11/1/2021

SPORT INJURIES
SITI AZILAH ATAN
LECTURE 4

SPORT INJURIES

•Sports injuries result from acute trauma or

repetitive stress associated with athletic
activities.
•Sports injuries can affect bones
or soft tissue such as ligaments,
muscles, and tendons.

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WHY DO INJURIES OCCUR?

• improper gear (shoes, clothing)
• insufficient warm-up and stretching
• Poor technique
• weakness in muscles, tendons, ligaments; and unsafe
exercising environments.

CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES ACCORDING TO

CAUSE
DIRECT INDIRECT
INJURIES INJURIES

• An injury that is likely to be a

• An injury that is likely to be a result of physical impact
result of contact with another
player, object or the ground
without contact
• EXTERNAL FORCE • INTERNAL FORCE
• being punched during a boxing • i.e hamstring pull
match.

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CLASSIFICATION OF INJURIES ACCORDING

TO TISSUE TYPE

SOFT TISSUE
HARD TISSUE
INJURIES
INJURIES

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

• Soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support, or surround other
structures and organs of the body.
• Soft tissue includes muscles, tendons, cartilage and ligaments
• TENDON: a flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen
tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.
• LIGAMENTS: Ligaments are tough bands of tissue that connect the
bones in your body.
• CARTILAGE: is a connective tissue found in many areas of the body
including: Joints between bones e.g. the elbows, knees and ankles.
• MUSCLE: a band or bundle of fibrous tissue in a human or animal
body that has the ability to contract, producing movement in or
maintaining the position of parts of the body.

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Cont …. SOFT TISSUE INJURIES

HARD TISSSUE (SKELETAL) INJURIES

• 206 bones –supporting framework for the body
• Divided into seven areas
• Injuries to skeletal bone example: fracture
• Occurs as a result of significant force
• Teeth

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CLASSIFICATION OF SPORT INJURY

1. Acute injuries 2. Overuse/Chronic Injuries

• Acute injuries are caused by a
sudden trauma, such as a fall,
twist, or blow to the body
(onset)
• Examples of an acute injury
include sprains, strains, and
contusions.
• Overuse injuries occur gradually
over time
• Too much, too often, too quickly
with too little rest
• Poor technique and structural
abnormalities can also contribute
to the development of
• EG: Tendinitis and bursitis are
common soft-tissue overuse
injuries.

Signs of an acute injury include:

• Sudden
• Severe pain
• Swelling
• Not being able to place weight on a leg, knee, ankle, or foot
• An arm, elbow, wrist, hand, or finger that is very tender
• Not being able to move a joint as normal
• Extreme leg or arm weakness
• A bone or joint that is visibly out of place.

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Signs of a overuse injury include:

• Pain when you play

• Pain when you exercise
• Swelling (sometimes unnoticeable)
• Impaired function of the part.
• Discomfort that gets worse during the activity
• Pain or discomfort all the time.

MECHANISM

ACUTE INJURY OVERUSE/CHRONIC INJURY

• Commonly occur in sports
featuring high speeds, high risk
of falling and team sport
(contact between players)
• Sports that require lengthy
training sessions
• Same movement is repeated
numerous time
• Example: weightlifting, javelin
throwing, long distance runner)

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INJURIES DESCRIPTION

LIGAMENT
• subject to both acute and overuse injuries
• overuse injuries are rare but may occur if a ligament is gradually
stretched due to repetitive microtrauma
• TWISTING OR LANDING TRAUMALY
• GRADE 1: MILD LIGAMENT TEAR
• GRADE 2: MODERATE (PARTIAL) DEGREE TEAR
• GRADE3 : COMPLETE TEAR, VISIBLE SWELLING

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TENDON
• subject to both acute and overuse injuries
• acute injuries occur commonly in “explosive “ sports
• overuse injuries such as tendinitis
• force is applied that exceeds the tendon’s tolerance
• GRADE 1: MILD TEAR
• GRADE 2: MODERATE (PARTIAL) DEGREE TEAR
• GRADE3 : COMPLETE TEAR, VISIBLE SWELLING

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CARTILAGE
• Reduces friction, thus facilitating bone movement
• subject to both acute and overuse injuries
• GRADE 0 – UNDAMAGED AND INTACT
• GRADE 1 – SOME BLISTERING AND SOFTENING
• GRADE 2 – MINOR DEFECT (LESS THAN 50% OF THE TOTAL
THICKNESS, MINOR TEARS OF THE SURFACE
• GRADE 3 – DEEPER DEFECT (MORE THAN 50%)
• GRADE 4 –LOST ALL OF ITS THICKNESS , LEAVING THE BONES OF THE
JOINT EXPOSED

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GRADE 0 GRADE 1 GRADE 2 GRADE 3 GRADE 4

STRUCTURE FUNCTION INJURIES INJURY CLASSIFICATION

MECHANISM OF INJURIES
• 40 – 45 % GENERATION STRAINS OR DISTENSIONS MUSCLE STRAINS
OF BODY OF FORCE – PULLED MUSCLE
MASS EXAMPLE DIRECT • GRADE 1: MILD
ISOMETRIC, MUSCLE TRAUMA TEAR
• MUSCLE STATIC HEMATOMAS
FIBER (CLOTTED BLOOD • GRADE 2:
WITHIN THE MODERATE
MUSCLES TISSUE) (PARTIAL)
DEGREE TEAR
CONTUSION
( BLOOD • GRADE3 :
CAPPILARIES COMPLETE
HAVE BEEN TEAR, VISIBLE
RUPTURED) SWELLING

MUCLE STIFFNESS
(DELAYED ONSET

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CONTUSION

R.I.C.E - used primarily to help reduced inflammation and the

associated swelling as welling as providing basic pain relief.
REST ELEVATION
• keep the ICE COMPRESSION • Preferably above
injured • reduces the swelling • helps to the heart
by limiting the • allows gravity to
area immobilize
amount of fluid able drain the excess
supported to perfuse into the and protect
fluid from around
and avoid soft tissue the joint. the injured tissue
using for surrounding the • help to back to the
48-72 injury. prevent central
hours. • numbs the affected excessive circulation,
area resulting in
swelling.
• reduce pain and decreased
muscle spasms swelling.

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STRUCTURE FUNCTION INJURIES INJURY CLASSIFICATION

MECHANISM OF INJURIES
BONES • PROTECTION • SUBJECT TO • TRAUMA DEPENDS ON THE
FOR BOTH ACUTE TYPE AND
UNDERLYING AND OVERUSE • DIRECT MAGNITUDE
ORGANS INJURIES (KICK TO THAT CAUSED THE
LEG) FRACTURE
• LEVER IN • FRACTURES
LOCOMOTOR • INDIRECT
SKELETON • DISLOCATIONS (TWISTING
OF THE
LOWER
LEG)
TRAUMA

TYPES OF FRACTURES

1. OPEN 2. CLOSED
FRACTURES FRACTURES
An open A closed fracture is
fracture is one when the bone
in which the breaks but there is
no puncture or
bone breaks open wound in
through the skin.
the skin.

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TYPES OF FRACTURES 4. DISPLACED

3.NONDISPLACED
FRACTURES FRACTURES

the bone snaps into

the bone cracks two or more parts
either part or all of and moves so that the
the way through, but two ends are not
does move and lined up straight.
maintains its proper
alignment.

CLASSIFICATION OF FRACTURES

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STRESS FRACTURE
• Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone.
• Stress fractures are caused by the repetitive application of
force, often by overuse — such as repeatedly jumping up
and down or running long distances.
• Stress fractures can also arise from normal use of a bone
that's been weakened by a condition such as osteoporosis
• Track and field athletes are particularly susceptible to stress
fractures

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FIRST AID FOR FRACTURE

• If it is an open fracture, cover the wound with a sterile dressing and
secure it with a bandage. Apply pressure around the wound to control
any bleeding.
• IMMOBILIZATION (SUPPORTING SPLINT)
• Once you’ve done this, call for medical help. While waiting for help to
arrive, don’t move them unless they’re in immediate danger.

REMEMBER !!!

• No Heat – heat will increase bleeding (increase blood flow by causing

blood vessels to dilate)
• No Alcohol – alcohol increases bleeding and swelling (increase
bleeding and may delay healing)
• No Running – running or exercise increases blood flow, delaying
healing.
• No Massage – massage increases swelling and bleeding, also delaying
healing.

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Prevention of sports injuries

• Warm up thoroughly by gently going through the motions of your sport
and performing slow, sustained stretches.
• Wear appropriate footwear.
• Tape or strap vulnerable joints, if necessary.
• Use the appropriate safety equipment, such as mouth guards, helmets and
pads.
• Drink plenty of fluids before, during and after the game.
• Allow adequate recovery time between sessions.
• Use good form and technique.
• Cool down after sport with gentle, sustained stretches.

THANK YOU

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