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Particle shape
Coarse grained soils and gravels: Bulky grains
River gravels and
rounded
wind blown sands
Rounded Sub-rounded
Alluvial sands sub-rounded

sub-angular
Angular

Fine grained soils: Flaky or Needle _haped

Flaky:Micaceous and montmorillonite clayey deposits
Platelet crystals thickness less than the other two dimensions

Needle-shaped: Characteristic of kaolinite clays -

resemble needles
One dimension is fully developed and is much larger than the other two

C Acetsibiliy, investigate Note 8

10.1041327- Re. W e e k 1Presentatio. C E 44.2021-2 Part C a c o Weber Meti
week
ENG 07-01-202
2:14 PM 16.8KB/s .l ll m
Determine PSD Step-by-Slepproceuureior ISSCS:

Soil on 75um sieve > 50% Soil passing 75um sieve> 50%
Coarse grained Fine grained

If 50% or more retained on If 50% or more passes

4.75mm sieve Gravel (G) 4.75mm sieve Sand (S)

Fraction passing 75um < 5% Fraction passing 75um> 12%

Calculate Cu and C from PSD Perform Ll and PL (on fraction passing 0.425mm)
If well-graded: GW or SW Use plasticity chart to determine: GM, SM, GC,
I f poorly graded GP or SP SC, GM-GC or SM-SC
or DI

100
LAquid Lmit, LL
2:19 PM 18.0KB/s . l
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Determine PSD Step-by-SLeporoceuua 1orISSCS: X

Soil on 75um sieve > 50% Soil passing 75um sieve > 50%
Coarse grained Fine grained

Determine LL and PL (on fraction O

If 50% or more retained on If50% or more passes passing 0.425mm)
Use Pl chart to classify the soil
4.75mm sieveGravel (G) 4.75mm sieveSand (S
CIor
e.g. CL, CH or ML, MI or MH
Pl chart: can also be used for
organic soils
Fraction passing 75um < 5% Fraction Passing 75um > 12%
Calculate Cu and Ce from PSD Perform\L and PL (on fraction passing 0.425mm)
I f well-graded : GW or SW Use plasticity chart to determine: GM, SM, GC,
I f poorly graded: GP or SP SC, GM-GC or SM-SC

100
Liquid Limit LL

5% S Fraction passing 75um &12%

Assign dual symbol: appropriate to gradation and plasticity
C (GW-GM, GW-GC, GP-GM, GP-GC, SW-SM, Sw-SC, SP-SM, SP-SC)
2:19 PM 18.0KB/s . ll
This meeting is being recorded. Determine PSD Step-by-ep proceuure 1or ISSCS:

Soil on 75um sieve > 50% Soil passing 75um sieve > 50%
Coarse grained Fine grained

Determine LL and PL (on fraction

If 50% or more retained on If50% or more passes passing 0.425mm)
Use Pl chart to classify the soil
4.75mm sieveGravel (G) 4.75mm sieveSand (S
CIor
e.g. CL, CH or ML, MI or MH
Pl chart: can also be used for
organic soils
Fraction passing 75um < 5% Fraction passing 75um > 12%
Calculate Cu and Ce from PSD Perform\L and PL (on fraction passing 0.425mm)
I f well-graded : GW or SW Use plasticity chart to deterrnine: GM, SM, GC,
I f poorly graded: GP or SP SC, GM-GC or SM-SC

100
Liquid Limit LL

5% Fraction passing 75um &12%

Assign dual symbol: appropriate to gradation and plasticity
(GW-GM, GW-GC, GP-GM, GP-GC, sw-SM, SW-SC, SP-SM, SP-SC)
2:20 PM 18.6KB/s ll l CD
Determine PSD Step-by-stepgoroceau 1or ISSCS:
WebexXv X

Soil on 75um sieve > 50% Soil passing 75um sieve> 50%
Coarse grained Fine grained

Determine LL and PL (on fraction O

If 50% or more retained on If 50% or more passes passing 0.425mm)
Use Pl chart to classify the soil
4.75mm sieveGravel (G)
K 4.75mm sieveSand (S SU e.g. CL, CI orCH or ML, MI or MH
PI chart: can also be usédfor
organic soils
Fraction passing 75um < 5% Fraction passing 75um> 12%
Calculate Cu and Ce from PSD PerformL and PL (on fraction passing 0.425mm)
If well-graded: GW or SW Use plasticity chart to deterrnine: GM, SM, GC,
I f poorly graded: GP or SP SC, GM-GC or SM-SC

100
Liquid Limnit LL

5% S Fraction passing 75um 212%

If soil has 50% each of fine and coarse fraction
Assign dual symbol: appropriate to gradation and plasticity
(GW-GM, GW-GC, GP-GM, GP-GC, sw-SM, SW-SC, SP-SM, SP-SC)
Determine coarse fraction+6orS
C Determine Ll and PL
Assign dual symbols; eg. GM-MI GM-MI, etc.
2:26 PM 16.0KB/s .l ll G6
Sands
Particle size,
Silts shape
Clays: contains clay minerals, have plasticity and are(cohesive", even small amount of clay
minerals in soil mass can affect its engineering properties

Clay minerals are hydrous aluminosilicates plus other metallic ions

Minerals consist of many crystal sheets of repeating atomic structure
There are 2 fundamental crystal sheets:
1. Tetrahedral or silicasheet
2. Octahedral or alumina sheet
2:41 PM ...13.2KB/s l C7a
Interaction of clay particles- structure & fabric

Fabric: Arrangement of particles and pore spaces

Structure: Above + composition and interparticle

forces

edge-to-face; edge-to
edge configuration
face-to-face

Only clay particles repel or attract each other configuration

Ifthere is net attraction = Particles flocculate Flocculated fabric

If there is net repulsion = Particles disperse

C Dispersed fabric
2:43 PM ...171KB/s .l l l C

Towards the end of this week, you should be aware of

1. Soil formation and soil type.

2. Volume of solids and mass of solids do not change during compaction.

3. The difference between the SI units of density and unit weight.

4. Earth's crust is made of only 10 elements: oxygen, silicon, aluminium, iron,

calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, titanium and hydrogen.

5. The three important clay minerals and their structure: Kaolinite, Illite and

Montmorillonite.

6. IS Classification of soils and Phase relationships.

3:15 PM 59.8KB/s llD
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Approaches to solving geotechnical problems

Closedform Solutions Numerical Methods Empirical Methods

Finite Element
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consolidation measurements
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Foundation Monitoring Data
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settlement
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