are many ways to collect data. The approach selected depends on the
objectives of the study, the research design, and the availability of time, money, and personnel.
#7: Process and Analyze the Collected Research Data:- Data processing generally begins with the
editing and coding of data. Data are edited to ensure consistency across respondents and to
locate omissions if any. In survey data, editing reduces errors in the recording, improves
legibility, and clarifies unclear and inappropriate responses. In addition to editing, the data also
need coding. #8: Writing Research Report :- A research proposal is a work plan, prospectus,
outline, offer, and a statement of intent or commitment from an individual researcher or an
organization to produce a product or render a service to a potential client or sponsor.

VARIOUS TYPE OF REPORT CORRELATION AND EXAMPLE FOR BIVARIATE CORRELATION

1= Long And Short Reports: As the names suggest, these reports are characterized based on their
lengths. A two-page report or memorandum is a short report, while a 30-page report is certainly long.
The longer reports are among the types of report writing that have a formal style. 2= Formal
And Informal Reports: Formal reports are meticulously designed documents that focus on the objectives
of the organization. Think of annual audit reports. Formal reports are detailed and you won’t find any
personal pronouns in these reports. On the other hand, informal reports, such as internal emorandums,
are usually short and written in casual language. 3= Vertical And Lateral Reports: These reports are
characterized based on the hierarchy within organizations. Lateral reports focus on the coordination
between different departments and units in the organization. 4= Periodic Reports: As the name
suggests, periodic reports are regularly sent out on pre-scheduled dates. In most cases, periodic reports
focus on upward hierarchy, so you can also identify them as vertical reports. These reports often serve
the management to keep the business processes and activities in control. Some annual reports mandated
by the government, though not vertical, are considered periodic reports. 5= Proposal Reports: Have
you ever heard of analytical or problem-solving reports? Proposal reports are usually an extension of
these kinds of reports. While there are all kinds of reports, there are some that are solution-oriented.
Such kinds of reports can be identified as proposal reports. These reports usually describe how the
organization can provide a solution to specific problems. 6= Functional Reports: Functional reports
might be easier for you to recognize. These types of reporting include financial and accounting reports,
marketing reports, and other reports that focus on specific business functions.
Correlation refers to a process for establishing the relationships between two
variables. You learned a way to get a general idea about whether or not two
variables are related, is to plot them on a “scatter plot”. While there are many
measures of association for variables which are measured at the ordinal or higher
level of measurement, correlation is the most commonly used approach.
Example 1: Business:- Businesses often collect bivariate data about total money
spent on advertising and total revenue.
Example 2: Medical:- Medical researchers often collect bivariate data to gain a
better understanding of the relationship between variables related to health.
Example 3: Academics:- Researchers often collect bivariate data to understand
what variables affect the performance of university students.
Example 4: Economics:- Economists often collect bivariate data to understand the
relationship between two socioeconomic variables.
Example 5: Biology:- Biologists often collect bivariate data to understand how two
variables are related among plants or animals.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF SCALES
Nominal or classificatory scale:- The nominal or classificatory scale is the most simple scale that is
used in statistics and research. This scale only identifies the variables under study into unique
values. This scale does not provide numerical values to the variables. The variables are only
compared on the basis of some unique characteristic descriptively.
Ordinal or ranking scale:- The ordinal scale has the properties of the nominal scale, but it is a little
more advanced than nominal scale. It categorizes values assigned to the variables on the basis of
their magnitude. Some values related to the variables will be ‘smaller’ while other will be ‘larger’ or
in other cases, some values will be ‘greater’ than the other values which will be ‘lesser’.
Interval scale:- The interval scale has the properties of the ordinal and nominal scale, which means
that it assigns unique values to the each value under study and it also categorizes the values in
ascending or descending order. The unique property of the interval scale that makes it different
from the previous two scales is that it also categorize the values in equal intervals. In this scale, any
of the two values on the scale has an equal interval.
Ratio scale:- This scale has all the properties of the previous scales plus one of its own properties
that it has a fixed zero point, and below that point, no value exists. Every value can be measured
from an absolute zero point or starting point, due to this property this scale is called as an absolute
scale and for most empirical and mathematical operations this scale is used.
Procedure of Hypothesis Testing
To find the validity of any statement, we have to strictly follow the stepwise procedure of hypothesis testing.
After stating the initial hypothesis, we have to re-write them in the form of a null and alternate hypothesis. The
alternate hypothesis predicts a relationship between the variables, whereas the null hypothesis predicts no
relationship between the variables.
After writing them as H0(null hypothesis) and Ha(Alternate hypothesis), only one of the statements can be true.
For example, taking the hypothesis that, on average, men are taller than women, we write the statements as:
1= H0: On average, men are not taller than women.
2= Ha: On average, men are taller than women.
Our next aim is to collect sample data, what we call sampling, in a way so that we can test our hypothesis. Your
data should come from the concerned population for which you want to make a hypothesis.
What is the p value in hypothesis testing? P-value gives us information about the probability of occurrence of
results as extreme as observed results.
You will obtain your p-value after choosing the hypothesis testing method, which will be the guiding factor in
rejecting the hypothesis. Usually, the p-value cutoff for rejecting the null hypothesis is 0.05. So anything below
that, you will reject the null hypothesis.
A low p-value means that the between-group variance is large enough that there is almost no overlapping, and
it is unlikely that these came about by chance. A high p-value suggests there is a high within-group variance
and low between-group variance, and any difference in the measure is due to chance only.

STEPS IN SAMPLE DESIGN TECHNIQUES INVOLVED IN DEFINING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

1.Defining-the-Target Population: Defining the population of interest,-for-business research, is the first
step in sampling process. In general, target population is defined in terms of element, sampling unit,
extent, and time frame. The definition should be in line with the objectives of the research study.
2. Specifying the Sampling Frame: Once the definition of the population is clear a researcher should decide
on the sampling frame. A sampling frame is the list of elements from which the sample may be drawn.
3. Specifying the Sampling Unit: A sampling unit is a basic unit that contains a single element or a group of
elements of the population to be sampled. In this case, a household becomes a sampling unit and all women
above the age of 20 years living in that particular house become the sampling elements.
4. Selection of the Sampling Method: The sampling method outlines the way in which the sample units are
to be selected. The choice of-the-sampling method is influenced by the objectives of the business research,
availability of financial resources, time constraints, and the nature of the problem to be investigated.
5. Determination of Sample Size: The sample size plays a crucial role in the sampling process. There are
various ways of classifying the techniques used in determining-the sample size. A couple of those hold
primary importance and are worth mentioning are whether-the technique deals with fixed or sequential
sampling-and whether its logic is based on traditional or Bayesian methods.
6. Specifying the Sampling Plan: In this step, the specifications and decisions regarding the implementation
of the research process are outlined. Suppose, blocks in a city are the sampling units-and-the households are
the sampling-elements. This step outlines the modus operandi of the sampling plan in identifying houses
based on specified characteristics.
7. Selecting the Sample: This is the final step in the sampling process, where the actual selection of
the sample elements is carried out. At this stage, it is necessary that the interviewers stick to the rules
outlined for the smooth implementation of the business research. This step involves implementing the
sampling plan to select-a-sample required for the survey.
1- Statement of the problem in a general way: First of all the problem should be stated in a broad general
way, keeping in view either some practical concern or some scientific or intellectual interest. For this
purpose, the researcher must immerse himself thoroughly in the subject matter concerning which he wishes
to pose a problem. In case of social research, it is considered advisable to do some field observation and as
such the researcher may undertake some sort of preliminary survey or what is often called pilot survey.
2-. Understanding the nature of the problem: The next step in defining the problem is to understand its
origin and nature clearly. The best way of understanding the problem is to discuss it with those who first
raised it in order to find out how the problem originally came about and with what objectives in view. If the
researcher has stated the problem himself, he should consider once again all those points that induced him
to make a general statement concerning the problem.
3- Surveying the available literature: All available literature concerning the problem at hand must
necessarily be surveyed and examined before a definition of the research problem is given. This means that
the researcher must be well-conversant with relevant theories in the field, reports and records as also all
other relevant literature. He must devote sufficient time in reviewing of research already undertaken on
related problems. This is done to find out what data and other materials, if any, are available for operational
purposes.
4- Developing the ideas through discussions: Discussion concerning a problem often produces useful
information. Various new ideas can be developed through such an exercise. Hence, a researcher must
discuss his problem with his colleagues and others who have enough experience in the same area or in
working on similar problems. This is quite often known as an experience survey.
5- Rephrasing the research problem: Finally, the researcher must sit to rephrase the research problem into a
working proposition. Once the nature of the problem has been clearly understood, the environment (within
which the problem has got to be studied) has been defined, discussions over the problem have taken place
and the available literature has been surveyed and examined, rephrasing the problem into analytical or
operational terms is not a difficult task.

STEPS YOU HAVE TO TAKE FOR EXECUTE GOOD RESEARCH
1. Identification of a research problem:- A good research always starts with a good problem. You can
observe people or things, visit places, read print materials, or consult experts to find the research problem
that is right for you. The research problem guides you in formulating the hypothesis and interpretation of
your findings so that you can formulate the right conclusion. 2. Formulation of Hypothesis:- After
finding your research problem, the next step is to formulate your own hypothesis. A hypothesis is a
theoretical statement in solving a logical relationship between variables. Do not be afraid if your hypothesis
proves to be incorrect after the experimentation because it is only considered as an educated guess.
3. Review of Related Literature:- A research problem is vague at first. To give you a vivid picture of the
whole research, you shall read various publications or surf the internet to become aware of the previous
works already done. In doing so, it could spur an idea that can be the subject of your investigation. 4.
Preparation of Research Design:- A research design is the blueprint of the research you are going to
undertake. It serves as the work plan of the whole study not only because it entails the resources needed in
conducting the research but also the ways these resources are utilized. 5. Actual experimentation:- Actual
experimentation is an implementation of the research design. In actual experimentation, you have to
conduct an experiment to prove the validity of the hypothesis you have formulated. Actual experimentation
includes the methodology that you have followed in doing your research. 6. Results and Discussion:-
This is the heart of the research process because this is part where the findings of the research can be
found. You can use table (not the table in your kitchen) and graph to interpret the results of your research.
7. Formulation of Conclusions and Recommendations:- Conclusion is a statement where you will present
the solution to the proposed problem based on the findings of the investigation. They are tied up to the
questions investigated. Your conclusion will show whether or not your experiment worked. It should answer
your hypothesis and research problem.
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTER BY RESEARCHERS IN INDIA
1-The lack of a scientific training in the methodology of research is a great impediment for researchers in our
country. There is paucity of competent researchers. Many researcher stake a leap in the dark without
knowing research methods. 2- There is insufficient interaction between the university research
departments on one sideband business establishments, government departments and research institutions
on the other side. A great deal of primary data of non-confidential nature remain untouched/untreated by
the researchers for want of proper contacts. 3- Most of the business units in our country do not have the
confidence that the material supplied by them to researchers will not be misused and as such they are often
reluctant in supplying the needed information to researchers. 4- Research studies overlapping one
another are undertaken quite often for want of adequate information. This results in duplication and fritters
away resources. This problem can be solved by proper compilation and revision, at regular intervals, of a list
of subjects on which and the places where the research is going on. 5- There does not exist a code of
conduct for researchers and inter-university and interdepartmental rivalries are also quite common. Hence,
there is need for developing a code of conduct for researchers which, if adhered sincerely, can win over this
problem. 6- Many researchers in our country also face the difficulty of adequate and timely secretarial
assistance, including computer assistance. This causes unnecessary delays in the completion of research
studies. All possible efforts be made in this direction so that efficient secretarial assistance is made available
to researchers and that too well in time. 7- Library management and functioning is not satisfactory at
many places and much of the time and energy of researchers are spent in tracing out the books, journals,
reports, etc.,rather than in tracing out relevant material from them. 8- There is also the difficulty of timely
availability of published data from various government and other agencies doing this job in our country.
Researcher also faces the problem on account of the fact that the published data vary quite significantly
because of differences in coverage by the concerning agencies. 9- There may, at times, take place the
problem of conceptualization and also problems relating to the process of data collection and related things.