HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 4: 01/30/2023

MT1B – DURAN, MA. ANDREA NICOLE B.

THE NERVOUS SYSTEMS TWO TYPES OF CELLS IN THE NERVOUS
NEURONS SYSTEM
The functional unit of the nervous tissue is the Neurons: for processing, transfer, and storage
neuron or nerve cell which are highly specialized of information
cells that exhibit irritability and conductivity. Neuroglia: for support, regulation and protection
BASIC NERVE CELL STRUCTURE of neurons
Most neurons consists of: TYPES OF NEURONS BASED ON
1. Cell body (perikaryon) MORPHOLOGY
2. Nerve cell processes Multipolar more than two processes arising from
 Dendrites: the receiving portion of the perikaryon
neuron Most neurons of the brain and spinal cord are of
 Axons: conducts impulses away from cell this type
body 1. Multipolar
2. Bipolar
3. Unipolar
4. Anaxonic

DENDRITES
Many elongated processes specialized to
 Receive stimuli from the environment
 Sensory epithelial cells or other neurons
Diameter tapers as they extend from
 The cell body and they branch profusely
 The finer branches bear small projections
called dendritic spines.

AXON
A single process specialized in generating and
conducting nerve impulses to other cells (nerve
cells, muscle cells, and gland cells)
1. BIPOLAR
 Possess an elongated cell body from each
end of which a process emerges
 Examples of this type are found in the retina
and the vestibular ganglion
2. UNIPOLAR
 Are those in which the cell body has a single
process that divides a short distance from
the cell body into two branches one,
proceeding to some peripheral structure and
the other entering the CNS
 Found in spinal ganglia and in most cranial
ganglia
3. ANAXONIC NEURONS
 With many dendrites but no true axon, thus
do not produce action potentials, instead
regulates electrical changes of adjacent
neurons
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 4: 01/30/2023
MT1B – DURAN, MA. ANDREA NICOLE B.
TYPE OF NEURON BASED ON SIZE Neurons can synapse with:
1. Golgi type I neurons 1. Neurons
 Have a long axon that may be 1m or
more in length
 Example: pyramidal cells and Purkinje
cells
2. Golgi type II neurons
 Have a short axon and short dendrites
 The short dendrites that arise from these
neurons give them a star-shaped 2. Muscle
appearance
TYPE OF NEURONS BASED ON FUNCTION
1. Motor Neurons (efferent): transmit impulses
from the brain and/or spinal cord to effector
organs
2. Sensory Neurons (afferent): receive input from
peripheral structures such as skin, muscles, 3. Glands
joints, sense organs and transmit it to the spinal
cord and/or brain
3. Interneurons (association): connect sensory to
motor neurons
NEUROGLIA (Glial Cells)
CNS Neuroglia
1. Astrocytes GRAY MATTER
2. Oligodendrocytes Gray matter is central nervous tissue that
3. Microglia contains nerve cells embedded in the neuroglia
4. Ependymal cells WHITE MATTER
PNS Neuroglia White matter is central nervous tissue that is
1. Schwann cells largely composed of nerve fibers embedded in
2. Satellite cells neuroglia; it has a white color due to the
presence of lipid material in the myelin sheath of
many of the nerve fibers.
These fibers are organized into fasciculi,
capsules, peduncles, and tracts.
BRAIN:

SPINAL CORD:

NUCLEUS/NUCLEI
SYNAPSE A nucleus is a circumscribed region of gray
Is the point of contact between a neuron and matter, often named from its location,
another cell and it is the site of transmission of a appearance or function
nerve impulses GANGLION/GANGLIA
Two types of synapse: A ganglion is a collection of neuronal cell bodies
 Electrical Synapse: involves a gap junctions in the peripheral nervous system
 Chemical Synapse: involves Example: the sensory ganglia of the dorsal
neurotransmitter spinal roots and some cranial nerves,
sympathetic, parasympathetic ganglia
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 4: 01/30/2023
MT1B – DURAN, MA. ANDREA NICOLE B.
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
MENINGES
Three layers:
1. Dura mater: outermost sheath, dense strong
fibrous membrane
2. Arachnoid mater: space contains CSP
3. Pia mater: innermost, thin delicate vascular
membrane
BRAIN
Forebrain
Cerebrum
Diencephalon (b/w brain)
Midbrain
FUNCTIONS OF CEREBRUM LOBES
Hindbrain
Frontal: contains the primary motor area the
Pons function of which is to carry out individual
Medulla oblongata movements of different parts the body; it is also
Cerebellum plays a role in a person’s feeling and in social
SPINAL CORD judgement
Cervical segments Parietal: contains areas for sensory reception &
Thoracic segments integration of sensory information
Lumbar segments Occipital: primary visual area
Sacral segments Temporal: primary auditory area
Coccygeal segments VENTRICULAR SYSTEM

SPINAL NERVES
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 4: 01/30/2023
MT1B – DURAN, MA. ANDREA NICOLE B.
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
A. Parasympathetic (craniosacral) division
1. Cranial Part: related to CN III, VII, IX, X
2. Sacral Part: related to sacral cord levels
and sacral spinal nerves 2, 3, 4
 Conserves and restores energy
 Cranial nerves III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4
 Small ganglia close to viscera, or ganglion
cells in plexuses
 Short nonmyelinated postganglionic axon
 Discrete action
CRANIAL NERVES  Acetylcholine at all endings
There are twelve (12) pairs of Cranial Nerves B. Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) division arises
(CN) that passes through the foramina of the from the spinal cord
skull 1. T1-L2 or 3
TYPES OF CRANIAL NERVES BASED ON  Prepares body for emergency
FUNCTION  T1 – L2 (3)
Purely Sensory  Paravertebral/prevertebral
 CN, I, II, VIII  Long, nonmyelinated postganglionic axon
Purely Motor  Widespread action
 CN III, IV, VI, XI, XII  Norepinephrine, acetylcholine
Both sensory & motor SYMPATHETIC ACTIVITIES
 CN V, VII, IX, X “E situations”
 Exercise
 Emergency
 Excitement
 Embarrassment
PARASYMPATHETIC ACTIVITIES
“Rest and digest”
Heart rate is slow
Blood pressure will not be high
Pupils are constricted
Bronchoconstriction
Increase peristaltic activity
 Digestion
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM  Defecation
A. Cranial Nerves and their Ganglia  Diuresis
Some Effects of the Autonomic Nervous System
12 pairs that exit the skull through the
Organ Sympathetic Parasympathetic
foramina
Heart Increase heart Decrease heart
B. Spinal Nerves and their Ganglia rate rate
31 pairs that exit the vertebra column Digestive Decrease Increase
through the intervertebral foramina peristalsis peristalsis
= 8 cervical Liver Increase the
= 12 thoracic release of Stores glucose
= 5 lumbar glucose
= 5 sacral Eyes Dilate pupils Constricts pupils
= 1 coccygeal Bladder Relaxes Contracts
SPINAL NERVES sphincter sphincter
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves which leave Skin Increases blood Decreases blood
flow flow
the spinal cord and pass through intervertebral
Adrenal Gland Causes the
foramina in the vertebral column. The spinal release of No effect
nerves are named according to the regions of the epinephrine
vertebral column with which they are associated.
 HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY WITH PATHOPHYSIOLOGY WEEK 4: 01/30/2023
MT1B – DURAN, MA. ANDREA NICOLE B.
ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CEREBROSPINAL FLUID PRODUCTION AND
The eccentric nervous system coordinates the FLOW
activities of the gut wall but the parasympathetic
and sympathetic system modulate these
activities.
The two important plexuses in this system are:
1. Meissner plexus
2. Auerbach plexus

HYDROCEPHALUS

CLINICAL CORRELATION

LUMBAR TAP/PUNCTURE
Specimen Tubes:
#1 Chemistry and Serology
#2 Microbiology
#3 Cell Count
#4 For additional Microbiology or serology
(optional)