AN INVESTAGOTARY

PROJECT

THE RATE OF
EVAPOURATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS
INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. AUCKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. INTRODUCTION
4. Factors Influencing rate of Evaporation
5. EXPERIMENTS
(a)Experiment-1
aim
requirements
procedure
observations
result
(b)Experiment-2
aim
requirements
procedure
observations
result
(c)Conclusion
(d)Applications
6. BIBLIOGRAPHY
Certificate
This is to certify that the CHEMISTRY project
titled ‘RATE OF EVAPOURATION OF
DIFFERENT LIQUIDS’ has been successfully
completed by Deepanshu Chauhan of Class
XIIthB in partial fulfilment of curriculum of
CENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY
EDUCATION (CBSE) leading to the award of
annual examination of the year 2022-2023.

INTERNAL EXAMINER TEACHER IN-CHARGE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to express my

gratitude towards our Chemistry teacher
Alina ma’am for her guidance, support
and encouragement throughout the
duration of the project. Without her
motivation and help the successful
completion of this project would not have
been possible.
INTRODUCTION
When a liquid is placed in an open vessel, it slowly escapes into
gaseous phase eventually leaving the vessel empty. This
phenomenon is known as vaporization or evaporation. Evaporation
of liquids can be explained in the terms of kinetic molecular model
although there are strong molecular attractive forces which hold
molecules together. The molecules having sufficient kinetic energy
can escape into gaseous phase. If such molecules happen to come
near the surface in a sample of liquid all the molecules do not have
same kinetic energy.

There is a small fraction of molecules which have enough kinetic

energy to overcome the attractive forces and escapes into gaseous
phase. 3 4 Chemistry project Evaporation causes cooling. This is due
to the reason that the molecules which undergo evaporation have
high Kinetic energy therefore the kinetic energy of the molecules
which are left behind is less. Since the remaining molecules which
are left have lower average kinetic energy. Therefore, temperature is
kept constant the remaining liquid will have same distribution of the
molecular kinetic energy and high molecular energy will kept one
escaping from liquid into gaseous phase of the liquid is taken in an
open vessel evaporation will continue until whole of the liquid
evaporates.

Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. Solar energy

drives evaporation of water from oceans, lakes, moisture in the soil,
and other sources of water. In hydrology, evaporation and
transpiration (which involves evaporation within plant stomata) are
collectively termed evapotranspiration. Evaporation is caused when
water is exposed to air and the liquid molecules turn into water
vapour which rises up and forms clouds.
Factors Influencing
rate of Evaporation
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air:
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance
evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate more slowly.

2. Concentration of other substances in the air:

If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can have a
lower capacity forth substance evaporating.

3. Temperature of the substance:

If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.

4. Flow rate of air:

This is in part related to the concentration points above. If fresh air is
moving over the substance all the time, then the concentration of
the substance in the air is less likely to go up with time, thus
encouraging faster evaporation. In addition, molecules in motion
have more energy than those at rest, and so the stronger the flow of
air, the greater the evaporating power of the air molecules.

5. Inter-molecular forces:
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the liquid
or solid state the more energy that must be input in order to
evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature:
The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with temperature.
With the increase in the temperature, fraction of molecules having
sufficient kinetic energy to escape out from the surface also
increases. Thus, with the increase in temperature rate of evaporation
also increases. Molecules that escape the surface of the liquids
constitute the evaporation. Therefore, larger surface area
contributes accelerating evaporation.

7. Nature of Liquids:
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid
determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-molecular
forces of attraction larger are the extent of evaporation. In diethyl
ether rate of evaporation is greater than that of ethyl alcohol.

8. Composition of Environment:
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of air
currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current flowing over the
surface of the liquid took away the molecules of the substance in
vapour state thereby preventing condensation.

9. Density:
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In the US, the
National Weather Service measures the actual rate of evaporation
from a standardized "pan" open water surface outdoors, at various
locations nationwide. Others do likewise around the world. The US
data is collected and compiled into an annual evaporation map. The
measurements range from under 30 to over the120 inches (3,000
mm) per year.
10. Pressure:
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because
there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules from
launching themselves.
EXPERIMENTS
EXPERIMENT-1
AIM:
To compare the rate of evaporation of water, acetone and di
ethyl ether.
Requirements:
Three weight bottles, 10ml pipettes, stopwatches etc.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the three weight bottles and label the A, B,
and C.
2. Pipette out 10ml of water, acetone and diethyl ether onto
the three weight bottles A, B and C.
3. Cover the three bottles with a stopper.;
4. Weigh each of the bottles and record their weights.
5. Remove the stopper from all the three bottles and start
the stopwatch.
6. Let the bottles remain exposed for thirty minutes. Now
cover each of the bottles again and weight them again
Observations:

Weight
Liquid taken Difference
Before After
evaporation evaporation
Acetone
Diethyl ether
Water

Result:
Rate of evaporation of diethyl ether is greater than that of
acetone and that of water
EXPERIMENT-2
AIM:
To study the effects of surface area on the rate of
evaporation of diethyl ether and acetone.
Requirements:
3 Petri dishes of 2.5,5,10 cm with cover, 10 ml pipettes, stop
watch.

Procedure:
1. Clean and dry the Petri dishes and mark them A, B, C.
2. Pipette out 10 ml diethyl ether in each of the Petri dishes;
A, B, C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all the Petri dishes simultaneously and start the
stopwatch.
4. Note the time when diethyl ether evaporates completely
from each Petri dish.
5. Repeat the experiment with acetone.
Observations:
Time for complete
Petri dish marked Diameter of Petri dish
evaporation
A large
Acetone B medium
C small
A large
Diethyl
B medium
ether C small

Result:
It is observed that maximum evaporation occurs in the Petri
dish with largest diameter is followed by the smaller and the
smallest. It is therefore concluded the rate of evaporation
increases with increase in surface area.
Conclusion
From the experiments, it is clear that The Rate of evaporation
depends upon
 The nature of the liquid.
 The surface area of the liquid.
 Temperature.
 Flow of air current over the liquid surface

APPLICATIONS
When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though the
ambient temperature is below the boiling point of water,
water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors such as low
humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In a cloth dryer hot
air is blown through the clothes, allowing water to evaporate
very rapidly.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
• www.google.com
• www.wikipedia.org
• www.allprojectreports.com
• www.chemistryprojects.com
• Comprehensive practical book
• Practical manual in chemistry V.K. Bhandari
• www.scienceprojects.com