 Digital commn is the process of transmitting data in digitized form rather than in analog form.

 Analog signal is prone to distortion and interference along with other losses like security breach.
 Digital signals have less effect of distortion, noise, and interference. Circuits are more reliable and cheaper.
Crosstalk is very rare.

 Types of Sampling
1. Impulse performed by multiplying input signal x(t) with impulse train Σδ(t−nT) of period 'T'.
2. Natural is similar to impulse sampling, except the impulse train is replaced by pulse train of period T.
i.e. you multiply input signal x(t) to pulse train ΣP(t−nT)
3. Flat top-During transmission, noise is introduced at top of the transmission pulse which can be easily
removed if the pulse is in the form of flat top. Here, the top of the samples are flat i.e. they have
constant amplitude.
 modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a periodic waveform, called the carrier signal,
with a separate signal that typically contains information to be transmitted.
 Encoding is the process of using various patterns of voltage or current levels to represent 1s and 0s of the
digital signals on the transmission link.
 Quantization is representing the sampled values of the amplitude by a finite set of levels, which means
converting a continuous-amplitude sample into a discrete-time signal.
Stepsize-difference in voltage levels. (max-min)/no of levels

 PCM- In Pulse Code Modulation, the message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulses. This
message signal is achieved by representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude.
Advantages-Noise can be reduced due to regenerative circuits, data can be stored due to digital nature.
Disadvantages-Complex circuit, high bandwidth.
 Differential PCM For the samples that are highly correlated, when encoded by PCM technique, leave
redundant information behind. To process this redundant information and to have a better output, it is a
wise decision to take a predicted sampled value, assumed from its previous output and summarize them
with the quantized values.
For each sample it only transmits bits that differ thus reducing bandwidth required

 Delta- Step size is very low and we transmit only one bit per sample depending upon whether the value has
increased or decreased from the previous value. Sampling rate is very high.
Advantages 1-bit quantizer, Very easy design of the modulator and the demodulator
Disadvantages-there exists some noise in DM, Slope Over load distortion (when Δ is small), Granular noise
(when Δ is large)
 Adaptive Delta- we can control the adjustment of step-size, according to our requirement in order to obtain
the sampling in a desired fashion. This is the concept of Adaptive Delta Modulation.
 What is Frequency shift keying (FSK)?
Frequency Shift Keying FSK is the digital modulation technique in which the frequency of the carrier signal
varies according to the digital signal changes. FSK is a scheme of frequency modulation. The output of a FSK
modulated wave is high in frequency for a binary High input and is low in frequency for a binary Low input.
The binary 1s and 0s are called Mark and Space frequencies.
1-frequence is more
0-frequency is less

 What is Phase shift keying (PSK)?

Phase Shift Keying PSK is the digital modulation technique in which the phase of the carrier signal is changed
by varying the sine and cosine inputs at a particular time. PSK technique is widely used for wireless LANs,
bio-metric, contactless operations, along with RFID and Bluetooth communications.
 What is Binary Phase shift Keying (BPSK)?
This is also called as 2-phase PSK or Phase Reversal Keying. In this technique, the sine wave carrier takes two
phase reversals such as 0° and 180°.
BPSK is basically a Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, for message being the
digital information.
bandwidth is 2fc, where fc represents carrier frequency.
 What is Quadrature Phase shift Keying (QPSK)?
The Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QPSK is a variation of BPSK, and it is also a Double Side Band Suppressed
Carrier DSBSC modulation scheme, which sends two bits of digital information at a time, called as bigits.
Instead of the conversion of digital bits into a series of digital stream, it converts them into bit pairs. This
decreases the data bit rate to half, which allows space for the other users.

 What is Amplitude shift Keying (ASK)?

It represents the digital data as variations in amplitudes in carrier wave. i.e '1' represented by transmitting a
fixed amplitude carrier wave for the bit duration with constant frequency.
 Why is ASK called as ON-OFF keying?
When input data is 1 then output is carrier, if input is 0 out put is zero. so its looks like a switch which will
switch on when input is 1 and off when input is zero

 Difference between ASK, PSK, FSK