15 - RC2 Lecture 9.0 - Footings

Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University
The Hashemite University

Department of Civil Engineering
Lecture 9 – Footings
Dr. Hazim Dwairi
Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II
Footings Definition
• Footings are structural members used to support

columns and walls to transmit and distribute their
loads to the soil in such a way that the load
bearing capacity of the soil is not exceeded,
excessive settlement, differential settlement, or
rotation are prevented and adequate safety
against overturning or sliding is maintained.
• Since the soil is generally weaker than concrete
columns and walls, the contact area between the
footing and the soil is much larger than between
the supported members and footing.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 1

Types of Footings
a) Strip or Wall Footing

b) Spread Footing (Single or Isolated)
Types of Footings
c) Spread Footing (Stepped)

d) Spread Footing (Tapered)
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 2

Types of Footings
e) Pile Cap
f) Combined Footing
Types of Footings
g) Cantilever or Strap Footing
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 3

Types of Footings
h) Mat or Raft Footing
Distribution of Soil Pressure

• When the column load
P is applied on the
centroid of the footing, a
uniform pressure is
assumed to develop on
the soil surface below
the footing area.
• However the actual distribution of the soil is not
uniform, but depends on may factors especially
the composition of the soil and degree of
flexibility of the footing.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 4

Distribution of Soil Pressure
Soil pressure distribution Soil pressure distribution

in cohesionless soil. in cohesive soil. (Sand)
(Clay)
Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column

loads and transmit them to the soil safely while
satisfying code limitations.
1. The area of the footing based on the allowable
bearing soil capacity
2. Two
Two--way shear or punch out shear.
3. One
One--way shear
4. Bending moment and steel reinforcement
required
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 5

Design Considerations
Footings must be designed to carry the column

loads and transmit them to the soil safely while
satisfying code limitations.
1. Bearing capacity of columns at their base
2. Dowel requirements
3. Development length of bars
4. Differential settlement
Eccentrically Loaded Footing

Locate column within the
Kern of footing to prevent
developing tension
stresses in the soil
underneath the footing
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 6

Gross and Net Bearing Capacity
0.6m 10.8kN/m2
0.6m 15.0kN/m2
γ s=18kN/m
3
25.8kN/m2
γc=25kN/m3
qnet = q gross − Ws − W footing

Ws = weight of soil
10.8kN/m2
15.0kN/m2 W footing = weight of footing

25.8kN/m2
Size of Footing
• The area of footing can be determined from the

actual external loads such that the allowable soil
pressure is not exceeded.
Service Load
Total load (including selfweight )

Area of footing =
Gross allowable soil pressure
qult
qall =
FS
FS = Factor of safety in the range
of 2.5 to 3.0
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 7

Design for Two-

Two-way Shear
• For Slabs and footings, Vc is the smallest of a, b

and c:
Where:
bo = perimeter of critical section
β = ratio of long side of column to short side < 2
αs = 40 for interior columns, 30 for edge columns and
20 for corner columns.
Design for Two-

Two-way Shear
The shear force Vu acts at a

section that has a length
b0 = 4(c+d
4(c+d)) or 2(c1+d) + 2(c2+d)
where d is the effective depth
the section is subjected to a
vertical downward load Pu and
vertical upward pressure qu.
For Square column:
Vu = Pu − qu (c + d ) 2
For Rectangular column:
Vu = Pu − qu (c1 + d )(c2 + d )
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 8

Design of One-
One-way Shear
For footings with bending

action in one direction the
critical section is located a
distance d from face of
column. L
Vc = 0.17 f bd c
'
L-Direction
L c
Vu = qu b( − 1 − d ) c2 b
2 2
d c1
Vc = 0.17 f Ld c
'
b-Direction
b c
Vu = qu L( − 2 − d )
2 2
Flexural Strength and Footing

reinforcement
The bending moment in
each direction of the footing
must be checked and the
appropriate reinforcement
must be provided.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 9


reinforcement
• Mu = 1/8 x qu x (L – c)2
Mu
As =
 a
φf y  d − 
 2
• Minimum area of steel
– Grade-
Grade-40 As,min = 0.002bh
– Grade
Grade--60 As,min = 0.0018bh
– Maximum spacing, S, is the
smallest of (3h or 450mm)

reinforcement
• The reinforcement must be
distributed across the entire
width of the footing.
long side of footing

β=
short side of footing
Reinforcement in band width 2

=
Total reinforcement in short direction β + 1
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 10

Bearing Capacity of Column at

Base
• The column applies a concentrated load on
footing. This load is transmitted by bearing
stresses in the concrete and the stresses in the
dowels crossing the joint.
• Maximum bearing load on the concrete is given
as: (ACI sec. 10.17)
(
N = φ 0.85 f c' A1 ) A2
A1
≤ φ 1.70 f c' A1( )
φ = 0.65 for bearing
Bearing Capacity of Column at

Base
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 11

Dowels Reinforcement
• A minimum steel ratio ρ = 0.005 of the column

section as compared to ρ = 0.01 as minimum
reinforcement for the column itself. The number
of dowel bars needed is four which may be
placed at the four corners of the column. The
dowel bars are usually extended into the footing,
bent at the ends, and tied to the main footing
reinforcement. The dowel diameter shall not
exceed the diameter of the longitudinal bars in
the column by more than 4.0 mm.
Dowels Reinforcement
Larger of (Compression
development length for
#8 bar OR compression
Lap-splice for #7 bar)
Compression
development length
for #7 bars
0.24 f y d b
ldb =
f c'
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 12

Example 1 – Wall Footing
Design a plain concrete footing to support a 400

mm thick concrete wall. The load on the wall
consist of 230 kN
kN/m
/m dead load (including the self-
self-
weight of wall) and a 146 kNkN/m
/m live load. The base
of the footing is 1200 mm below final grade. fc’ =
21 MPa,
MPa, fy = 420 MPa,
MPa, the gross allowable soil
pressure = 240 kN /m2 , and the soil density is 18
kN/m
kN /m3.
kN/m
1) Estimate the size of the footing and the

factored net pressure.
assume depth of footing = (1 ~ 1.5) × wall thickness

= 1.25 × 400 = 500mm
WFooting = γ c h = (25)(0.5) = 12.5kN / m 2
Wsoil = γ s hs = (18)(1.2 − 0.5) = 12.6kN / m 2
(qall )net = 240 − 12.5 − 12.6 = 214.9kN / m 2
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 13


Calculate total service load :
Pservice = DL + LL
= 230 + 146
= 376
Estimate footing width (consider 1 - m strip) :
P 376
b = service = = 1.75m ⇒ USE b = 1.80m
(qall )net 214.9
1.2 × 230 + 1.6 × 146
qu = = 283.1kN / m 2
1.80
2) Check one
one--way shear
Estimate d = 500 − 75 − 12.5 = 412.5mm
 1.80 − 0.40 
Vu @ d = 283.1 − 0.4125  × 1.0m = 81.40kN
 2 
φVc = 0.75 × 0.17 × 21 × 1000 × 412.5 = 241.0kN
Vu < φVc ⇒ OKAY !
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 14

3) Design flexural reinforcement
283.1  1.80 − 0.40 

2
Mu = ×  = 69.40kN .m
2  2 
φM n = φAs f y (d − a / 2)
 As × 420 
69.4 ×106 = 0.9 × As × 420 ×  412.5 − 
 0.85 × 21×1000 
⇒ As = 451mm 2 ; Amin = 0.0018 ×1000 × 412.5 = 742.5mm 2
USE 5φ14 / m OR 5φ14 @ 200mm
4) Check development length

9 f y d b 9 × 420 ×14
ld = = = 1155mm
10 f c' 10 × 21
1800 − 400
ld = 1155mm > l = = 700mm
2
⇒ USE 900 HOOK
0.24 f y d b 0.24 × 420 ×14
ldh = = = 308mm < 700mm
f c' 21
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 15

700 mm
168 mm 500 mm
1800 mm
φ14@200mm φ14@200mm
Example 2 – Single Footing
Design a square footing to support a 450 mm-

mm-
8φ25
square tied interior column reinforced with 8φ
bars. The column carries an unfactored axial
dead load of 1000 kN and an axial live load of
900 kN. The base of the footing is 1200 mm
below final grade and allowable soil pressure is
240 kN /m2. Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy = 420 MPa.
kN/m MPa.
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 16

1) Estimate the footing size and the factored net

soil pressure.
Assume footing depth h = 600mm
W footing = 0.6 × 25 = 15kN / m 2
Wsoil = (1.2 − 0.6) ×18 = 10.8kN / m 2
Effective (Net) Allowable Soil Pressure :
(qall )net = 240 − 15 − 10.8 = 214.2kN / m 2
Service Load = P = DL + LL
= 1000 + 900 = 1900kN
Factored Load = Pu = 1.2 DL + 1.6 LL
= 1.2(1000) + 1.6(900) = 2640kN
1900
Area of footing = = 8.87 m 2
214.2
USE 3.0m × 3.0m
2640
qu = = 293.3kN / m 2
3× 3
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 17

2) Check thickness for two

two--way shear
Average d = 600 − 75 − 1.5 × 25 = 487.5mm
Perimeter bo = 4(450 + 487.5) = 3750mm
  2 '
 0.171 +  f c bo d = 0.51 f c bo d
'
  β
 α d 
Vc = smallest of 0.083 s + 2  f c' bo d = 0.59 f c' bo d
  bo 
 0.33 f c' bo d



φVc = 0.75 × 0.33 × 28 × 3750 × 487.5 = 2394.2kN
Vu = 2640 − 293.2 × (0.9375) = 2382.3kN
2
Vu < φVc Two - way shear OKAY

3) Check one
one--way shear
3 0.45
Vu = 293.3 × ( − − 0.4875) × 3 = 692.9kN
2 2
φVc = 0.75 × 0.17 × 28 × 3000 × 487.5 = 986.7kN
Vu < φVc One - way shear OKAY
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 18


4) Design the flexural reinforcement
Calculate ultimate moment at the edge of column :
 3.0 − 0.45 
M u = 293.3 ×   × 3 = 1121.9kN .m
 2 
 As × 420 
1121.9 ×106 = 0.9 × As × 420 ×  487.5 − 
 2 × 0.85 × 28 × 3000 
⇒ As = 6325mm 2
As,min = 0.0018 × 3000 × 600 = 3240mm 2
3000 − 2 × 75
USE 13φ 25 = 6370mm 2 ; s = = 237.5mm
13 − 1
5) Design column
column--footing connection
Check Bearing Stress :
A1 = 0.45 × 0.45 = 0.203m 2
A2 = (1.2 + 0.45 + 1.2 ) = 8.123m 2
2
N1 = 1.7 × 0.65 × 28 × 0.203 = 6,281kN

8.123
N 2 = 0.85 × 0.65 × 28 × (0.203) = 19,865kN > N1
0.203
⇒ N = 6,281kN
Pu = 2640kN < N = 6281kN ⇒ OKAY
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 19


In case N > Pu :
N-Pu
∴ Area of dowels required = ;φ = 0.65
φf y
Area of dowels > 0.005(450 × 450) = 1013mm
USE 4φ 20 = 1256mm 2
Development length of dowels
0.24d b f y
ldc = > 0.044d b f y
'
fc

0.24 × 20 × 420
for φ 20 → ldc = = 381mm > 0.044 × 20 × 420 = 370mm
28
0.24 × 25 × 420
for φ 25 → ldc = = 476mm > 0.044 × 25 × 420 = 462mm
28
Development length for footing reinforcement φ 25 :
9 f y d b 9 × 420 × 25
ld = = = 1786mm
10 f c' 10 × 28
3000 − 450
Available l = − 75 = 1200mm < 1786mm
2
Provide 90o Hook :
0.24 × 25 × 420
ldh = = 476mm < 1200mm OKAY
28
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 20


450 mm
8φ25
13φ25
4φ20 476 mm
381 mm
600 476
mm mm
3000 mm
Example 3 – Combined Footing
Design a rectangular footing to support two square

columns. The exterior column (I) has a section
400 x 400 mm, which carries DL of 800 kN and a
LL of 530 kN. The interior column (II) has a section
of 500 x 500mm, which carries a DL of 1100 kN
and a LL of 620 kN. The base of the footing is
1500 mm below final grade and allowable soil
pressure is 240 kN /m2. Use fc’ = 28 MPa and fy =
kN/m
420 MPa
MPa.. The distance between column is 5.0 m
center to center (cc).
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 21


DL = 1900 kN
LL = 1150 kN
DL = 800 kN DL = 1100 kN
LL = 530 kN LL = 620 kN
2820 mm 2820 mm
5000 mm
3250 mm 3250 mm
lmin = 5000 + 200 + 200 = 5400mm

USE l = 6500mm

Pservice = 1900 + 1150 = 3050kN
Pu = 1.2 ×1900 + 1.6 × 1150 = 4120kN
Assume depth of footing h = 1000mm
(qall )net = 240 − 25 ×1 − 18 × 0.5 = 206kN / m 2
3050
Area of footing = = 14.81m 2
206
14.81
B= = 2.3m ⇒ USE B = 2.5m
6.5
4120
qu = = 254kN / m 2
6.5 × 2.5
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 22

6500 mm
3250 3250
2820
2500
mm 1300 1400
1080 1400
230 400 4550 500 820

Average d = 1000 − 75 − 25 = 900mm
Two - way shear for column I :
Vu = (1.2 × 800 + 1.6 × 530) − 254 × (1.08 ×1.3)
= 1451kN
bo = ( 2 ×1080 + 2 ×1300) = 4760mm
φVc = 0.75 × 0.33 × 28 × 4760 × 900 = 4284kN > Vu OK!
Two - way shear for column II :
Vu = (1.2 ×1100 + 1.6 × 620) − 254 × (0.5 + 0.9) 2
= 1814kN
bo = 4 × (500 + 900) = 5600mm
φVc = 0.75 × 0.33 × 28 × 5600 × 900 = 5040kN > Vu OK!
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 23


1808 kN 2312 kN
633.8 kN/m2 1633.53

272.53
2.42 m
Vu, kN
1535.47 678.47
1799.3
Mu, kN.m
16.8 103
58.6
362.8

One - way shear :
Vu @ d = 1633.53 − 633.8 × (0.25 + 0.9) = 904.7kN
φVc = 0.75 × 0.17 × 28 × 900 × 2500 = 2250kN > Vu
OKAY !!
M u+ve = 1800kN .m
 As × 420 
1800 ×106 = 0.9 × As × 420 ×  900 − 
 0.85 × 28 × 2500 
⇒ As = 5406mm 2
USE 15φ 22 ⇒ As = 5702mm 2
As ,min = 0.0018 × 2500 ×1000 = 4500mm 2 ⇒ 12φ 22
A
Dr. Hazim sDwairi
, min = 0.0018 × 6500 ×1000 = 11700mm 2 ⇒ 31φ 22
The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 24


230 400 4550 500 820
φ22
15φ
φ22
31φ φ22
12φ
• Things still need to be checked:

√ Cases of loading
√ Bearing stresses under columns
√ Development length
√ Dowel bars if needed
Dr. Hazim Dwairi 25

15 - RC2 Lecture 9.0 - Footings

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Prestressed Concrete Hashemite University

The Hashemite University

Dr. Hazim Dwairi

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

• Footings are structural members used to support

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 1

a) Strip or Wall Footing

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

c) Spread Footing (Stepped)

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 2

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

g) Cantilever or Strap Footing

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 3

h) Mat or Raft Footing

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Distribution of Soil Pressure

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 4

Distribution of Soil Pressure

Soil pressure distribution Soil pressure distribution

Footings must be designed to carry the column

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 5

Footings must be designed to carry the column

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Eccentrically Loaded Footing

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 6

Gross and Net Bearing Capacity

qnet = q gross − Ws − W footing

15.0kN/m2 W footing = weight of footing

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

• The area of footing can be determined from the

Total load (including selfweight )

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 7

Design for Two-

• For Slabs and footings, Vc is the smallest of a, b

Design for Two-

The shear force Vu acts at a

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 8

For footings with bending

Flexural Strength and Footing

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 9

Flexural Strength and Footing

Flexural Strength and Footing

long side of footing

Reinforcement in band width 2

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 10

Bearing Capacity of Column at

Bearing Capacity of Column at

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 11

• A minimum steel ratio ρ = 0.005 of the column

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Dr. Hazim Dwairi 12

Example 1 – Wall Footing

Design a plain concrete footing to support a 400

Dr. Hazim Dwairi The Hashemite University Reinforced Concrete II

Example 1 – Wall Footing