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Republic of the Philippines

President Ramon Magsaysay State University
(Formerly Ramon Magsaysay Technological University)
Iba, Zambales, Philippines
Tel/Fax No.: (047) 811-1683

College/Department College of Teacher Education

Course Code ESC 1
Course Title Teaching Music in the Elementary Grades
Place of the Course in Major
the Program
Semester & First Semester, AY 2022-2023
Academic Year

Module 5 (week 9-10): Teaching Strategies, Approaches and Methods Under DepEd K-12
Curriculum

Introduction

Different approaches differ in the level of teacher and student participation. We start describing these
approaches from that approaches with the highest to the lowest level of teacher direction or from the lowest to
the highest level of student participation. On the basis of student and teacher involvement, these methods are
categorized as direct/expository

Intended Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of his module, you will be able to:

1. Identify and discuss the features of the different teaching strategies, approached and methods
under DepEd K-12 Curriculum.
2. Select the best strategies for a certain topic and explain the reason for choosing such.

Discussion

Instructional models, strategies, and methods

An instructional model is a teacher’s philosophical orientation to teaching. It is related to theories of

learning including behaviorism, cognitivism, constructivism, social interactionism, and others. An
instructional strategy is a teaching approach influenced by the abovementioned educational philosophies,
while an instructional method is the specific activity that teachers and learners will do in the classroom.

An instructional strategy is what a teacher uses inside the classroom to achieve the objectives of a lesson.
A teacher can use a strategy or a combination of strategies to do this.

1. Direct instruction is where teachers use explicit teaching techniques to teach a specific skill to
their students. This type of instruction is teacher-directed, where a teacher typically stands at the front of a
room and presents information. Teachers match their instruction to the task to enhance students’
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understanding of a topic. This technique depends on strict lesson plans with little room for variation. It does
not include active learning activities such as discussions, workshops or case studies.

Direct instruction has a number of critics, who believe that it has little room for personalization or
adaptability. The six steps in direct instruction are:

– Introducing material, that is used to activate students’ prior knowledge

– Presenting new material, where students begin to learn with step-by-step guides
– Guiding students, where teachers can correct mistakes early on and reteach material if
needed
– Providing feedback, where teachers give students an indicator of their performance
– Practicing independently, where students individually apply the skills that they’ve gained
– Evaluating, where students are tested on what they’ve learned.

Direct Instructions method include:

1. Compare and Contrast

2. Demonstrations
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3. Drills and Practice

4. Listening, viewing lecture

2. Indirect instruction is a teaching approach that uses inquiry and encourages higher order thinking
skills in an environment that encourage problem-solving and or project-based learning. Indirect instruction
is based on the philosophy of constructivism, which states that people derive meaning from their own
experiences. It is a teaching strategy in which the learner is an active and not passive participant. Indirect
instruction methods are used for concept learning, inquiry learning and problem-centered learning (Borich
2011).

Indirect instruction methods include:

1. Case Study is a research method involving an up-close, in-depth, and detailed examination of
a particular case. For example, a case study in medicine may examine a specific patient a doctor
treated, and a case study in business might study a particular firm's strategy. Generally, a case
can be nearly any unit of analysis, including individuals, organizations, events, or actions.
2. The cloze procedure is a reading comprehension activity in which words are omitted from
a passage and students are required to fill in the blanks. This procedure is incredibly useful in
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reading instruction because it can be easily done by any teacher and provides valuable reading
comprehension information.
3. Reflection is a metacognitive strategy to help learners as individuals or organizations reflect
upon experiences, actions and decisions taken. A practitioner engages in reflection when
problem in practice arises and an attempt is made to understand and resolve it.

3. Interactive Instruction is teaching that addresses learners’ need to be active in their learning and
interact with others including their teachers and peers. This type of instruction involving give-and-take
activities between students and teacher is designed to promote students’ engagement, understanding, and
for eliciting communication skills at appropriate functional levels.

Interactive Instruction methods include:

1. Debate is a process that involves formal discussion on a particular topic. In a debate, opposing
arguments are put forward to argue for opposing viewpoints. Debate occurs in public meetings,
academic institutions, and legislative assemblies. It is a formal type of discussion, often with a
moderator and an audience, in addition to the debate participants.
2. Brainstorming is a method design teams use to generate ideas to solve clearly defined design
problems. In controlled conditions and a free-thinking environment, teams approach a problem
by such means as “How Might We” questions. They produce a vast array of ideas and draw
links between them to find potential solutions.
3. Cooperative learning is the process of breaking a classroom of students into small groups so
they can discover a new concept together and help each other learn. The idea of cooperative
learning has been around for decades, but it never got to the same prominence as blended
learning or differentiated instruction.
4. An interview is essentially a structured conversation where one participant asks questions, and
the other provides answers. In common parlance, the word "interview" refers to a one-on-one
conversation between an interviewer and an interviewee.

4. Experiential learning is an engaged learning process whereby students “learn by doing” and by
reflecting on the experience. Experiential learning activities can include, but are not limited to, hands-on
laboratory experiments, practicums, field exercises, and studio performances.

Experiential Instruction methods include:

1. A game can be used to promote critical thinking and reasoning. One advantage of using games,
as a teaching strategy, is that students have the opportunity for immediate feedback, through
the discussion of correct answers and their rationales (Glendon and Ulrich, 2005)
2. Experiments can be used to introduce new ideas or to clarify puzzling aspects of topics with
which students typically struggle.
3. Role-play is a technique that allows students to explore realistic situations by interacting with
other people in a managed way in order to develop experience and trial different strategies in a
supported environment.
4. Field trips bring classroom study alive for students and help them remember and relate to what
they have learned. They provide rich resources that can rarely be approximated in the
classroom. They also help connect school to the world. Field trips provide new cultural contexts
for literature and provoke questions.
5. Simulations are instructional scenarios where the learner is placed in a "world" defined by the
teacher. They represent a reality within which students interact. The teacher controls the
parameters of this "world" and uses it to achieve the desired instructional results. Students
experience the reality of the scenario and gather meaning from it
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5. Independent study is a form of education offered by many high schools, colleges, and other
educational institutions. It is sometimes referred to as directed study, and is an educational activity
undertaken by an individual with little to no supervision. Independent study is a form of educational activity
undertaken by an individual student with little to no supervision. Independent study refers to opportunities
for students to explore their personal interests on a deeper level in order to decide how and where they will
direct their studies in the future.

Experiential Instruction methods include:

1. A research strategy is an overall plan for conducting a research study. A research strategy
guides a researcher in planning, executing, and monitoring the study.
2. A reporting strategy can actually support compliance goals, and has many other business
benefits. These include a more holistic understanding of the business by all in it, improved
clarity on its future direction, better understanding of risks to the strategy, and better cultural
and behavioral alignment.
3. Homework is the best teaching strategy because it ensures that the students can retain the
information that they practice and it helps them gain the positive qualities that are associated
with it.

In planning lessons, teachers can employ and combine a variety of teaching strategies and methods
to deliver instruction. In choosing strategies and methods to use in teaching, the teacher has to consider
learner diversity and whether or not the strategies or methods will respond to what learners inside the
classroom need. In preparing daily lessons, teachers are encouraged to emphasize the features of the K to
12 curriculum.

1. The spiral progression approach is a technique often used in teaching where first the basic
facts of a subject are learned, without worrying about details. Teachers should make sure that
in preparing lessons, learners are able to revisit previously encountered topics with an
increasing level of complexity and that lessons build on previous learning.
2. Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge rather than just passively
take in information. As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they
build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing
knowledge (schemas). Constructivism is a theory in education that recognizes the learners'
understanding and knowledge based on their own experiences prior to entering school. It is
associated with various philosophical positions, particularly in epistemology as well as
ontology, politics, and ethics.
3. Differentiated instruction and assessment, also known as differentiated learning or, in
education, simply, differentiation, is a framework or philosophy for effective teaching that
involves providing all students within their diverse classroom community of learners a range
of different avenues for understanding new information (often in the same classroom) in terms
of: acquiring content; processing, constructing, or making sense of ideas; and developing
teaching materials and assessment measures so that all students within a classroom can learn
effectively, regardless of differences in their ability. Students vary in culture, socioeconomic
status, language, gender, motivation, ability/disability, learning styles, personal interests and
more, and teachers must be aware of these varieties as they plan in accordance with the
curricula. By considering varied learning needs, teachers can develop personalized instruction
so that all children in the classroom can learn effectively. Differentiated classrooms have also
been described as ones that respond to student variety in readiness levels, interests, and learning
profiles. It is a classroom that includes and allows all students to be successful. To do this, a
teacher sets different expectations for task completion for students, specifically based upon
their individual needs.
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4. Contextualized instruction links the learning of foundational skills with academic or

occupational content by focusing teaching and learning squarely on concrete applications in a
specific context that is of interest to the student.
5. ICT integration is defined as the use of ICT to introduce, reinforce, supplement and extend
skills (Pisapia, 1994) The study of ICT integration is divided: some studies view it as an aid
to achieve administrative proficiencies and personal productivities, in and outside of
instruction. ICT in education improves engagement and knowledge retention: When ICT is
integrated into lessons, students become more engaged in their work. This is because
technology provides different opportunities to make it more fun and enjoyable in terms of
teaching the same things in different ways.

Suggested Readings
• https://www.quizalize.com/blog/2018/02/23/teaching-strategies/
• https://www.educationcorner.com/teaching-methods-strategies.html

Resources and Additional Resources

• https://www.deped.gov.ph/2016/06/17/do-42-s-2016-policy-guidelines-on-daily-lesson-
preparation-for-the-k-to-12-basic-education-program/
• Deped Order No 42 s. 2016

Prepared by:

RAYMOND DUMLAO ESPIRITU

Instructor I