General

Chemistry 1 11
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 2 – Module 4: Lewis Structure of Ions and Compounds
First Edition, 2020

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 General
Chemistry 1 11
Quarter 2
Self-Learning Module 4
Lewis Structure of Ions and Compounds
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module 4 on Lewis Structure of

Ions and Compounds

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through its mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
 For the Learner:

Welcome to the Chemistry 1 Self-Learning Module 4 on Lewis Structure of

Ions and Compounds

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
 EXPECTATIONS

The module is about the Lewis Structure of Ions and Compounds. After going
through this module, you are expected to:

1. draw the Lewis structure of ions and compounds

2. calculate formal charge
3. understand the importance of Lewis structure in relation to the properties
of the substance

PRETEST

1. An element with the electron configuration of [Ne] 3s2 3p3 will have the following
Lewis symbol:
a. b. c. d.

2. Silicon is found in the 2 nd column of the p-block. Which of the following is the
correct Lewis symbol for this element?
a. b. c. d.

3. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for NO 2-?

a. b. c. d.

4. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for CF4?

a. b. c. d.

5. What is the formal charge of phosphorus in PF5?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
 RECAP
Recall the concept of valence electrons by writing the number of valence electrons
of each elements:
1. Nitrogen
2. Calcium
3. Chlorine
4. Potassium
5. Bismuth

LESSON

What symbols do you encounter every day? What is the symbol for Pasig City?
for church? for school? for hospitals?

We also use symbols in Chemistry like Lewis Symbol. It is a symbol in which

electrons in the valence shell of an atom are represented by dots placed around the
symbol of the element. Each dot represents one electron.

In order for you to write the Lewis Symbol of an atom, you must first identify the
number of valence electron of that atom. In the previous lesson, you learned that you
can identify the number of valence electron of an element by writing its electron
configuration first. Aside from that, you can use the periodic table in identifying the
number of valence electrons.

You can use the group numbers of elements found in s and p blocks (also known
as representative elements) to identify the number of its valence electrons. The group
number is also the number of its valence electrons. Example: Elements in Group 1
have one valence electron, while elements in group 3 have 3 valance electrons.
(Helium is an exception because it has only 2 valence electrons).
To draw the Lewis symbol of an element, you need to write first the symbol of the
element then draw the dots around it equal to the number of the valence electrons.
The illustration below shows the Lewis symbol of some of the elements found in s
and p blocks (representative elements).

Lewis Structure is a graphic representation of the electron distribution in a

compound or an ion. The reason for learning to draw the Lewis structures is to
predict the geometry of a compound.

To draw the Lewis structure, you need to follow these steps carefully:
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons. Furthermore, if the molecule
is a polyatomic ion:
a. For an anion, increase the number of available electrons by the charge
of anion;
b. For a cation, decrease the number of available electrons by the charge
of the cation.
2. Write the skeleton structure of the compound by identifying the central atom
(this atom can either be the different atom or the atom with the lowest
electronegativity) and linking the remaining elements to it using a single line.
3. Try to satisfy the octet rule of the atoms by distributing the remaining valence
electrons as nonbonding electrons
4. Indicate the formal charges for each element. Choose the most favored
structure on the basis of the formal charges.

Let’s have an example:

Draw the Lewis Structure of H2O.

Step 1: Determine the total number of valence electrons.

Both H atoms have 1 valence electron each, while O has 6 valence electrons.
1+1+6 = 8 valence electrons

Step 2: Draw the skeleton structure. In this molecule, O is the central atom.
Attached the two H atoms to the O by drawing a line.

In the skeleton structure, we already used four of our valence electrons (a

line represents two electrons connected to one another)

Step 3: Satisfy the octet rule of the atoms by distributing the remaining electrons.
 We already used 4 of our valence electrons, and we still need to distribute 4
electrons. We cannot place any more electrons in H because it is already stable
(H is an exception to the octet rule). So we have to place the remaining
electrons as nonbonding pairs in the O atom.

Step 4: Indicate the formal charges of the atoms. To get the formal charge, you can
use the following formula:

FC = # valence electrons – (no. of bonded electrons + no. of non-bonded electrons)

or you can look at it as this:
FC = # valence electrons – (no. of lines + no. of dots)

In the water molecule, the following are the formal charges:

HFC = 1 – (1 + 0) = 0
OFC = 6 – (2 + 4) = 0
HFC = 1 – (1 + 0) = 0

Since all the formal charges are zero, therefore, the structure is already stable.
The final Lewis Structure for water is

Let’s have another example:

Draw the Lewis structure of NO3-.

Step 1: The total number of valence electrons is 24

5 + (6 x 3) = 23 + 1 (because of the -1 charge of nitrate) = 24

Step 2: The central atom is N.

Step 3: We already use 6 electrons in the skeleton structure, we still need to

distribute 18 electrons.
Step 4: Indicate the formal charges of the atoms.

Since all the atoms have formal charges, you can remove some of those by
making a bond from the unbonded electrons of the O atoms.

By making the structure like this, we minimized the formal charges of the
atoms and at the same time, followed the octet rule for all the atoms. Lastly,
notice that if we add all the formal charges of the atoms, we end up with -1 as
the charge of the whole molecule. The final structure should look like this:

Knowing the Lewis structure of a compound or an ion is very important. It can be

used to predict the geometry, polarity and reactivity of compounds and ions.

ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 1. TRUE OR FALSE: Read the statements carefully. Write TRUE is the
statement is correct and FALSE if it is not.
1. The number of valence electrons of an element in d block can be easily
identified by looking at their column number.
2. The Lewis symbol shows the symbol of the element and the number of its
valence electrons represented by dots.
3. Aluminum is found in the third row, therefore, it has 3 valence electrons.
4. Lewis structure of a compounds can be used to determine some of its physical
and chemical properties.
5. Hydrogen atom can be stable even though it doesn’t have eight valence
electrons.
6. In the molecule of ammonia (NH3) the central atom is nitrogen.
7. There are 21 total valence electrons in the molecule of ICl 2-.
8. In a molecule, the higher the formal charge of an atom is, the more stable it
is.
9. The central atom of HCN is carbon.
10. The formal charge of all the atoms in the Lewis structure of PF 5 is 0.
ACTIVITY 2

Draw the Lewis structure of the following compounds.

1. CO2

2. NF3

3. ClO4-

4. NH4+

WRAP–UP

A Lewis structure is a graphic representation of the electron distribution around

atoms. The reason for learning to draw Lewis structures is to predict the number and
type of bonds that may be formed around an atom. A Lewis structure also helps to
make a prediction about the geometry of a molecule.
Complete these statements:
1. To write the Lewis structure the points to be considered
are__________________________________________________________________
2. To calculate the formal charge, we must
___________________________________________

VALUING

In a Lewis structure, you can see how different atoms share and bond their electrons
to be more stable and become a one unit that is called compound.

An analogy can be made in a school system right now. Let’s say that the individual
atoms are the students, parents, teachers, school administrators and government
officials. Can you think of ways on what these individual units should do to make
learning easier during this new normal of education?
 POSTTEST

1. An element found in the 3rd column of s and p block would have the following
Lewis symbol:
a. b. c. d.

2. Which of the following correctly represents the Lewis symbol of an atom with the
following electron configuration: [Kr] 5s 2 4d10 5p5?
a. b. c. d.

3. O3 is the chemical formula for ozone which is a layer in our atmosphere that
protects us from harmful UV rays. Which of the following is the correct Lewis
structure for ozone?
a. b. c. d.

4. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for HCN?

a. b. c. d.

5. In the Lewis structure of CO2, what is the formal charge of carbon?

a. 0 b. 1 c. 2 d. 3
 KEY TO CORRECTION

Pre-Test
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. A

Recap

1. 5 2. 2 3. 7 4. 1 5. 5

Activity 1
1. F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5. T
6. T 7. F 8. F 9. T 10. T

Activity 2

Post Test
1. B 2. C 3. B 4. D 5. A
 REFERENCES
Helmenstine, Todd. “How to Draw a Lewis Structure.” ThoughtCo. Accessed August
18, 2020
https://www.thoughtco.com/how-to-draw-a-lewis-structure-603983

Hunt, Ian. “How to Draw Lewis Diagrams.” Department of Chemistry, University of

Calgary. Accessed August 18, 2020
http://www.chem.ucalgary.ca/courses/351/Carey5th/Ch01/ch1-3depth.html

Ilao, Luciano V., Lontoc, Betty M., and Paderna Gayon, Edwehna Elinore S. General
Chemistry 1. Manila City, Rex Bookstore Inc., 2016

Quiming, Noel and Sacramento, Jireh Joy. General Chemistry 1. Quezon City, Vibal
Group Inc., 2016

“Drawing Lewis Structures.” LibreTexts. Accessed August 18, 2020

https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_
The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/08._Basic_Concepts_of_Chemical_Bonding/8.5
%3A_Drawing_Lewis_Structures

“Lewis Dot Symbols and Lewis Structures.” Lumen, Boundless Chemistry. Accessed
August 17, 2020
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/lewis-dot-
symbols-and-lewis-structures/

“Lewis Dot Diagrams of Selected Elements.” HyperPhysics. Accessed August 16,

2020 http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/pertab/perlewis.html

“Lewis Formula and Octet Rule.” Accessed August 17, 2020

https://www.chemie-
biologie.unisiegen.de/ac/hjd/lehre/advanced_vortraege0607/chen_lewis_corr.pdf

“Lewis Structure.” ChemEd. Accessed August 17, 2020

https://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch8/lewis.html