ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYUNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

INTERNSHIP REPORT

Communication Engineering Stream

Internship Hosting Company: AMN

Name ID. No

1. Banchiamlak Zigale ETS0188/10

2. Daniel G/Silasse ETS0346/10
3. Kirubeal Abebe ETS0697/10
4. Kumashi Samuel ETS0715/10
5. Yemiserach Nigatu ETS1249/10
Academic supervisor: Mr. Girma.D

Company supervisor: Mulugeta Sisay

February 2022
 Declaration
We are students of electrical and computer engineering, communication stream at Addis Ababa
Science and Technology University who has completed our internship training at Addis Media
Network for the past four months. We declare that this document is original work. All the
information is collected from the place that we have worked in. We announce and certify that our
work is made to be original according to the internship report writing guideline given by the
university industry linkage office of the institute.

Name of students Date Signature

Banchiamlak Zigale -----/-----/---- ------------

Daniel G/Silasse -----/-----/---- ------------

Kirubel Abebe -----/-----/---- ------------

Kumashi Samuel -----/-----/---- ------------

Yemiserach Nigatu -----/-----/---- ------------

We declared that this final internship report and project is done by the above candidate and it has
been submitted with our approval.

Academic Supervisor

Mr Girma D

Signature: -_____________

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
Acknowledgement

At the very beginning we would like to express our sincere gratitude to

to the Almighty God for
giving us the strength to perform our responsibilities as an intern and complete the report within
the stipulated time.

At the outset,
utset, we would like to express our gratitude to Mr. Behaylu Asemer head of engineering
department in AMN who gave me the chance to get in to their organization and to grasp much
more practical knowledge corresponding to our department. We would also like to expand our
thanks to Mr. Mulugeta Sissay for his kind supervision throughout the time and all workers in
AMN who helped us directly and indirectly in our practical training and preparing this report.

Last but not by any means least, we would like to give deepest gratitude to our Academic
Supervisor Mr. Girma Dereje; for his tireless guidance and support throughout
throughout the preparation of
this report and project.

Special thank to MR. Yonas Haregot for his unconditional support throughout the project.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
Table Contents
Declaration ................................................................
................................................................................................
....................................... i

Acknowledgement ..........................................................................................................................
................................ .......................... ii

List of figures .............................................................................................................................

................................ ............................. vi
List of tables .............................................................................................................................
................................ ............................. viii
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms .............................................................................................
............................. ix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................

................................ .......................................... xii

CHAPTER ONE .............................................................................................................................

................................ ............................. 1

BACKGROUND OF ADDIS MEDIA NETWORK ................................................................

...................................... 1

Introduction ................................................................
................................................................................................
..................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Company............................................................................................

Company ............................ 1
1.2 Vision,
on, Mission, Objectives, Goal and Values of the Company ................................
...................................... 2
1.2.1 Vision ................................................................................................
................................ ........................................................ 2
1.2.2 Mission................................................................................................
................................ ...................................................... 2
1.2.3 Objective ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................... 3
1.2.4 Institutional Goals ................................................................................................
................................ ..................................... 3
1.2.5 Institutional Values ................................................................................................
................................... 3
1.3 The Main Products and Services ................................................................
...................................................... 4
1.4 The end user of AMN product or service ................................................................
......................................... 4
1.5 Major product of AMN ................................................................................................
.................................... 4
1.6 Stake Holders of the Company.........................................................................................
Company ......................... 5
CHAPTER TWO ............................................................................................................................
................................ ............................ 7

OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXEPERIENCE ................................................................

.................................................. 7

2.1 Objective of the internship ................................................................................................

.................................... 7
2.1.1General Objective ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................ 7
2.1.2 Specific Objective................................................................................................
................................ ........................................... 7
2.2 Major tasks we performed ................................................................................................
................................ ..................................... 7
2.3 Working station of AMN ................................................................................................
................................ ...................................... 8
2.3.1 Television Broadcasting Section ................................................................
.................................................... 9

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
2.3.1.1 Studio ................................................................................................
................................ ....................................................... 9
2.3.1.2 Production Control Room (PCR) ................................................................
........................................... 23
2.3.1.3 Ingest Room (IR) ................................................................................................
................................ ................................... 26
2.3.1.4Central Apparatus Room.........................................................................................
Room ......................... 27
2.3.2 Outside Broadcasting (OB) Van ................................................................
................................................... 42
2.3.2.1Inside the OB Van ................................................................................................
................................ ................................... 42
2.3.2.2 Live TV Broadcast System ................................................................
.................................................. 44
2.3.2.3 The Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG) ................................
................................................... 44
2.3.2.4 The Digital mobile news gathering (DMNG) ................................
..................................................... 49
2.3.3 Work
rk Station in Radio broadcasting section ................................................................
................................ 50
2.3.3.1 Radio Broadcasting System ................................................................
................................................. 50
2.3.3.2 Types of Radio broadcasting ................................................................
............................................... 52
2.3.3.3 Radio Studio................................
................................................................................................
........................................... 53
2.3.3.4 Production Control Room (PCR) ................................................................
........................................ 57
2.3.4 Cables ........................................................................................................................
................................ ........................ 60
2.3.5 Maintenance of Studio materials ................................................................
............................................... 61
2.3.6 Transmission station ................................................................................................
................................ ................................... 62
2.3.6.1 Earth Station for TV transmission ................................................................
...................................... 63
2.3.6.2 Satellite dish ................................................................................................
................................ ......................................... 64
2.3.7 Overall radio and TV transmission................................................................
............................................ 65
CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................
................................ ...................................................... 66

CHALLENGE AND BENFITS OF INTERNSHIP ................................................................

..................................... 66

3.1 Benefits gained from internship ........................................................................................

........................ 66
3.2 Challenges we have been facing while performing our tasks ................................
........................................... 69
3.2.1 Counter Measures for the challenges................................................................
.......................................... 70
CHAPTER FOUR.........................................................................................................................
................................ ......................... 71

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION

RECOMMEN ................................................................
......................................... 71

4.1 Conclusion...........................................................................................................................
................................ ........................... 71
4.2 Limitation ............................................................................................................................
................................ ............................ 71
4.3Recommendation................................................................................................
................................ .................................................. 72

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4.3.1 Recommendation for the University................................................................
University ............................................. 72
4.3.2 Recommendation to the company ................................................................
................................................ 72
Reference ................................................................
................................................................................................
................................... 73

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
List of figures
Figure 1. 1Organization structure of Addis Media Network (AMN) ................................ ............................................. 6
Figure 2. 1 Studio Cameraand Field camera of AMN ................................................................
.................................. 10
Figure 2. 2Interlaced Scanning ................................................................................................
................................ ..................................... 12
Figure 2. 3 Progressive Scanning................................................................................................
Scanning .................................. 13
Figure 2. 4 General diagram of microphone ................................................................
................................................. 14
Figure 2. 5Hand Held microphone................................................................................................
microphone ................................ 15
Figure 2. 6 Lavaliere Microphone, Rx and Tx antenna of lavaliere microphone ......................... 16
Figure 2. 7 General (fill) lighting................................................................................................
.................................. 18
Figure 2. 8Key lighting ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 19
Figure 2. 9 Back lighting ................................................................................................
................................ .............................................. 19
Figure 2. 10I/O
I/O box in the studio room.........................................................................................
room ......................... 19
Figure 2. 11 signal flow before transmission ................................................................
................................................ 20
Figure 2. 12 Studio A (Chroma Keying) ................................................................
...................................................... 21
Figure 2.12.1 virtual studio monitor .............................................................................................
............................. 21
Figure 2. 13 Studio B ................................................................................................
................................ .................................................... 22
Figure 2. 14Production control room ............................................................................................
............................ 24
Figure 2. 15 camera control unit ................................................................................................
................................ ................................... 24
Figure 2. 16Vision mixer in PCR ................................................................................................
................................. 25
Figure 2. 17Audio mixer in PCR ................................................................................................
.................................. 25
Figure 2. 18 multi-viewer ................................................................................................
................................ ............................................. 26
Figure 2. 19 CG monitor and fill and key technique of CG .................................................................................. 26
Figure 2. 20Ingest room (IR) ................................................................................................
................................ ........................................ 27
Figure 2.. 21Central apparatus room in AMN ................................................................
............................................... 28
Figure 2. 22 Routers (Matrix) and its controller ................................................................
........................................... 29
Figure 2.22.1 Junction field ................................................................................................
................................ .......................................... 29
Figure 2. 23Video tape recorders (VTR) ................................................................
...................................................... 31
Figure 2. 24Frame Synchronizer................................
................................................................................................
................................... 32
Figure 2. 25Synchronous pulse generators (SPG) ................................................................
........................................ 32
Figure 2. 26Servers with controlling monitor in CAR ................................................................
................................. 33
Figure 2. 27 Near line archive................................
................................................................................................
....................................... 33
Figure 2. 28Deep archive (tape library) ........................................................................................
........................ 34
Figure 2. 29A/D converters................................
................................................................................................
........................................... 34
Figure 2. 30 Embedder and Disembedder................................................................
..................................................... 35
Figure 2.31 Distribution amplifier ................................................................................................
................................ 35
Figure 2.32 Fly away dishes (satellite antenna) ................................................................
............................................ 37
Figure 2.33 Microwave Tx and Rx ...............................................................................................
............................... 38
Figure 2.34 Dipole antenna ................................................................................................
................................ ........................................... 39
Figure 2.344 Giga wave Tx and Rx ................................................................................................
................................ 39
Figure 2. 35Work flow of AMN TV broadcasting ................................................................
....................................... 41

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Figure 2. 36 OB van in AMN ................................................................................................
................................ ....................................... 42
Figure 2.37
7 Mixer room, Video Mixer room and rack box or panel of OB van........................... van........................... 43
Figure 2.38 OB controlling devices ..............................................................................................
.............................. 44
Figure 2.39 OB HPA and power generator ................................................................
................................................... 44
Figure 2.40 Signal flow of inside DSNG ................................................................
...................................................... 45
Figure 2.41 DSNG system at Janmeda .........................................................................................
......................... 45
Figure 2.42 Low noise block (LNB) and satellite dish ................................................................
................................. 47
Figure 2.43 Waveguide cable ................................................................................................
................................ ....................................... 48
Figure2.44 Uplink and Downlink process of Satellite dish ..........................................................
.......................... 49
Figure 2.45 Model of radio broadcasting system................................................................
system .......................................... 50
Figure 2.46 AM transmitter block diagram ................................................................
.................................................. 52
Figure 2.47 FM transmitter block diagram ................................................................
................................................... 53
Figure2.48 Studio A ................................................................................................
................................ ...................................................... 54
Figure 2.49 Studio B ................................................................................................
................................ ..................................................... 54
Figure2.50 Mixing console and Audio mixer ................................................................
............................................... 56
Figure2.51 I/O box in the Radio Studio ........................................................................................
........................ 57
Figure 2.52 Production Control Room of radio broadcasting.......................................................
broadcasting ....................... 57
Figure 2.53 Telos for telecommunication in Radio PCR..............................................................
.............................. 58
Figure 2.54 Audio Monitor and Speaker in PCR................................................................
.......................................... 59
Figure 2.55 Headphone ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 59
Figure 2.56 On air (Tally) light................................
................................................................................................
..................................... 59
Figure 2.57 Triax cable ................................................................................................
................................ ................................................. 60
Figure 2.58 equipment of Preventive maintenance................................................................
maintenance ....................................... 61
Figure 2.59 Small workshop of AMN ..........................................................................................
.......................... 62
Figure 2.60 Corrective maintenance of Audio mixer ................................................................
................................... 62
Figure 2.61 Earth station antenna ................................................................................................
................................. 63
Figure2.62 Power supply room ................................................................................................
................................ ..................................... 64
Figure 2.63 Microwave link satellite ............................................................................................
............................ 64
Figure 2.64 Giga wave Satellite Link or fly away ................................................................
........................................ 65
Figure 2.65 General flow of TV and Radio Broadcasting of AMN ................................ ............................................. 65

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
List of tables
Table 2. 1Comparison
Comparison between resolution standard................................................................
...................................... 11
Table 2. 2 Comparison between progressive and interlaced scanning ................................
......................................... 13
Table 2. 3Comparison
Comparison between C and Ku band of LNB ..............................................................
.............................. 46
Table 2. 4Comparison
Comparison between digital and analog audio..............................................................
.............................. 52

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
AASTU -------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- Addis Ababa Science and Technology

AMN ----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ Addis Media Network

FM------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------- Frequency Modulation

AAMMA -------------------------------
------------------------- Addis Ababa Mass Media Agency

TV -------------------------------------------------------
----------------------- Television

OB------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- Outside Broadcasting

VHS------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------- Video Home System

VTR -----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------- Video Tape Recorder

PCR------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ Production Control Room

MCR ----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ Master Control Room

CAR -----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------- Central Apparatus Room

ENG -----------------------------------------------------
----------------------- Electronic News Gathering

EFP------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------- Electronic Field Production

CCU------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------- Camera Control Unit

RCU ----------------------------------------------------- Remote Control Units

RCP------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Remote Control Panels

VCR------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------- Video Cassette Recorders

BNC------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Bayonet Neil Councilman

SD -------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Standard Definition

HD ------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- High Definition

RF------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- Radio Frequency

XLR -----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------- External Line Return

Rx------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- Receiver

Tx------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- Transmitter

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
I/O -------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Input/ Output

LCD------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Liquid Crystal Display

LED------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------- Light Emit Diode

SCR-----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Studio Control Room

PFL------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------- Pre-Fade Listen

CD -------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------- Compact Disk

CG------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- Character Generator

RCP------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Remote Control Panel

CER ----------------------------------------------------- Central Control Room

CTA ----------------------------------------------------- Central Technical Area

DVD-----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------- Digital Video Disk

QPSK----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

SPG -----------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------- Synchronous Pulse Generator

DBMS --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- Data Base Management System

IP -------------------------------------------------------- Internet Protocol

ADC-----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------- Analog to Digital Converter

DA------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------- Distribution Amplifier

LNB-----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------- Low noise block down converter

GHZ ---------------------------------------------------- Giga Hertz

LOS ----------------------------------------------------- Line of Sight

PVW ---------------------------------------------------- Preview

PGM ----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------- Program

MV------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------- Multi-view

DMNG --------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- Digital Mobile News Gathering

DSNG----------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------------- Digital Satellite News Gathering

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
BUC------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Block up Converter

HPA ----------------------------------------------------- High Power Amplifier

VLC ----------------------------------------------------- Visible Light Communications

RJ 45 ----------------------------------------------------
---------------------------------------------- Registered Jack 45

DVB-S---------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------- Direct Video Broadcast Satellite

DVB-S2--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------- Digital Video Broadcasting’s 2nd generation

DVB-S2X------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------ Digital Video Broadcasting 2nd generation
X
A/D -------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Analog to Digital

LDPC-----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------- Low Density Parity Check

ACM------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Adaptive Coding Modulation

APSK-----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------- Amplitude and phase shift keying

FEC ------------------------------------------------------ Forward Error Correction

VCM ----------------------------------------------------- Variable Code Modulation

AC-2------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Alternating Current -2

MPEG-2--------------------------------------------------
---------------------------- Moving Picture Experts Group -2

MPEG-4--------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- Moving Picture Experts Group –4

AM -------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Amplitude Modulation

QPSK-----------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------- Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

dB-----------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------- Decibels

SDI------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- Serial Digital Interface

HDMI ----------------------------------------------------
------------------------------ High-Definition
Definition Multimedia Inte
Interface

AV------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------- Audio Visual

ATS------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------- Automatic Transfer Switch

DC --------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------ Digital Current

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
SUMMAR
Internship is important for students to upgrade the theoretical knowledge they gained in
university,, enable them to practice real world work And Increase confidentiality and
powerfulness. It also allows interns to develop core competencies needed to succeed in a
business environment. During our stay in Addis Media Network, wee have got so much
knowledge and done some tasks with the workers and also, we tried to find some problem and do
projects to solve that.

This report expresses about the internship experiences that have been under taken. In this report
we have tried to list the overall aspects of the internship experience. The first chapter of the
report mainly focuses on the background
backg of the hosting company AMN,, which includes its brief
history, main products or services, main customers or the end users of its products and lastly the
overall organization
ation and work flow of the company. The second chapter of the report mainly
describes our overall internship experience. It includes, in which section of the company that we
have been working in, how the work flow in the section looks like, the task that w
we have been
executing, procedures that we have been following while performing our work tasks.

In the third chapter, we have tried to explain the overall benefits that we have gained during the
period of the internship program by different point of view like
like in terms of improving our
practical skill, upgrading our theoretical knowledge, improving interpersonal communication
skills, team playing skills, improving our leadership skills, and understanding about work ethics,
entrepreneurship skills. In fourth chapter,
c we have tried to explain our project that is on
automatic emergency changeover.
changeover. The last chapter contains conclusion and recommendation that
we wrote to the company and University also it includes reference.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
CHAPTER ONE
BACKGROUND OF ADDIS MEDIA NETWORK
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Company
ompany
Ethiopia is a long-term
term owner of history, starting from the 16th century studies showed that there
are printed books written by vellum and hands but not distributed to large population. After
arriving of printing machines in 1893, many books, magazines reach in hands of people. When
we remember printing media the first thing come to our mind is “mind news paper”. It was
published
hed in Addis Ababa, the capital city.

In 1933 FMs are made by the American

Ame EAD Arms Strong / FM / Radio has become the most
important and preferred in a few years in. The Ethiopian Radio began in 1934, and after 1948,
radio studios were expanded and in 1953, in various languages, North Africa in various
languages, The Middle Empire was able to supply his service to the middle.

The first television broadcast started largely in Germany in 1929. In 1936 (1928 E.C) there was
Olympic champion in Germany that was broadcasted live program to the people. In 1928 E.C
and in 1933 there was the
he first black and white primer
pr league in United Kingdom and USA
respectively. In Africa the first television and radio stations started
started in 1952 in Nigeria and
Zimbabwe.. In Addition to this in 1956 Ethiopian Broadcast Corporation started the broadcast
service
vice in Ethiopia. Japan, American and European countries in 1952, 1955, and 1958 started
color broadcasting respectively. From the last two countries that started broadcasting Ethiopia is
one of them that change black and white to Color broadcasting programs.
progr

The company was known by the name Addis Ababa Mass Media Agency (AAMMA) before it
was changed to its current name Addis Media Network (AMN) and it is founded in 1985 by the
President of the Ethiopian Press Public Relations Agency. The company has cr
created various
events and opportunities in Addis Ababa. One of these manifestations is the Addis Ababa City
Government Media Agency, which was established in Proclamation No. 20/2002, and is a board
of directors of the Addis Ababa City Administration.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
As a result, the Company has been using the print and electronic media to monitor the political,
social, economic changes and developments of the city. The company begins with a view to
collect, consolidate and disseminate data from the city administration and provide it for
Ethiopians and the international community on urban, national and international level.

AMN is played a significant role trough out human history satisfying both functional and
developing of society needs, and it continuous to satisfying society
society interest by being a means of
self-expression, by having social, cultural significant and by performing specific functions in
commercial, Industrial and personal settings. The organization has different mediums for its wide
outreach. These are Addis TV
V (Addis Media Network), FM 96.3 radios, Addis Lissan magazine,
Metropolitan journal Addis Media Network/Face
Network book .com, and the website. [1]

1.2 Vision, Mission, Objectives,

Objectives, Goal and Values of the Company
Addis Media Network (AMN) as a government organization it has its own vision and mission.

1.2.1 Vision
To be a vibrant, competitive and reliable medium of information in Africa by keeping
competency, professionalism, balance, being creative, being unique and interesting in
content and presentation, access to content and space, taking advantage of time
time-
consuming technologies and keeping up with times.
times
To become Metropolitan Media and to improve the quality of news and programs to
reaching 100% coverage across the Country and play positive impact on politics,
economic and social activities of the people.

1.2.2 Mission

Increase competitiveness by making Metropolitan style media products accessible and

efficient
Provide information in a reliable, high-quality way and providing participatory, timely
and balanced information based on constitutional and democratic principles in the
working and nationalities languages
languag
Provide information
nformation for all over the country through all media products effectively

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
1.2.3 Objective

Help to share indigenous knowledge and the culture embedded among the nation.
Helps to preserve all languages hence less endangerment.
Interact freely with exact information
inform for discussion.

1.2.4 Institutional Goals

Working for informed Society that can play an important role in development, democracy
and good governance.
Providing information based on government policies and strategies.
Working for the realization of the society’s
society’s constitutional rights like freedom of
expression in free and democratic manner.
Disseminating the regional nations, nationalities and people’s history, language and
cultural values and natural and manmade heritages.
Providing free, balanced and fair news and information.

1.2.5 Institutional Values

High Quality and Creativity

Team spirit
Pluralism
Participatory
Honesty
Balanced variability
Professional ethics
Providing corruption free services

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
1.3 The Main Products and Services

Transmitting information through television service such as news, advertisement,

entertainment, providing free discussion opportunity for people about their social and
personal life, these enables people to exchange their idea, job experience etc.
Prepares and distributes news items, programs, descriptions and analyzes that are relevant
to the city's inhabitants.
Establish and organize electronic format broadcasting media and develop a strategy for
the intensification of efficient use of modern technology by qualified technicians and
technicians;
Promote general government policies, strategies and laws. The city will facilitate and
comment on these topics and comments,
Shall actively co-operate
operate with the pertinent bodies of the inhabitants of the city regarding
the constitution of the city, the charter of the city, other laws, and especially human and
democratic rights,
Provide funeral arrangements that will enrich the general public's awareness.
Promote the cultural, historical and natural resources
resources of Addis Ababa City with the
pertinent bodies,
Carry out and present the City's developmental, democratic and good governance issues,
events and agendas;
Provide photographic, advertising, documentation and other Services at a reasonable rate
to the client.

1.4 The end user of AMN product or service

The main customers of AMN are the Ethiopian people and the rest of the world under the network of
the company. The service is provided for all the people without any payment.

1.5 Major product of AMN

AMN is a broadcasting
sting company which broadcasts television and radio in the country. There are
mainly three television and radio channels under AMN which provides various contents for their
audience.

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
These TV and Radio channels are:

Addis TV: is the main news channel with 24 hours’ coverage, with content on culture, politics,
documentaries, health and economy. Additionally, it consists entertainment and sport programs.
Broadcast mostly in three language these are in Amharic, in Afan-Oromo
Afan Oromo and in English.

FM 96.3 radio station broadcasts News, Talk Sports, New Sports, Music Choice,
FM 96.3:FM
Kineadis, Arts and Crafts, programs to the audience for 24 hours. The radio radius covers an area
of 30 km and can be heard throughout Addis Ababa and surrounding areas such as Dukem,
Debre Zeit, Mojo, Adama, Assela, Alemgena and Sebeta.

Addis lisan magazine has been in print for some time, and since 1988 it
Addis Lissan Magazine:Addis
has been publishing 12 to 16 pages a week. However, due to limited resources, it was
discontinued forr two years and was republished from 1987 to 1990.currently publishing 2,500
copies three days a week and is currently being distributed by agent distributors in Addis Ababa
and 13 cities in four regions. This magazine still in work and provide information in a paper
format.

1.6 Stake Holders of the Company

The key stake holders of the company are stated as follows,

Journalists
Camera men
Government
Community
Engineers

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
1.7 Organization Structure

Addis Ababa City Council

Board of Directors

General Manager

Deputy Deputy Deputy Deputy Chief Head of Chief Marketing News Audit
Chief Chief Chief Executive Administr Executive and Media Directo
Televisio Radio Executive Office and
Officer ation Officer Promotion Direct rate
n Officer Officer Officer Head of Sector Directorate orate
Engineering
and
News and Information
Current Technology
Division
Planning,
Media Equipment
News Evaluation
Maintenance and
Directorate News General Budget Team
Technology
Directorate Procurement
Development Research and
Directorate Service
Programs Directorate Training Team
of Directorate
Documentary Directorate
ICT Technology
Programs Human Resource Lawyers/ Legal
Sport and Directorate
Management Adviser
Directorate Entertainm
Production and Directorate
of ent
Operation Digital Library
Investigation Directorate
Division Finance Team
Directorate
Publishing
Directorate

Studio Broadcast Production

Operations Directorate
Directorate

Figure 1. 1Organization
Organization structure of Addis Media Network (AMN)

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 INTERNSHIP REPORT
CHAPTER TWO

OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXEPERIENCE

2.1 Objective of the internship

2.1.1General Objective
The internship course’s major aim is to expose students to real-world
real world job experience and to help
them build skills and strategies that will help them advance in their careers.

2.1.2 Specific Objective

According to the general objective of internship program the specific objective of the program
involves:
The application of learned skills in an industry related
related to the students major.
Learning about career like work ethics and moral values such as responsibility,
commitment and trust worthy during training
Prepare students for future work
Understanding workplace expectations and to improve interpersonal co
communications
skill, team play,, entrepreneurship and leader ship skills.
skills
To
o enable students to know employers and make a solid professional network.

2.2 Major tasks we performed

In general, AMN has three major divisions that are responsible for program production studio
studio,
outside broadcasting (OB),
OB), and transmission but sometime this division will be four by adding
maintenance of studio material that are used in these three divisions. Our first task as depicted by
the company supervisor was to work at production
production site. In this station we have learnt and
introduced with studio equipment and their functions. While working in production station, we
went to see the studio where television and radio programs are produced and also, we were able
to see the server room or master control room, able to learn the detail materials that are used in
studio and control equipment.

After working 3 weeks in this station, we have understood properly their work flow and have
done workflow diagram. Then after this piece of work the company supervisor let us to build

AASTU 7
 INTERNSHIP REPORT
temporary studio that is used for production purpose.
purpose In this chore we were able to produce
television and radio program so it help us to clearly understand how the programs are produced
rather than inspecting how it is done. In relation with task the company supervisor organized
small workshop and showed and let us how to maintain or maintenance of studio material like
audio mixer, VHS and VTR. After this all works we became more familiar with different device
in this station.

Following this we passed to transmitter site. In this site we have learnt about different
communication systems that are used for satellite and terrestrial transmission. In addition to this
we were able to participate in the building of OB installation
installation for live transmission in Janmeda for
the celebration of Epiphany. These help us to generalize the whole process of communication
from source, transmission mechanism up-to
up to destination. Likely most of the time in the company,
we were supposed to observe
erve and become familiar with different sections of the devices
devices, the
devices that were used for different purposes.

This internship report contains our activities that have contributed to achieve a number of stated
goals. From this internship we got valuable information in making decisions about the direction
of future studies or employment. It has broadened our expectation and understanding about our
academic field and carrier life.

This chapter discusses about the function of the four sections we have
ave been working on. It
introduces about devices and systems that are used on studio, OB,
OB transmission site and
maintenance of studio material.. The general process of TV and radio broadcasting system is also
discussed.

2.3 Working station of AMN

AMN has main
in branch located in Addis Ababa where we have been working our internship. This
branch has the media department that consists of Television (TV) and Radio broadc
broadcasting site
and the transmission site is where found in Addis Ababa Municipality.

The Television broadcasting generally contains four main rooms:-

rooms

Studio
Production control room (PCR)

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Ingest room (IR)
Central Apparatus Room (CAR)

The Radio broadcasting

ing site generally contains three main rooms:-

Radio studio
Production control room
Central Apparatus Room (CAR)

2.3.1 Television Broadcasting Section

2.3.1.1 Studio
A studio is the heart of a TV station. It can produce audio & video signal by microphone &
Camera. The studio can be both indoor & outdoor and both the studio consists
consists of camera,
microphone &lighting.
lighting. The indoor studio
stud must have a lighting system.

The studio needs to have enough space-horizontally

space for access and camera
amera shots, and vertically
to have the lighting in a suitable place. Technically it should have wall boxes where equipme
equipment
can be plugged in and connection for other services, such as mains power and computer
networks.

A professional television studio generally has several rooms, which are

are kept separate for noise
and practical reasons. These rooms are connected via intercom,
intercom and personnel
el will be divided
among these workplaces. From these room studio floors is the major one.
 Studio Floor

The studio floor consists of different equipment’s which are necessary to produce a program,
either for the recording of live television to video tape, or for the acquisition of raw footage for
post-production. Studio floor have many characteristics and installations that is decoration and/or
sets, professional video cameras, microphones most of time wireless, stage lighting rigs/ studio
light and the associated controlling equipment, video monitors for visual feedback from the
production control room (PCR), a small public-address
public address system or intercom for communication.

Camera
Camera is an electronic device that convert light signal to electric signal. Cameras may work
with the light of the visible spectrum or with other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A
camera generally consists of an enclosed hollow with an opening (aperture)
(aperture) at one end for light

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to enter, and a recording or viewing surface for capturing the light at the other end. A majority of
cameras have a lens positioned in front of the camera's opening to gather the incoming light and
focus all or part of the image
age on the recording surface.

Cameras are the main components of a television system they represent what’s taking place in
the studio as a separate audio and motion picture signals using some additional wired or wireless
microphones. The signals are then sent
sent to the wall boxes located at either side of the studio
through a fiber optic cable which also carries control signal from the production director in the
control room to the camera man. In general, there is two types of professional camera.

1. Wired camera:: uses BNC cable to transmit video. Most studio camera are wired camera and
don’t have video tape recorder (VTR). Television
elevision studio cameras stand on the floor, usually
with pneumatics or hydraulic mechanisms called pedestals to adjust the height, and are
usually on wheels.

2. Wireless camera:: the term wireless refers to how a camera communicates, not how a camera
is powered. Wireless cameras communicate over Wi-Fi.
Wi Field cameras are included in this
camera type (classification). These field cameras are mostly used in outside broadcasting site
which worked with an antenna. Field cameras have video tape recorder (VTR) due to that
when some video is needed that is captured by this camera is found easily. The studio camera
and field camera with its Tx antenna
anten that is used in AMN
MN studio is shown in the below
diagram.

Figure 2. 1 Studio Cameraand Field camera of AMN

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In general, cameras have many ports that are used as input and output purpose. Input ports are
like data input port, genlock port and power source port. The data input port-
port is a port which data
enters to the camera, the power source port is a port that gives power to
to be ON state and to start
its functionality and the genlock system is camera has genlock system.. Genlock (Gener
(Generator lock)
synchronizes the cameras.

The main function of any type of camera is recording videos and collecting meaning full images.
Image is a visual representation of something. Image can be analog and digital image. Analog
image is combination of continuous variation of tones such us a photograph.
pho Digital Image can
be created by the combination of thousands or millions of pixel. Pixel is the smallest individual
part of digital image. The value that determines how many pixels are displayed per inch in a given
picture is called Resolution.

 Image resolution- is the total amount of pixels shown by a digital image expressed as width
and height proportions. This can be described as horizontal lines and vertical lines. As video
consist of many rapidly displayed digital images, video resolution follows
follows the same format.
For example, an image with a resolution of 1920 x 1080 has the total of 2,073,600 pixels.

 Aspect ratio of digital image represents the proportional relationship between widths x height
size, described as a ratio. For example, an aspect ratio of 1:1 will assume the width and height
of an image are the same.

Table 2. 1Comparison between

tween resolution standard

Resolution Description Aspect Width (in pixels) Height ((in pixels)

Ratio
576i SD 4:3 640 576
720p Half-HD 16:9 1280 720
1080p or 1080i FHD 16:9 1920 1080

2160p UHD 16:9 3840 2160

The aspect ratio for a 1920 x 1080 video resolution is 16:9, which is considered to be
‘widescreen’. The 16:9 aspect ratios are the current standard for HD television broadcasting.
Before 16:9 and HD video resolutions, the common aspect ratio for video was 4:3, using video

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resolutions such as 720 x576. The widescreen 16:9 aspect ratio offers a better precipitation of
human vision, compared to the squarer 4:3 aspect ratio.

 Scanning

Scanning Video is the procedure of electronically painting pixels onto a vid

video display. The
scanning rate is the repetition of how many times horizontal lines (fields) are written to the screen
to display the video. It uses the same frequency as that of the power at 50 or 60 fields per second
or Hz. between 25 to 30 frames per second (fps) is sent.

There are generally two types of scanning methods used in television broadcasting: Interlaced
Scanning and Progressive Scanning.
Scanning

 Interlaced Scanning (i): -transmits

transmits the frame as odd and even numbered lines for 1/60 of a
second (in reference to 60 Hz). The process is repeated over and over and each series of lines
displayed is what is called the field. Each field makes up half of one frame, assembled of
alternate lines. The first field contains all 0of the odd-numbered
odd numbered horizontal lin
lines of pixels. The
second field contains all of the even-numbered
even numbered horizontal lines of pixels. The total amount of
horizontal lines is determined by the video resolution.

Interlaced Scanning takes place over dividing one frame. In this Scanning method, the
displaying video speed is lesser than progressive scanning and the video quality is vulgarized
and there is present the combing effect in interlaced scan.

Figure 2. 2Interlaced Scanning

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 Progressive Scanning: -In
In a progressive scan, the entire frame is transmitted at once. The
frame is sequentially numbered lines for 1/50 of a second (in reference to 50 Hz) All the lines
in frame are drawn at once to fill the screen. Progressive scans are more ideal for digital
transmission compared to older interlaced scanning techniques. This is good for viewers since
less flickering means less eye strain. Viewers can watch for much longer hours without
catching eye fatigue. In this Scanning method, the displaying video speed iis quicker than
interlaced scanning, the quality is superior to interlaced scan and there is not present combing
effect in progressive scan.

Figure 2. 3 Progressive Scanning

Table 2. 2 Comparison between progressive and interlaced scanning

Progressive Interlaced
Have larger band width Have less bandwidth
Have higher quality Have less quality
It is expensive It is less expensive
Have large number of pixels Have less number of pixels

There are two systems in analog color television: NTSC and PAL system. These two system
systems
differ based on number of total line, number of frames per second and frequency. NTSC system
has 525 total lines with 30 frames per second and a frequency of 60Hz. But, PAL system has 625
total lines with 25 frames per second and frequency of 50Hz. [2]

From thesee scanning methods AMN uses interlacing scanning with a resolution of 1920 x 1080i
and NTSC system.

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Microphones
Microphone is an electronic device that convert sound wave to electrical wave or radio frequency
(RF) energy. It uses a phantom power of 48v to operate its function. Diaphragm is a thin piece of
material (such as paper, plastic or aluminum) which vibrates when it is struck by sound waves.

Figure 2. 4 General diagram of microphone

There are different classifications of microphone. The first classification is wired and wireless
microphone.. This classification is the basic classification for the other.

 Wired Microphones

Wired microphones use audio cable for transmission of audio signal to audio mixer. It is much
easier to set up when compared to using a wireless system.

Advantage of wired microphones

 Better sound quality

 Easy operation
 Reliability
 Cost less

Disadvantage of wired microphone

 Smaller freedom of movement for the artist or speaker.

 Increase cabling problems common with wired microphones, caused by constant moving
and stressing the cables.
 Increase of cable "trip hazards" in the performance space.

 Wireless Microphone

Wireless microphone is a micro phone without a physical cable connecting it directly to the
sound recording or amplifying equipment with which it is associated. Also known as a radio
microphone, it has a small battery-power
battery power radio transmitter in the microphone body, which

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transmits
smits the audio signal from the microphone by radio wave to a nearby receiver unit, which
recovers the audio. Wireless microphones are widely used in the entertai
entertainment industry
television broadcasting,
casting, and public speaking to allow public speakers, intervie
interviewers and
entertainers to move about freely while using a microphone to amplify their voices.

Advantages of Wireless Microphone

 Greater freedom of movement for the artist or speaker.

 Avoidance of cabling problems common with wired microphones, caused by con
constant
moving and stressing the cables.
 Reduction of cable "trip hazards" in the performance space.

The disadvantages are:

 Limited range (a wired balanced XLR microphone can run up to 300ft or 100 meters).
 Possible interference with other radio microphones.
 Operation time is limited relative to battery life; it is shorter than a normal condenser
microphone due to greater drain on batteries from transmitting circuitry and from
circuitry giving extra features.

There are two common wireless microphones

A. Hand Held Microphone

Hand microphone is used in a huge variety of settings, from musical performance to television
interviews with free movement inside the allowed distance range from the rece
receiver.It is a
microphone held in the hand and used to pick up human speech.
sp Its key feature is: it is dynamic
mic, has Omni-directional
directional pattern; shock mounted capsule reduces noise and so on.

Figure 2. 5Hand Held microphone

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B. Lavaliere Microphone

Lavalieres are microphones on a wire, usually small and round with a pop filter that attach to a
shirt lapel. A lavaliere microphone is a small electric or dynamic remote used for television,
theatre, and public speaking applications, in order to allow hands-free
hands free operation. They are most
commonly provided
ided with small clips for attaching to collars, ties, or other clothing. The cord
may be hidden by clothes and either run to a radio frequency transmitter kept in a pocket or
clipped to a belt, or routed directly to the mixer or a recording device. It has Tx and Rx antenna.

Rx antenna

Txantenna

Figure 2. 6 Lavaliere Microphone, Rx and Tx antenna of lavaliere microphone

Microphone additionally classified into three: dynamic microphone, condenser microphone and
ribbon microphone.. This classification is the second classification of microphone.
Dynamic microphones- are the workhorses of microphone world. They are cheap, durable and
sound fantastic on some of the most common sources in recording. Using a movable induction
coil suspended in the field of a magnet, dynamic mics work like a speaker in reverse. Dynamic
mics
cs are responsive to transients and handle high SPL very well. This makes them a natural
choice for loud sources like drum kit close mics and guitar and bass cabs.
Dynamic microphones are best used for booming sounds or louder environments. Because of
theirr ability to handle loud sounds and their decreased sensitivity, they are the preferred
microphone for live use. Dynamic mic uses a wire coil to amplify signal picked up by the
diaphragm. They don’t need batteries or phantom power.

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Fig 2.5 Dynamic microphone

Condenser microphones- are best used to capture vocals and high frequencies. They are
preferred type of microphone for most studio applications. Also known as capacitor
microphones, condenser mics are mainly used in studios because of their detail and accuracy.
Condenser mics are constructed with a lightweight diaphragm which suspended by a fixed plate.
Sound waves cause pressure against the diaphragm, which cause it to move.
Due to the thin diaphragm and increased sensitivity, condenser
condenser mics are often to pick up delicate
sounds they also need power source. While condenser mics are great for capturing acoustic
guitars, drum overheads, or vocals, they don’t often well for louder sounds such as guitar or bass
amplifiers. Condenser microphone
ne classified into two based on diaphragm size: large diaphragm
condenser microphones and small diaphragm condenser microphones.

Fig 2.6 Condenser microphone

Ribbon microphone- is kind of dynamic microphone. Instead of a dynamic microphone’s
diaphragm that
at is attached to a moving coil that vibrates with a magnetic field, ribbon mics
feature an extremely thin strip of metal (most often aluminum) suspended in a strong magnetic
field. The ribbon acts as both the diaphragm and the transducer element itself, pproviding the
same kind of sensitivity and transient response. Most ribbon microphones are passive device
means they have no onboard active electronics or pre-amplification.
pre amplification. Because of this, the

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impedance of the preamp input to which they are connected is critical to the sound produced by
the mic.
One of the greatest attributes of ribbon microphones is that they’re highly detailed without being
oversensitive. That trait allows them to pick up the nuances of close sources while remaining
isolated from room noise
oise and off-axis
off axis sound that would bleed into most condenser microphones.
In practical applications this quality makes ribbon microphones ideal for miking guitar cabinets
or choirs in large spaces where the sound level entering the back of microphone is fa
far lower than
in the front. All ribbon mics are naturally bidirectional.

Fig 2.7 Ribbon microphone

Studio light (Lighting)
Lighting or illumination is the deliberate application of light to achieve some aesthetic or practical effect.
Lighting includes the use of artificial light sources such as lamps. Studio has two main part indoor studio
and outdoor studio. The indoor studio needs lighting or studio light. There are three basic lights in the
studio.

General (fill) lighting: -a soft light used to partially

partially fill in the shadows created by the key
lighting.

Figure 2. 7 General (fill) lighting

Key lighting:- the primary light source which establishes the form, dimensions and the overall
appearances of the talent.

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Figure 2. 8Key lighting

Back lighting:- directed from behind and above the talent. Used to separate and add dimension
to the image.

Figure 2. 9 Back lighting

Wall boxes (I/O Box)

Wall boxes are located at one of the walls of the studio. Their job is to change the incoming
optical signal
nal to an electrical one so it can be further processed in the control room. The separate
audio and video signals are sent to the control
con room using a coaxial cable with a bandwidt
bandwidth of
11GHz. Input/ output panel is a device that takes input sources such as video and audio signals
and gives many outputs. It contains multiplexer and de-multiplexer
de also.

Audio cables

Input and output

panel
Video cables

Figure 2. 10I/O box in the studio room

Whenever a live transmission is taking place in one of the studios the program/news follows the
following path;

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Cameras
Wall box Production
(I/O box) Control room
Microphones

Figure 2. 11 signal flow before transmission

Studio Monitor

Studio monitors are high-quality

quality television sets that display the video feed from the program
switcher. Contrary to the television set in home, a monitor cannot receive a broadcast signal.
Studio monitors are an important production aid for both crew and talent.
talent. The production crew
can see the shots and the director has selected and anticipated their future tasks. It is essential for
the newscaster to see whether the various tape or live inserts are actually appearing as per the
script.

Front television

This
is television put in front of the journalist that helps the journalist to see his/her appearance or
looks. Such as the clothes, make up, hairstyle.

Clocks and Stopwatches

Time is an essential organizing element in television production. Programs are rearra

rearranged
according to a second-by-second
second schedule called the Log. The two-timing
two timing tools for the director
are the clock and the stopwatch. The clock indicates when a certain program should start or
finish.

Acoustic Treatment

The studio ceiling and walls are usually

usually treated with acoustic material that prevents sound from
bouncing indiscriminately around the studio. This is why television studios sound “dead.” When
you clap your hands in an acoustically treated studio, the sound seems to go nowhere; in a more
“live”” studio, you hear reverberations,
reverberat Similar to a slight echo.

In Addis media network (AMN)) there are two television studios with different size and purpose.
These are Studio A and Studio B.
B

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1. Studio A (Chroma Keying)

Studio A is a studio used for different program recording. It contains Chroma key as background.
Chroma keying is the process by which a specific color element (Chroma) is removed from a
video scene and replaced (keyed) with a different element. Essentially,
Essentially, it’s the way video
Producers remove one background and replace it with another by using 3D virtual studio to
create internet video and events.

Green or blue screens have become the industry color standard for Chroma keying. For effective
Chroma keying the distinction between what we want to keep and what we want to remove and
replace (the green or blue background) has to be made.

Figure 2. 12 Studio A (Chroma Keying)

To create a 3D virtual studio used a monitor that have a vmix application software and used blue
or green screen background of studio.

Figure 2.12.1 virtual studio monitor

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2. Studio B

Studio B is a place where main program is take place. News, entertainment programs, talk show
and other programs are recorded and live transmitted here. The basic different between studio A
from studio B is, it contain video wall.
wall

Video wall

A video wall is a large-scale

scale visual display consisting of multiple monitors, projectors, or
Other’s display technologies that are tiled or overlapped to form a single, expansive display
surface.

Typical display technologies include LCD panels, Direct View LED arrays, blended projection
screens, Laser Phosphor Displays, and rear projection cubes. At their best, these large
large-scale
visual displays are engaging and powerful tools that enhance users and/or anchors ability to see,
understand, and share information with others. The video wall is receiving the video and/or
photo from the central apparatus room in matrix.

Studio lights
Video wall

Studio Monitor

Studio camera

Figure 2. 13 Studio B

Advantage of Video Wall

 Superior Visual Performance

 Flexible Interactive Presentation
 Superior Reliability and Versatility

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 Creates one large Display System

Disadvantage of Video Wall

 The LCD type of screen is only used for video

 The screen price per inch is so expensive

2.3.1.2 Production Control Room (PCR)

The production control room (PCR), also known as the "gallery" or Studio Control Room (SCR),
is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing program takes place.
In PCR activities such as switching from camera to camera, mixing of audio and video signals
from VTR and camera units, program arrangement,
arrangement light controlling … etc. with the help of
professionals, are coordinated. Inside this room all final program work is takes place. In PCR
there are different tasks are take placed to control the studio activity and to give a way of
communication between the directors and the journalists. Thus tasks are intercom and talkback,
pre fade listen (PFL) or solo and after fade listen (AFL).

Communication is frequently required between operators and talent

Intercom and Talkback: -Communication
in different control rooms and studios. An intercom system usually covers all technical areas in
the facility and allows anyone to talk to anyone else. A talkback system usually works between
specific areas (e.g., a control room and studio). For instance, it allows a control room operator or
producer to talk to talent in the studio. Where talkback and intercom have loudspeakers in a
studio with microphones that may be used on-air,
air, the loudspeaker is automatically muted
whenever a microphone is in use and lives.

PFL (Pre-Fade Listen) or solo: -itt is also known as ‘Destructive listen’ as this mode also affects
the mixer’s output. It allows individual input modules to be monitored by automatically muting
all other input channels.

AFL (After Fade Listen): monitors the post fader signal. On some mixers the AFL signal is
picked up after the module’s Pan-pot
Pan pot and therefore monitored in stereo. Commonly this is known
as ‘Stereo In-place’ listen.

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Figure 2. 14Production control room

Some of the equipment’s used

d in the PCR are the following: -

he camera control unit (CCU) is installed in the production control room

Camera control unit: -the
(PCR), and allows various aspects of the video camera on the studio floor to be controlled
remotely. The most commonly made adjustments are for white balance and aperture, although
almost all technical adjustments are made from controls on the CCU rather than on the camera.
This frees the camera operator to concentrate on composition and focus, and also allows the
technical director of the studio to ensure uniformity between all the cameras.

Figure 2. 15 camera control unit

switcher - it is the largest control panel inside the room and

Vision mixer (video mixer or switcher):
used to select from different cameras to be seen on air or recoded. The vision mixer only deals
with video signal. It is a device used to select between several different video sources and in
some cases compositing (mix) video sources together to create special effect this is similar to
what a mixing console does for audio. Inputs of vision mixer are wall box (camera), prerecorded
videos from archive, character generator, logos
logos generator and receivers (from other TV station).

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Figure 2. 16Vision mixer in PCR

his is the main element of the audio processing section. They are used for further
Audio mixer:-this
processing of the audio signal which comes from the wall box or prerecorded sound on archive,
CD, flash or VTR. The audio control area of AMN has an audio mixing console and associated
equipment, where the sound supervisor is responsible for producing the audio mix from the
studio microphones and other
ther sound sources.

Figure 2. 17Audio mixer in PCR

Multi-Viewer (Multi-image): - is a device its effect includes dividing the screen into various
sections (split screens), or into many repetitions of the same image (echo).

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Figure 2. 18 multi-viewer

is a device with software that produces static or animated text

Character Generator (CG):-is
(such as crawls and rolls) for keying into a video stream at lower third portion of the television
screen. It also generates the background graphics, writings texts for news and program, count
counting
clock time, AMN logos, and some other text announcements which run while the programs are
running. CG has two parts key and fill. Fill is used for inserting alphanumeric characters and
logos. Key is used for removing the picture part for the characters.

Figure 2. 19 CG monitor and fill and key technique of CG

2.3.1.3 Ingest Room (IR)

Ingest is the process of capturing, transferring or otherwise importing different types of video,
audio, or image media in to editing tools in order to use it in program. Ingest room is the
technical hub of a broadcast operation common among most over--the-air television

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stations and television networks.. It is distinct from a production control room (PCR) in television
studios where the activities such
h as switching from camera to camera are coordinated
coordinated.

Ingest room is the final point before a signal is transmitted and this room helps to control the
transmitted signal while in the time of broadcasting. This room is the back bone for production
control room (PCR). Television ingest rooms include banks of Video monitors, character
generator, video servers, patch panels and playback of television programming.

Figure 2. 20Ingest room (IR)

Patch panel: -a patch panel, patch bay, patch field or jack field is a number of circuits, usually
of the same or similar type, which appear on jacks for monitoring, interconnecting, and testing
circuits in a convenient, flexible manner. The ingest room is the place wheree the on
on-air signal is
controlled.

2.3.1.4Central
Central Apparatus Room
In broadcast central apparatus room is also known as central machine room, or central equipment
room (CER), or central technical area (CTA), or rack room is where shared equipment common
to all technical areas is located. These rooms are necessary to broadcast and television
operations. They contain broadcast and monitoring equipment, through which all the operations
are monitored by the transmission engineer without disturbing the Studio Recordings.
Recordings.

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Figure 2. 21Central apparatus room in AMN

Central apparatus room in AMN have:-

have routers, Encoder and decoder, modulator and
demodulator, video tape recorder (VTR), distribution frame, framee synchronizer, Servers
(window server and application server),
server Clock signal generation, Archive, junction field, analog
to digital convertor, Embedder
der and Disembedder, distribution amplifier.. Major ffacilities in the
central apparatus room it includes:
ncludes:

 Router

Routers (matrix) allow multiple inputs and multiple output line. In our case we use UTHA router
which have 72 inputs and 72 outputs that connect every devices that run for every rooms such as
for studios, earth station, VTR, and other control rooms. They also allow output
outputting a single
input in all the output links.
The input signal can be from the studio or from central apparatus room. Router is controlled by
the device called Utah Scientific SC-4. Addis media network (AMN) has two kinds of router
audio router and video (video matrix switch or SDI) router.

Audio router- it is used for route you’re audio from one device to another and listen to audio on
your speaker, headphone, or other device that you might have chosen.
router is an electronic switch designed to route video
Video (video matrix switch orr SDI) router-
signals from multiple input sources such as cameras, VTR, computers, and players, to one or
more display devices such as monitors, and TVs.

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Matrix (Router)

Utah Scientific
SC-4 Controller

Figure 2. 22 Routers (Matrix) and its controller

There is a device called junction field that can be used like being a backup system for router
because it has equal pin with router since it is connected with by-pass cable with router there for
if the router is fail out this device will start the work of the router.

By
By-pass cable

Junction Field

Figure 2.22.1 Junction field

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 Encoder and Decoder

Encoder:- is a device that converts information from one format or code to another, for the
purpose of standardization, speed, security or compression. It is also a device used to convert
audio and video signals into a single optical data to send it through optical fiber cable to
parabolic dish.

Decoder:- is a device which does the reverse operation of an encoder, undoing the encoding so
that the original information can be retrieved. It is advice used to convert optical data to audio
and video signal. The same method used to encode is usually
usually just reversed in order to decode.
Decoding is necessary
cessary in applications for data multiplexing, 7 segment display and memory
addresses decoding. Addis media network (AMN)
( uses decoder called integrated receiver
decoder (IRD) it is typically contain a built in decoder for unscrambling subscription TV
programming channels.

 Modulator and demodulator

Modulator:- is an electronic circuit that superimposed a low frequency (information) signal onto
a high frequency (carrier) signal for the purpose of wireless transmission. The reason for this is
that higher frequency signal can be received using shorter aerials, which are more practical than
longer ones. Addis TV use QPSK modulation system.
system

Modulator is a device that performs modulation

modulation processes. Modulation is the processes of
encoding information from message source in a way that is suitable for transmission.

Why modulation is use in broadcasting?

We use modulation for the following reason:

 Certain types of data such as voice, video

video and bit streams from computers have lower
frequency bands and therefore they cannot travel very far wirelessly because they cannot
propagate through space. Because of this, modulation is used, the carrier wave which has
much higher frequency is used to carry the signal
signal and can travel further and more quickly
through space.
 Antenna length would be impractical for video, voice and bit streams without modulation.
Then, by using the higher frequency carrier waves the necessary antenna size is greatly
reduced.

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 Without modulation transmission of video, voice or data bit streams being sent on the same
frequency range would cause over lapping
lapping of channels interface; the carrier radio waves have
a wide range of frequencies which allow you to select individual non-
non over lapping channels
to carry the information.

Demodulator:- is an electronic circuit (or computer program in a software defined ra

radio) that is
used to recover the information content from the modulated carrier wave.

 Video Tape Recorder (VTR)

A video tape recorder (VTR) is a tape recorder designed to record video material, usually on
magnetic tape. VTRs originated as individual tape reels, serving as a replacement for motion
picture film stock and making recording for television applications cheaper
cheaper and quicker. Other
TV station programs are recorded here. For example, other media news is prepared by taking
news from other TV broadcasters like Fana, EBC, OBN etc.

Figure 2. 23Video tape recorders (VTR)

 Synchronizer
With digital video systems, the timing accuracy of signals arriving at a switcher is less critical
than with analog, because the receiving device can accept digital signals with some degree of
timing variations to overcome this problem we need video-synchronization.
synchronization. There are two
synchronizers in AMN central apparatus room.
a) Frame synchronizer: - is a device used in live television production to match the timing of
an incoming video source to the timing of an existing video system.There
There are three main function

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of frame synchronizer these are synchronization of specified frame, up and down conversion and
format conversion.

Figure 2. 24Frame Synchronizer

(SPG - is a special type of generator which produces

b) Synchronizing/sync pulse generator (SPG):
synchronization signals with a high level of stability and accuracy. These devices are used to
provide a maser timing source for a video facility. So, it is connected to all devices.

The generator adjusts the signal, which must be timed either in power or frequency form. The
SPG have three main parts main SPG, backup SPG and change over SPG.

Change Main SPG

over SPG

Backup SPG

Figure 2. 25Synchronous pulse generators (SPG)

 Server
Server is a system that provides resources, data, services, or programs to other computers or
system, known as clients, over a network. It is also mean that a power full computer which is
used as a library and stores the programs which are in the air. Whenever computer share
resources with client machines, they are considered servers. This means that devices could be
both a server and a client at the same time. There are two servers in AMN application and
window server.

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Application
server

Window
server

Figure 2. 26Servers
26 with controlling monitor in CAR

 Archive
Archive is the storage room of all files. There is two kind of archive: near line archive and deep
archive (tape library).
Near line archive is used to transfer files and additionally to store files. It has the capacity of
55Terabyte. It uses disk to disk process to store files.

Main Near line

archive

Backup Near line

archive

Figure 2. 27 Near line archive

Deep archive (tape library) is used to store files which have large size and files that are not
needed recently. This tape library is digital and uses robotic system additionally uses an IP
system. Most of AMN oldest and larger size files (programs) are stored here.

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Figure 2. 28Deep archive (tape library)

 Analog to digital converter(ADC)

r(ADC)
An analog-to-digital converter (ADC
ADC) is a system that converts an analog signal
signal, such as a sound
picked up by a microphone or light entering a digital camera, into a digital signal
signal.
An ADC may also provide an isolated measurement such as an electronic
tronic device that converts an
analog input voltage or current to a digital number representing the magnitude
magnitude of the voltage or
current. This conversion is done in AMN using ADC cards.

Figure 2. 29A/D converters

 Embedder and Disembedder

Embedder:- is a device that used for integrating of links, images, videos,, gifts and other content
in to a social media post and supplies a visual element that encourages increased click through
and engagement. There are two types of embedder outputs: clean output and dirty output. Clean
output is a pure video that doesn’t
esn’t have any characteristic like time, heading lines, and logo and

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so on. Dirty output is a video output which has those characteristics such as company logo, time
and some other features.
Disembedder:- is a machine to apply divide and conquer rule in video. It is used to separate the
audio from video then it will be easy to process the audio and moving picture independently
using audio and vision mixers respectively.

Figure 2. 30 Embedder and Disembedder

Distribution Amplifier (DA)

Distribution amplifiers are the devices that take video or audio signals
signals as input, and then amplify
their frequency to enhance quality, and then feed these signals to two or more outputs. These
devices are responsible for the rectification of
of the audio or video signal strength, and uniform
distribution of the signals. The signal distribution is done by the distribution amplifiers without
the utilization of any ground loop or depletion or degradation of the media signal. It can transmit
analog and/or digital signals.

Figure 2.31 Distribution amplifier

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Antenna
An antenna is an electrical device which converts electric power into radio waves, and vice
versa. It is usually used with a radio transmitter or radio receiver. In transmission, a radio
transmitter supplies an oscillating radio frequency electric current to the antenna's terminals, and
the antenna radiates the energy from the current as electromagnetic wave (radio waves). In
reception, an antenna intercepts some of the power of an electromagnetic
electromagnetic wave in order to
produce a tiny voltage at its terminal. That is applied to a receiver to be amplified. Antennas are
essential components of all equipment that uses radio. They are used in systems such as radio
broadcasting, broadcast television,
sion, two-way
two way radio, communication receiver, radar cell phone, and
satellite communication.

In AMN agency there are four antennas; those are satellite

satellite antenna, dipole antenna, microwave
antenna and Giga wave antenna.

Satellite antenna (Fly-Away

Away dish)

The satellite antenna is a type of antenna that is characterized by carrying a parabolic reflector
whose surface is actually a parabolic. It is designed to receive electromagnetic signals from
satellites. Parabolic reflectors have the useful property that any ray originating from a point
called focus and collide with the reflecting surface, is reflected parallel to the axis of the
parabola, that is, a collimated beam of radiation occurs.

The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dishes focal point,
point, mounted on a brackets
at the dishes focal point is a device called a feed horn, this feed horn is essentially the front end
of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal point and conducts them to the low
noise block down converter (LNB);
(LNB); the LNB converts the signal from electromagnetic or radio
waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the down linked C band or Ku band to the
L band range.

 Ku band: 12-18GHZ,
18GHZ, generally high frequency and high energy. They have good power
which allows the smaller size receiver antenna. These signals are affected by rain
attenuation.
 C band: 4-8GHZ,
8GHZ, low frequency low energy. In the earlier years that used for TV
communication that is why we were using huge antennas.

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 L band: 1-2GHZ,
2GHZ, in the radio
ra spectrum the wavelength range is 30-15
15 cm. has a low
bandwidth due to its low frequency.

Satellite dish is used for transmission and reception purpose. It is designed to receive or transmit
information by radio waves to or from a communication satellite.
satellite. The term most commonly
means a dish which receives direct-broadcast
direct broadcast satellite television from a direct broadcast sat
satellite
in geostationary orbit. The linkage to the station can be carried out by cable and microwave.

Figure 2.32 Fly away dishes (satellite antenna)

Microwave antenna
Within the broader spectrum of radio frequency (RF) communications, point
point-to-point
communications are usually carried out using microwave frequencies along line
line-of-sight (LOS)
paths called links. Line of sight (LOS) is a clear path free of any obstructions between points of
microwave signal transmission and reception. These frequencies and their propagation
characteristics allow the transmission of vast amounts of data between remote communication
sites without the need to lay cables between them. In AMN the dish which transmits and receives
signals to or from space satellite is located at the main earth station found at Addis Ababa
Municipality, Piassa in LOS with the transmitter and receiver antennas at 5 kil
kilo. The antenna
used for this purpose is known as microwave link.

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Microwave Transmitter: is a device that transmits and uses RF (radio frequency) signals in the
1-100GHZ
100GHZ range. It is used to send data or voice along a sinusoidal wave. It is a transmitter tthat
is used for over-the –air
air television broadcasting and which is an electronic device that radiates
radio waves that carry a video signal representing moving images, along with a synchronized
audio channel, which is received by television receivers belonging
belonging to a public audience, which
display the image on a screen.

Microwave Receiver: is a device designed to amplify the week signal and convert the video and
audio radio frequency signals of a television broadcast that have been picked up by a television
antenna: the receiver reproduces the visual image broadcast and the accompanying sound.

Microwave Tx

Microwave Rx

Fig
Figure 2.33 Microwave Tx and Rx

Dipole antenna
Usually, it is used for outside broadcast. It collects the signal from wireless camera and transmits
it to the production control of the OB van as an input source using triax cable.

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Figure 2.34 Dipole antenna

Giga wave antenna

Giga wave antenna is a type of antenna and its function is similar to microwave antenna. But it
has 10 channels. Within the broader spectrum of radio frequency (RF) communications, point
point-to-
point communications are usually carried out using microwave frequencies
frequencies along line
line-of-sight
(LOS) paths called links. Line of sight (LOS) is a clear path free of any obstructions between
points of microwave signal transmission and reception. These frequencies and their propagation
characteristics allow the transmission of vast amounts of data between remote communication
sites without the need to lay cables between them. AMN uses this Giga wave antenna in addition
to microwave when there is large coverage of programs like live events such as holiday events.
Like microwavee Giga wave also has Tx and Rx components and with same feature.

Fig
Figure 2.34 Giga wave Tx and Rx

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The overall process of Television Broadcasting Studio

The production of a television program starts from the studio floor

floor where video and audio are
recorded by camera and microphone. A camera uses an objective
objective lens to create an image of an
object. If we position an imaging sensor at the location where this optical
optical image is formed, we
can capture a likeness of this image. Every electronic camera contains a sensor
sor to convert an
optical image into an electronic signal. Cameras are the main components
components of a television system
they represent what’s taking place in the studio as a separate audio and
and motion picture signals
using some additional wired or wireless microphones.
microp

The output of cameras and microphone cables are connected by the PCR (Production Control
Room) using tubes which are filled with cables for
for five or six different purposes
purposes. The production
control room (PCR) is the place in a television studio in which the composition of the outgoing
program takes place. The video which is directed from the camera is used as an input signal for
the video rider. Video rider is used to adjust color, brightness an aspect ratio of videos. The
output of the camera on thee stage is monitored remotely by camera control.

During filming of a TV program different shots are taken by different

different cameras from different
angles. The output signals from different sources such as camera
camera and video tape recording are
further mixed by video
eo mixer in PCR. And the audio which is directed
directed form the tube is used as
an input for the audio mixer. Audio mixer is used to control audio signal
signal level from different
source and also to mix audios.

In PCR there are various monitors that are placed for previewing
pr the output
put of different devices
like cameras, video mixer etc. among these monitors Preview
Preview (PVW) and Program (PGM)
monitors are used to display the final output program that is going
going to be on air and the program
that is already been on air respectively.
respec The PCR is managed by thee director, he/she
communicate with the team he/she is working with including the camera man, new
news reader, etc.
by using either simplex or full duplex intercoms. The other recorded videos are arr
arranged
sequentially then played by VTR.
VTR

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s
Wall box PCR Centeral apparatus room
Camera 1
PGM External
Storage source
Camera 2 CCU
PV
Video
Camera 3 V--Mix Frame
CG Mixer MV player synchronizer
(Switcher)
Router Disembedder Embedder

Reference

R L
Microphone Audio Router

mixer
Microphone

Microphone

Display Video server

CG
Monitors
Sync ADC

IR

RF Room
Modulator Encoder
Terrestrial

Up converter Power Amplifier Waveguide

Satellite

Figure 2. 31Work flow of AMN TV broadcasting

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2.3.2 Outside Broadcasting (OB) Van
Outside broadcast is production of radio or television from outside of studio. In OB we use OB
van, power generator, satellite antenna and cables mainly. Outside broadcasting vans: are
vehicles (portable mini studio), equipped with every
every equipment’s needed for program
transmission outside the studio, but the difference between the equipment’s inside the studio and
the OB vans are the OB vans equipment are smaller.
smaller. Inside the studio use a G
Giga wave link to
transmit live programs. The Giga
iga wave link and the satellite should be in a line of sight. Outside
broadcasting contain two partitions. The first one is audio mixer part and the second one is video
mixer part. This is used for live TV broadcasting system.

Figure 2. 36 OB van in AMN

2.3.2.1Inside the OB Van

 OB Van audio, video mixers and Rack box or panel

Audio and video mixers do the same job as the studio mixer. Rack box or panel is used for
plug in and plug out different type of cables. It is manufactured outside part of the van. This
panel connect is connected with OB equipment’s so no need to connect sources for each device.
Power generator is connected with the panel by Triax cables. Video cameras are connected with
OB panel by data cable (VLC). Audio sources such as microphones and additional mixers are
connected with the OB panel by Audio cables (XLR). Internet cable (RG45) used for data
network, which applicable at wireless cameras.

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Figure 2.37 Mixer room, Video Mixer room and rack box or panel of OB van

 OB Encoder, decoder, modulator, demodulator and frequency analyzer

In OB there is a device which consist decoder (IRD), demodulator and encoder and modulator.
This device provides the whole functions that are done in the studio. Moreover, this device
provides automatic or manually control the elevation and the azimuth angle of the fly
fly-away dish.
When this activity is done there is a device that shows the wanted downlink
downlink channel broadcast
that device called spectrum analyzer.

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Elevation & Spectrum analyzer
azimuth controller

Decoder (IRD) &

Demodulator

Router
Encoder &
Modulator

Figure 2.38 OB controlling devices

 OB high power amplifier (HPA) and power generator

OB high power amplifier is the most useful device that provides control and power to the motor
of the Fly-away dish. A high-power
power amplifier is a non-linear
linear device which amplifiers a small
signal to a significant level. The power generator is the power source for all over the OB setup.

Figure 2.39 OB HPA and power generator

2.3.2.2 Live TV Broadcast System

Live television is a television production broadcast in real-time,
real time, as events happen, in the present.
AMN applies this system for special events outside the studio. Some of most common systems
include DSNG and DMNG systems. But mostly AMN uses DSNG system.

2.3.2.3 The Digital Satellite News Gathering (DSNG)

A digital satellite news gathering unit (DSNG) is a transmission unit/van, used m
mainly for live
events for broadcast purposes. These vans/units are used for quick deployments. Every live

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production is possible as a result of DSNGs
DSNGs connectivity. It can be referred to as a satellite
transceiver; as it receives and also transmits. To transmit program AMN uses ETHIOSAT. A
final output from the OB van goes to the DSNG for transmission. A DSNG unit has to always be
there for a live transmission. DSNG requires a lot of man power to install due to its heavy
equipment’s.

PCR Earth Station HPA Dish

Figure
ure 2.40 Signal flow of inside DSNG

After it leaves the production control room of the system section, The DSNG (digital satellite
news gathering) section concerns the satellite transmission of the final program or news. Which
means after audios and videos are processed the way it goes to satellite is through DSNG.

Generally,
rally, DSNG system use C-
C band for uplink satellite transmission system. The reason
behind preferring the C-band than Ku band and k band are wide
wide footprint coverage
coverage, minor effects
from rain, lower
ower cost for earth station antenna and requires larger antennas.

Figure 2.41 DSNG system at Janmeda

There are different kinds of components we use in a DSNG transmission of a television

broadcasting station some of them are: low noise blocks (LNB), block up converter (BUC), high
power amplifier (HPA), decoder, encoder, RF cable wave guide.

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 Low noise block (LNB)

It is the device on the front of a satellite dish that receives the very low level of microwave signal
from the satellite, amplifies it, and changes the signal to a lower frequency band and sends them
down the cable to the receiver. LNB is a combination of low noise
noise amplifier, frequency mixer,
local oscillator and intermediate frequency (IF) amplifier. It receives
receives the microwave signal from
the satellite collected by the dish, amplifies it and down convert
convert the block of frequencies tto a
lower block of intermediate frequency.

There are
re many types of LNB but at AMN we have got the chance to see the C
C-band and Ku
band LNBs and they use C band LNB for transmission and receiving purpose, in our co
country we
see a lot of dish with Ku band LNBs because Ku is cheaper than C-band
C and LNB and C
C-band LNB
require a bigger dish and area than Ku.

LNBs can be affected by cold temperature

temp if there is no program is being watched or
transmitted. To prevent this from
om happening theyy are made to keep their power on even if the
receiver is on standby.

Table 2. 3 Comparison between C and Ku band of LNB

C-band LNB Ku band LNB

Large in size Small in size

Not affected by rain and atmospheric Affected by rain and atmospheric condition
condition
Uplink frequency range 5.850-6.425GHz
6.425GHz Uplink frequency range 1.400--1.450GHz

Downlink frequency range 3.625-4.250GHz

3.625 Downlink frequency range 1.095
1.095-1.275GHz

 Satellite dish
A satellite dish is a parabolic antenna designed to receive electromagnetic signals from satellites,
to transmit data or broadcast. The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dishes focal
point, mounted on a brackets at the dishes focal point is a device called
called a feed horn, this feed
horn is essentially the front end of a waveguide that gathers the signals at or near the focal
point and conducts them to the low noise block down converter (LNB), the
the LNB converts the
signal from electromagnetic or radio waves to electrical signals and shifts the signals from the

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down-linked C band orr Ku band to the L band range. Satellite dish is used forr transmission and
reception purpose.

Low noise
block (LNB)

Satellite Dish

Figure 2.42 Low noise block (LNB) and satellite dish

 Block up converter (BUC)

A block up converter is a device that converts a radio signal from a lower frequency to a higher
frequency. BUCs are used in satellite uplink transmission in order to transfer data from the
ground based unit to a satellite in orbit, and then it will be redirected to another ground based
unit in separate location. BUCs are used in a long distance communication between two or more
ground based radio towers, they are often found in communication broadcast ssystem for
television and internet access. A block up converter (BUC) is used in the transmission (uplink) of
satellite signals; it converts a band of frequencies from a lower frequency to a higher frequency.
Now these days BUCs converts from the L band to Ku band, C- band and Ka band. Older BUCs
convert from a 70 MHz intermediate frequency (IF) to Ku band or c band.
band

 Wave guide
A waveguide is a structure that guides the wave, such as electromagnetic
electromagnetic wave or sound waves
they enable a signal to propagate with minimal loss of energy byy restricting expansion to one
dimension or two. They are located toward the LNB this helps them to collect the reflected radio
wave from the dish in one direction and provides as an input for the LNB.

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Figure 2.43 Waveguide cable

 System used for TV broadcasting

The program source needs to be available at the same time on many satellite TV br
broadcasting
networks. It is called DVB-S
S (direct video broadcast satellite) providers and the first digital
satellite TV services were launched in Thailand and South Africa in 1994.. A D
DVB-S provider
wants many transponders to handle the huge amount of data they have to transmit 300
300-400
channels will be available on a single DVB-S
D provider satellite and support SDTV services
services.

The last phase in single

le transmission of signal is to the end user. The end user has to angle the
direction towards the DVB-S
S provider satellite. For different DVB-S
D S providers there are different
providers may be using different satellites for transmitting their signals. Signal received by home
dish are encrypted. Technology has advanced and spread tremendously since then, which led to
an increased need for advances to the DVB-s
DVB system. Thus, the DVB-S2
S2 and DVB
DVB-S2X systems
were born.

AMN uses DVB-S2

S2 system. DVB-S2
DVB was to enable the commercial launch of HDTV services.
DVB-S2
S2 has major benefits compared to DVB-S:
DVB lower-density
density parity check (LDPC) forward
error correction (FEC), variable code modulation (VCM), adaptive cod modulation (ACM),
enhanced modulation schemes up to 32 APSK,
APSK support for MPEG-2 TS- based system and
MPEG-4 audio-video
video streams and DVB-S2
DVB S2 is able to achieve about a 30% increase in spectral
performance compared to the original DVB-S.
DVB

like - signal
Using DVB-S2 has a benefit like: ignal is safer and more secure than most mes
messengers
because of a process called “end--to-end
end encryption.” This works by encoding a sender’s message

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in such a way that only the intended receiver’s device can unlock it. Neither signal, nor your
phone company, nor the government can read your messages. The signal leaving the broadcast
center has to travel a huge distance via 2 satellites before reaches home. Even though the signal
travels at speed of light such a huge distance causes delay. Live events are actually delayed by
few seconds. AMN event delay is around 3-7
3 second.

In satellite communication system AMN uses uplink and downlink chains.

Uplink chain: - is when the communication going from the ground to the satellite and is being
received by space craft. Itt is a series of piece of equipment that are used to produce a radio
frequency signal for sending out data.

is when the communication going from the satellite to the ground and is
Downlink chain: -is
received by earth.

Figure2.44 Uplink and Downlink process of Satellite dish

2.3.2.4 The Digital mobile news gathering (DMNG)

DMNG, it stands for Digital Mobile News Gathering. DMNG is basically a mobile app. AMN
sometimes uses this system where cable connection is unavailable and satellite link is
unnecessary.
cessary. This system use internet network and SIM card for live transmission
transmission. The DMNG
has been designed with ease of use in mind; the user-friendly
user friendly intuitive interface allo
allows
broadcasting live videos in two simple clicks either from the embedded touch--screen or from a
smart-phone.

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2.3.3 Work Station in Radio broadcasting section
2.3.3.1 Radio Broadcasting System
Radio is the wireless transmission of signals through free space by electromagnetic radiation of a
frequency significantly below that of visible light, in the radio frequency range, from about 3
kHz to 300 GHZ. These waves are called radio waves electromagnetic radiation travels by means
of oscillating electromagnetic fields that pass through the air and the vacuum of space.
Information, such as sound,
ound, is carried by systematically changing (modulating) some property of
the radiated waves, such as their amplitude, frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves
strike an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an alternating current iin the conductor.

In radio broadcasting station the whole system is considering about audio signal or sound.

Input Power Audio Detector RF

Transducer Amplifier Amplifier Amplifier

Tuner
Figure 2.45 Model of radio broadcasting system

Input Transducer: -is

is the equipment that changes one form of energy to the others. There are
many types of equipment that convert energy in broadcasting systems like a microphone.

Microphones: -The
The main input in radio transmission is audio. Microphones are transducers
which
ich convert sound energy into electrical energy. Studio microphones are often mounted on a
special arm (boom mic) that keeps the microphone at the correct height. There are different types
of microphones: Dynamic, Condenser and Ribbon.

Signal processor: -is

is the equipment that changes one or more aspects of an audio signals size.
There are several equipments in broadcasting that produces signal processors such as pre
pre-
amplifier, mixer, power amplifier, audio amplifier, effect of unit and so on. This equipme
equipment is
called source equipment.

Detector: - is a device that recovers information of interest contained in a modulated wave.

RF Amplifier: -is
is a type of electronic amplifier used to convert a low power radio frequency
signal into a larger. It also used to increase the power of the signal and the range of radio wave.

In radio broadcasting station the whole system is considering about audio signal or sound.

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What is sound?

is a physical phenomenon that stimulates the sense of hearing. In humans, hearing takes
Sound: -is
place whenever vibrations of frequencies between about 15 and 20,000 hertz reach the inner ear.
ommonly measured in decibels. Sound is a vibration that propagates as an
Sound loudness is commonly
acoustic wave, through a transmission medium such as a gas, liquid or solid. It is created by
vibration and disturbance. Any voice that can be heard either meaningless or meaningful is called
sound. The meaningful sound which we feel or sense is called audio. Audio quality is expressed
using sample rate it is from 48000-96000
48000 96000 per second. For human being this sound frequency is
from 20 – 20 KHZ.

There are three types of sounds based on their number of transmission channel.
1. Mono: sounds
ounds picked up with a single microphone can be carried through a signal chain as a
single channel, and end up being played to a listener on a single loud-speaker.
loud speaker. The drawback
of mono audio is that it does not provide the listener with any real sense of direction or space
for the sounds.
2. Stereo: If the sounds are picked up with two or more microphones, carried to the listener
over two separate channels, and played over two loudspeakers, left and right, then it is
possible to provide a good impression of the position of the sound in the original studio. Such
a system is known as stereophonic
eophonic or stereo, and is widely used in audio recording, radio,
and television.
3. Surround: This can be achieved by using multiple, properly positioned microphones, a
multichannel signal chain, and multiple loudspeakers positioned in front of and around th
the
listener. This is known as a surround sound system.

There are two types of Audio signals; Analog and Digital.

Analog audio: -aa wave is recorded or used in its original form.

Digital audio: -aa record, stores, generates, manipulates and reproduces sound using audio signals
encoded in digital form.

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Table 2. 4 Comparison between digital and analog audio
Parameters Digital Analog
Noise Less More
Power consumption Low High
Quality High Low
Type of sound based on Mono Stereo
Transmission channel
2.3.3.2 Types of Radio broadcasting

AM Radio

AM radio stands for amplitude modulation, and it’s one of the oldest types of wireless
broadcasting. With AM radio, an audio signal works to alter the strength of radio waves. This
process is known as modulation. They are much more susceptible to interference than FM or
digital signals, and often have lower audio fidelity. Thus, am broadcasters tend to specialized in
spoken word format such as talk, all news and sport, with music format primarily for FM and
digital station.

Figure 2.46 AM transmitter block diagram

FM Radio

Frequency modulation radios put more focus on the modulation process that alters radio waves.
This is in contrast with AM, which instead relies on the signal strength. All of these means that
in most instances, FM will give you improved sound quality with lower levels of electrical
interference. AMN uses FM radio.
radio

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Figure 2.47 FM transmitter block diagram

Satellite radio

Satellite radio is type of digital broadcast, which transmits audio signals over large areas with
greater clarity and consistency than conventional radio.. A satellite radio service works by
transmitting its signal from a ground-based
ground station to one or more satellites orbiting earth. The
satellite bounces the signal back to specialized receivers on the ground, commonly located
in automobiles and home stereo systems. Because the signal is broadcast from outer space, it can
reach across an entire continent. Ground-based
Gro based repeaters augment the signal in urban areas where
tall buildings might cause interference.

Most satellite radio services operate on a subscription model. Satellite radio typically offers a
much clearer signal and greater dynamic range than conventional
ntional radio, often approaching
the sound quality of compact discs (CDs).

Radio work station:: is the work stations are where the programs, news and advertisements get
recorded and edited. The recording and editing of the programs is done using programs called
radio assist and adobe audition.
audition

2.3.3.3 Radio Studio

1. Studio A

Radio studio is an installation in which audio productions take place, either for recording of live
to audio tape or for the acquisition of raw footage for post productions. The Radio studio in
AMN is a special room where audio programs or contributions are
are produced for broadcasting.

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Apart from its technical facilities, the important thing about the studio is that it designed or
adapted to be isolated from outside sounds, so there is no back-
back ground noise interference with a
program.

Inside it has special acoustic treatment on the walls and ceilings to control the amount of
reverberation (the persistence of sound due to multiple reflections after the sound source has
stopped), so it does not sound as though a speaker is in a very live environment like a bat
bathroom.

Figure2.48 Studio A

2. Studio B

Radio studio is an installation in which audio productions take place, for recording of programs
to audio tape and for preparing programs for scheduled productions. It is similar to Studio A, but
on this studio, there is no any radio broadcasting it is prepared for recording programs for
planned production.

Figure 2.49 Studio B

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Equipment’s are those facilities installed in the stations for recording of programs and live
broadcast. Those include the microphone, audio mixer, television, player,
yer, tape, computers,
headphone, monitor, speaker, cable, connector and others studio accessories. However, we shall
be concerned on equipment’s that are necessary for production.

 Acoustic material
Apart from its technical facilities, the important thing about the studio is that it designed or
adapted to be isolated from outside sounds, so there is no back-
back ground noise interference with a
program. Inside it has special acoustic treatment on the walls and ceilings to control the amount
of reverberation (the persistence of sound due to multiple reflections after the sound source has
stopped). Acoustic materials are things that have ability to absorb redundant noise and enhance
transmission of sound. It’s used to eliminating noise, improve sound quality and minimize
distortion so that audio is the only thing to be transmitted without eco and noise.

 Audio mixer

The audio mixer is a device that allows several program sources to be mixed, monitored, and fed
to the transmitter. The mixer has multiple signals fed into it as input from different program
sources, such
uch as microphones, CD players, or a hard disk recorder. It has controls that allow the
operator to select each source and feed one or more simultaneously to a mixed program output
the input has a level (volume) control known as a fader. This mixer located inside the PCR to
combine sounds and adjust different audio signal. Such as telephone signals, music’s, programs.
Also, the director and technician speeches can be adjusted. There are two types of audio mixer
used in AMN: portable audio mixer and Roland M-5000
M 5000 audio mixer. But Roland M
M-5000 audio
mixer mostly used in TV station.

 Mixing console

A mixing console is an electronic device for combining routing, and changing the level,
dynamics of audio signals. A mixer can mix analog or digital signals, depending
depending on the type of
mixer. Mixing consoles are used in many applications including recording studios, public
address system, broadcasting, television, and film post production.

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Figure
Figure2.50 Mixing console and Audio mixer

 Microphone

Microphones are types of transducers which converts energy from one form to another. They
convert acoustical energy (sound waves) into electrical energy (the audio signal). That means it
convert sound waves created by human voices, instruments, or other things into electrical
signals. They have very small signal outputs and require sensitive channel inputs, which are
always analog; most other equipment and distribution systems provide audio at a much higher
line level. Audio levels are usually quoted in decibels (dB), which is a ratio compared to a
standard level. And also, it is important equipment needed by broadcasters in the discharge of
their daily duties.

 Computer

The studio computer is needed if the journalist chooses music and programs.

 Television

The television is used for the journalists to see live events. Especially for live football game sport
programs is needed.

 I/O box

As the name indicate input output box is a device that takes input and output cables from the
studio and production room. Here the cables from different sources such as microphone, telos,
and studio mixer cables are passed through the I/O box and pass to the mixers.

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Figure
Figure2.51 I/O box in the Radio Studio

2.3.3.4 Production Control Room (PCR)

PCR is a room in which all the process of the work done for the final program takes place before
their transmission and it is facilitated with a lot of devices (telos,
(telos, microphone node, speakers, CD
and tape player, monitor & computers) which is used to control all systems.

Figure 2.52 Production Control Room of radio broadcasting

Telos
Telos is a telephone hybrid used to process the phone call and it is connected to the mixer as an
input. It can receive 12 incoming calls at the same time. They used it to receive message,
comment or suggestion
gestion and to discuss on special issue with different customers and audience.
The interface to an analog telephone line to be used on-air
on requires this device.

This piece of equipment converts incoming audio from the phone line into a line level signal that
can be fed into a mixing board.

It also converts a line level signal coming out of a mixing board into an audio signal that can be
fed over the phone line back
ck to the caller. It allows the caller to be heard on air, and the show
host to hear the caller without having to pick up a telephone handset.

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At the same time, it allows the caller to hear the talk show host and the rest of the program. It
ensures that only
nly the caller’s voice is of telephone quality, while the show host’s voice remains
of broadcast quality.

Figure 2.53
53 Telos for telecommunication in Radio PCR

 Inputs: Board inputs are of two main types: microphone and line (phone call) inputs. Each
feeds a channel on the mixer (not to be confused with RF channels used for transmission).
 Outputs: As well as the main program output, the board produces program to send back to
telephone callers. This contains the complete program but without the contributor’s own
audio. If their own voice is returned over the telephone, it may get fed back into the input
channel again. Boards usually have other auxiliary outputs, including a feed to recording
devices that may be different from the on-air
on program.

Axial Microphone Node

The Microphone Node has eight phantom-powered
phantom powered microphone inputs. It also contains eight
balanced stereo analog line outputs for convenient delivery of associated headphone and studio
monitor feeds to the room in which the microphones are located. The inputs are on XLR
connections while the outputs are on RJ-45.
RJ 45. The Axial Microphone Node can also be used as a
multiple-input
input microphone preamp and A/D converter or as the stage-end
stage end of a digital snake.

 Audio monitor/speaker

Monitor/loudspeaker
tor/loudspeaker provides an easy way to hear what’s going to air without headphones to
control its sound quality. Often, these are very high quality speakers so any abnormalities in
sound quality can be detected. Or we can use headphones instead. It is found
found both in studio and
control room.

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Figure 2.54 Audio Monitor and Speaker in PCR

Headphone
Headphones are a pair of small loudspeaker drivers worn on the head over a user’s ears. They are
electro-acoustic
acoustic transducer that is why they let a single user listens to an audio source privately,
in contrast to a loudspeaker. Headphones are also known as ear speakers, earphones.

Figure 2.55 Headphone

 On Air Light (tally light)

To know the studio is live there’s

here’s a light especially for that. This light is automatically turned on
by the audio console whenever a microphone channel is turned on to indicate that a program is
being broadcast. Usually, we’d have at least one light inside the studio, and one outsi
outside. This
light warns anybody around to control his movement.

Figure 2.56 On air (Tally) light

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2.3.4 Cables
In AMN different types of cables are used to transfer signal from one device to other such as:-

o XLR (external line return): is audio cable used for connecting microphones to mixers and
connecting various outputs to powered speakers. XLR connector circular design is 3 to 7. In
terms of audio, we generally see 3 pins for positive, negative, and ground (cable shield).
o BNC (Bayonet Neil councilman): iss a video cable that is used to connect different devices
like radio, televisions and other radio frequency devices. The most visible difference between
BNC video cables and other Cables is that a coupling nut is used to fit the cable into the
device in alll BNC cable devices where as other cables use plugs of different types.
o SDI (serial digital interface): is a digital video interference that is used for the transmission
of uncompressed, unencrypted digital video signal for professional video equipment the
they are
transmitted with BNC connecter and have a nominal impedance of 75 ohm. Its speed ranges
from 270 megabits per second (Mbps) up to 12 gigabits (Gbps).
o HDMI (high definition multimedia interface): is a proprietary audio/video interface for
transmitting uncompressed video data and compressed or uncompressed digital audio data
from an HDMI-compliant
compliant source device, such as a display controller, to a compatible
computer monitor, video projector, digital television, or digital audio device. HDMI is a
digital replacement for analog video standards.
o TRIAX (triaxial): is a type of electrical cable similar to coaxial cable, but with the addition
of an extra layer of insulation and a second conducting sheath. It provides greater bandwidth
and rejection of interference than coax, but is more expensive. Can transmit power,AV signal
and data. It is used for connecting cable between camera and its camera control unit (CCU).

Figure 2.57 Triax cable

o RJ11 (registered jack): used to connect telos machine to the telecom network.

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o RJ45 (registered jack): a type of cable connector which is mainly used in computer
networks. RJ45 is mainly used for Ethernet networking which is used to connect different
type of devices like a switch,
h, hub, pc, router, and firewall to each other.
o RF (Radio frequency): used to send radio frequency signals. RF cables are often used to
send video information to a TV set.
o AV (audio visual): one end has the AV port, while the other end features yellow, wh
white, and
red jack inputs.

2.3.5 Maintenance of Studio materials

Maintenance is the process and practice which aim to ensure the continuous and efficient
operation of machinery, equipment and other types of assets. There are two type of maintenance
techniques are used in AMN: Preventive Maintenance andCorrective
andCorrective Maintenance.

Preventive Maintenance:- is occurrence of asset and equipment failures. Preparing preventive

maintenance plans for equipment and facilities means preventing breakdowns and reducing the
probability of equipment failures that interfere with the companies’ performance. There are
many
y types of equipment that are used in this technique from these; blower, contact cleaner and
brush.

Figure 2.58
2. equipment of Preventive maintenance

Corrective maintenance:- is a set of technical tasks designed to repair. These maintenance

practices don’t require a maintenance plan and, therefore, the chances of not having enough
spare parts in stock are very high. Additionally, it can also happen that there may not be any
maintenance
intenance technician available to solve the problem immediately since the failures are not
predicted.

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Figure 2.59 Small workshop of AMN

Figure 2.60
60 Corrective maintenance of Audio mixer

2.3.6 Transmission station

The transmitting station is where the audio signal from the radio link gets amplified so that it can
travel through the whole range and retransmitted using the appropriate frequency. The main
transmitting stations are located at Mazegaja and it is linked with the control stations inside th
the
AMN by microwave link.

 FM Transmitter
Information being transferred, i.e. the modulating signals a signal from some low frequency
source. It is being amplified in low frequency amplifier and then led into the high frequency
oscillator, where the carrier signal is being created. The carrier is a high frequency voltage of
constant amplitude, whose frequency is, in the absence of modulating signal, equal to the
transmitter's carrier frequency FS.

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 AM Transmitter

Operation AM radio technology is simpler than

than FM radio, DAB, Satellite Radio and HD Radio.
An AM receiver detects amplitude variations in the radio waves at a particular frequency. AM
signals travel by ground wave, diffracting around the curve of the earth over a distance up to a
few hundred miles (or kilometers) from the signal transmitter.

2.3.6.1 Earth
th Station for TV transmission

An Earth stations use dish-shaped

shaped antennas to transmit and receive microwave signals to and
from satellites. There is a ground-based
ground receiving or transmitting/receiving
ng station in a satellite
communications system. Earth stations use dish-shaped
dish antennas.

Figure 2.61 Earth station antenna

Power supply

Power facility is an important infrastructure that supports broadcasting in order for it to remain
operational in times of black outs. Power Supply room supplies uninterrupted power for the
whole system when there is power fluctuation. So, in order to guarantee
antee stable delivery and
transmission of broadcasts power generation and uninterrupted power is settled. To do this a
switch called Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS) is used to automatically transfer electrical loads
to alternate or emergency standby power source like generator.

ATS switches on the generator when the electric power is gone and always gives priority for
electrical power. The delay time until the generator switched on is covered by the stored power
in the battery box being charged by electric power.

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Figure
Figure2.62 Power supply room
2.3.6.2 Satellite dish
A satellite dish is a dish-shaped
shaped type of parabolic antenna designed
designed to receive or transmit
information by radio waves to or from a communication satellite.
satellite. The term most commonly
means a dish which receives direct-broadcast
direct satellite television from a direct
irect broadcast satellite
in geostationary orbit.

a. Microwave link

The dish which transmits and receives signals to or from space satellite is located at Addis Ababa
Municipality at Piyasa. So, there must be a transmitter
transmitter and receiver antennas from the
broadcasting area of 5 kilo to or from Piyasa. The antenna used for this purpose known as
microwave link. There are two types of microwave link ELBER and Giga wave..

dwidth ELBER has 20 channels but Giga wave has half of ELBER
These two are differ in bandwidth
channel which is 10 channels.

Figure 2.63 Microwave link satellite

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b. Giga wave link
Giga wave satellite dish directly transmit C-band
C band electromagnetic wave to space satellite which
known as “ETHIOSAT”. The direct broadcast satellite dishes use an LNBF, which integrates the
feed horn with the LNB. The parabolic shape of a dish reflects the signal to the dish’s focal point
which is called feed horn. The feed horn is essentially the front-end
front of a waveguide that transmit
and gather the signals.

Figure 2.64 Giga wave Satellite Link or fly away

2.3.7 Overall radio and TV transmission

AMN Station Addis Ababa Space Satellite

Municipality

Figure 2.65 General flow of TV and Radio Broadcasting of AMN

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CHAPTER THREE
CHALLENGE AND BENFITS OF INTERNSHIP
3.1 Benefits
enefits gained from internship

This internship program provided us a platform to introduce our self in professional field. It
helps us to understand what is waiting for us when we have finished our graduate studies at this
field. Generally, from the internship at Addis media network we had gained so many benefits
like:-
 Improving Practical Skill
 Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge
 Interpersonal Communication Skills
Skill
 Improving Team Playing Skills
 Improving Leadership Skills
 Helps to understand Work Ethics
 Improve Entrepreneurship Skills

Improving Practical Skill

We have gotten a lot of practical knowledge which is related to our department. It will improve
and increase creativity for new ideas. Most of the activities carried out are directly related to our
theoretical knowledge that we have been learnt in our classroom.
classroom. In addition to upgrading our
existing knowledge, we also get some useful information on different sections.
Some of the things that helped us to improve our practical skill are: -
 How to measure and test the audio, video, IF and RF signals by usin
using different
instrument.
 How to control and monitor the signals from studio.
 Maintaining and testing the instruments like dc power supply
supply and different electronics.
 How to do the installation if there is live program.

Upgrading Theoretical Knowledge

In this internship session we also gained different theoretical knowledge by upgrading our
previous knowledge that gain
ain from class room. Weacquire most of the theoretical knowledge
from the books about a broadcast engineering tutorial for non-engineers
non engineers and sa
satellite
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communication systems internet,
ternet, the video tutorials on the topic that we have seen and by doing
different works. Some of the experience that helps to upgrade our knowledge are:
are:-

 signals propagation from the transmitter to the receiver

 About radio frequency allocation
 Radio wave propagation
 TV transmitter and receiver technologies

Improving Inter personal Communication Skills

During this intern time, we have developed and improved a good communication with different
personnel of different status, behavior, position and etc. this is better illustrated in terms of the
following points:-

 Communicate effectively and create great work communication skill

 Helped us to understand the intensions, motivation and deserve of other people.
 Improved our use of meeting productivity resolve work related issues and conflicts
effectively
 Increased our confidence to give and raise suggestions in a good manner.
 Build
ild better communication in order to reduce office stress and absenteeism, maximize
the potential of all employees, build positive group spirit and improve work place moral
with none violent mechanisms.

Improving Team Playing Skills

In our internship program

ram most of the
th tasks are performed in team. The most important thing in
team playing skill is reaching an agreement from different point of view by reaching oon different
ideas. When we face difficulties on the task that given by our advisor, we discus about the
problem occurred and we solve it.
it

Generally, we gained the following team playing skills in this four month internship progress:

 Working together as a team and find out different solution for the problem and solver it.
 Sharing ideas about the problem that we face openly and willingly
 Participate and work actively
 Listening each other actively
 Treat each other respectfully

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 We ask questions so we are sure of the objectives of the team
 discussing each other when problem faced and solve it in different mechanism

Improving Leadership Skills

Leadership is important skill for effective decision making and it can be used in our daily life
and also in the future for efficient task accomplishment, good controlled and resourceful working
environment creation and management of the people one works with for the overall good of the
company or the task one is assigned up on. These skills are manifested in our actions, speeches,
and more and we have learned to master some and learn some new ones.
ones. Some of the skills
related to leadership we worked on are:
 Taking calculated risk during activities/task that are risky and in need of immediate
decisions.
 Requires respect and love, love to the people we work with and love to what we do.
 Is not about being
eing boss, it is about being present for people and building a community at
work.
 Perform any task by helping, understanding, and discussing each other for the same goal.
 Helps to improving
mproving our Self Esteem.

Helps to understand Work Ethics

In AMN we have seen how workers struggle for fulfilling their responsibility at work place,
respecting their working time, respecting the order of the organizations administrates, etc we also
develop work ethics as an employer because the workers integrate with us and they treated us as
a worker.

All the workers respect work ethics like,

 Loyalty
 Motivation
 Punctuality
 Accepting responsibility
 Honesty
 Concern for the wellbeing of other.
 Accountability

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 Transparency
 Fairness
 Integrity
 Refusing to take unfair advantage ….etc.

Improve Entrepreneurship Skills

During our intern session we realize that creativity and problem solving is one of the starting
points of entrepreneurs. It motivates us not to be employee because it enables us to kknow more
about our career, the real challenges, and way of business establishment in this profession.
Participating in an internship allows us to gain a better perspective of post
post-graduation
employment by applying the principles and theories we’ve developed
developed in the classroom.
Generally, internship program develops our entrepreneur characters such as:-

 Flexible & able to adopt new technologies

 Observe and think any new idea
 Knowledge of business for starting their own work
 Being creative and Look for new information
inf
 Respond positively to any challenges that we face
 Being Self-confidence
confidence and optimist

3.2 Challenges we have been facing while performing our tasks

During that four month practical time the overall experience we had at the company was good
and interesting one, but we had faced few challenges. Some of the challenges are:
are:-

 Since we were new to the company and the society of the company, it was somehow
challenging to communicate
mmunicate and adapt the working environment during the first few
days.
 Since the company accepts many students from different university, we went to AMN
only 2 days within
in a week.
 Sometimes the task that we perform in the give time is postponed for other time by
different case that was happened.
 The shortage of money is also another difficult problem for the internship because of the
expensiveness of transportation.

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3.2.1 Counter Measures for the challenges
 To solve the problem of time limitation, we sometime
sometime went to the media if there was
work to do. And we asked the students about the missing section.
 We asked the employees thoroughly during the tours we had and asked for help during
practical exercises we had, so that they didn’t forget what we should have learned.
 Tried to find alternate technologies and mechanisms for those used in the company, their
pros and cons to better understand the situation and widen our horizon of knowledge.

3.3 Our contribution for AMN

In addition to observing
ving and understanding the entire works in sections we have been staying at,
we were also helping them like when the OB van was got to be installed at a specific place and
also we are participate on installation part like studio A,, RJ45 for camera cable st
starting form
server room to add a security camera in studio A and studio B floors working together with them
from the installation until our intern ends.

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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1 Conclusion
This internship program is intended to introduce to the real experiences of the job and we will be
working on after graduation. Starting from finding the hosting company working inside and
observing the ways in which the work flows and the job is done how the experiences affects us,
the internship program was a great way to let us face the area of challenges and benefits of being
a professional. AMN has a job of broadcasting news as well as informative through its radio and
television channels. Working inside the
the Addis media network we were able to experience most
of the steps taken in order to successfully transmit a radio or television program. We’ve found
the overall experience of the internship a good way of experiencing the practical way of
acquiring and practicing
acticing theoretical knowledge.
knowledge

Generally, we conclude that our internship is a bridge to upgrade the theoretical knowledge into
Overall, we are very glad with our internship period to gain many valuable experiences. The
most important skills we gained from
from this internship is work experiences from the field of
interest, creates a springboard from college life and helped us improve various aspects such
communication skill, work ethics, team work and others that we gain.
4.2 Limitation
Even though we had an overall
verall good experience throughout the internship,
internship, there were some
problems that we faced. Here is the list of limitations we faced from both sides.

Limitations of the university

a) The university, specifically our department didn’t give the evaluation paper in a given
time
b) The university doesn’t have any linkage to the company, which makes it harder for
students to search for a company.
c) We also had faced financial difficulty during the internship program since the required
body didn’t make our internship payment on time.

Limitations of AMN

a) The company hasn’t well organized work shop

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4.3Recommendation
As we understood from the internship program there is a mutual benefit for the student and the
company in many ways. So, we want to recommend for the
t Addis media
edia network and our
university (AASTU) in order to enable this internship program to be provided in suitable manner
you had better to creating a web site link for easy communication and accessibility.

4.3.1
.3.1 Recommendation for the University
From this internship program we have gain a lot of advantages as mentioned above, for instance,
it helped us to develop a social communication skill and give the best practical experience for
memorized what we learn in the previous four year academic. Because of thiss and all the listed
advantages above we would like to recommend our school to keep giving this great chance for
the students. And also, as much as possible the University: -

 Should give an academic advisor as soon as students start the intern to gain the expected
theoretical and practical skills.
 Should check whether the advisor is checking she/he is working or not.
 Should
hould design and prepare a web site to communicate with different company for easy
integration of student with company.
 Should pay the intern
n payment of student at the right time.

4.3.2
.3.2 Recommendation to the company
 The whole work is not well organized and suitable for the workers as well as the students
so they should have to be well prepared as a whole.
 The company should assign additional professionals who help only intern students.
 The company should prepare a constant document for intern that guide the worker for
lecturing the student.
 The company does not have well organized workshop and does not enough workshop
materials; thee company should be full filling those materials for effective work and
desired products.
 A limited budget is allocated to the company as we heard from the employees there. With
this budget, it is impossible to maintain and used advanced apparatus for thei
their task and
buy new ones. So, more budgets should be allocated in order to improve the quality of the
organization.

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Reference
[1]. AMN Strategic plan 2023

[2]. Graham Jones,“A Broadcast Engineering Tutorial for Non-Engineers”,2005

Non Engineers”,2005

[3]. docs.arduino.cc/resource/data
resource/data sheet/a000066/datasheet.pdf

[4]. http://www.practical/buddy.xyz>2020/08
http://www.practical/buddy.xyz >noise/cancelation.html

[5]. http://www.electroshematics.com/relay-driver/
http://www.electroshematics.com/relay

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