ITEC 90: NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS
Wide area network (WAN) spans multiple
geographic areas and is usually connected
by common telecommunication carriers.
Computer networks – allows transfer of
files, data, and shared application.
Local area network (LAN) a group of
computers connected to one another in a
single building.
Metropolitan area network (MAN) is a
computer network that interconnects users
with computer resources in a geographic
region of the size of a city.
Protocol – Defined method for
communicating between system
Presentation responsibilities – Data
translation – Data formatting – Data syntax
restructuring – Data encryption – Data
compression
Internet Protocol (IP) is the primary OSI
network layer (layer three) protocol that
provides addressing, datagram routing and
other functions in an internetwork.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is
the primary transport layer (layer four)
protocol, and is responsible for connection
establishment and management and
reliable data transport between software
processes on devices.
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) This
connection-oriented protocol allows you to
connect your computer to other computers
on the Internet and view Web page content.
Used to fetch a website from a web server
Straight through – Used in local area
networks to connect a computer to a
network hub such as a router. Also called as
patch cable.
Cross-over – connects two computers
together without using a switch (or two
switches directly). It is most often used to
connect two devices of the same type: e.g.
two computers (via network interface
controller) or two switches to each other.
Rollover Wired Cables – most commonly
called rollover cables, have opposite Pin
assignments on each end of the cable. Not
intended to carry data but instead create an
interface with the device
Telnet access – used to be a common way
to access network devices
Console access – used to configure newly
acquired devices that usually don’t have an
IP address configured, and therefore cannot
be accessed through the network
Hubs – Generic connection device used to
tie several networking cables together to
create a link between different stations on a
network
Active Hubs – Amplify or repeat signals
that pass through them
Passive Hubs – Merely connects cables on
a network and provides no signal
regeneration
Router – Provide filtering and network
traffic control on LANs and WANs
Internetworks – Networks connected by
multiple routers.
Routing – The term Routing is used for
taking a packet from one device and
sending it through the network to another
device on a different network.
Core layer – Provides fast transport
between distribution switches within the
enterprise campus
Access layer – Provides workgroup/user
access to the network

Link – is a network or router interface
assigned to any given network. When an
interface is added to the OSPF process, it’s
considered by OSPF to be a link.
Default gateway – Is a router that hosts
use to communicate with other hosts on
remote networks.
Network – is a set of hardware devices
connected together, either physically or
logically to allow them to exchange
information.
Computer Networks allows transfer of
files, data, and shared application
Networking Software – The programs
used to run a network
Extranet – is the part of the company’s
network that allows access to
nonemployees.
Intranet – is the part of the company’s
network that allows access to employees
Servers – host the resources for the clients
to use and provide security
Octet – four decimal numbers separated by
dots, converted to its binary form.
Dotted – decimal notations used when
binary IP addresses are written in decimal
format.
Host Address – IP addresses assigned to
computers and interfaces.
MAC Address – identifies a specific NIC in
a computer on a network.
Broadcast Address – the address used by
computers to send to all codes in a network.
The broadcast address is the last address
of a network.
Static – by configuring the device with a
specific address
Dynamic – by letting the device
automatically learn its address from the
network
The first octet on an address dictates
the class of that address.
The broadcast – address identifies all hosts
on a particular network. A packet sent to the
broadcast address will be received and
processed by every host on that network.
Subnetting – is basically borrowing host
bits (bits from the host portion) to become
network bits.
Media – Refers to the wire cabling that form
the connections in most networks
Peer-to-peer network – When every
computer on a network acts as both a client
and a server
– Also known as “workgroups”
Network Types:
• Local area network (LAN)
• Wide area network (WAN)
• Metropolitan area network (MAN)
• Storage area network (SAN)
• Network Operating System (NOS)
• Network Interface Card (NIC)
Networking hardware – describes all the
physical components of a network, such as
the NIC, cable, hub, switch, router, and any
related connectors or devices.
Networking software – The programs used
to run a network.
Virtual private networks – Network that
uses a public communications infrastructure
(like the Internet) to facilitate private
communication between a company LAN
and remote employees.
 ITEC 90: NETWORK FUNDAMENTALS

Extranet is the part of the company’s Host Address - IP addresses assigned to

network that allows access to
nonemployees.
Intranet is the part of the company’s
network that allows access to employees
4 topologies most commonly used to build
most networks:
computers and interfaces.
Broadcast Address – the address used by
computers to send to all codes in a network.
The broadcast address is the last address
of a network.
Broadcast – a frame meant for the entire
network

• Star
• Bus
• Mesh
• Ring

7. Application layer

• Application responsibilities
• Presentation responsibilities
• Session services
• Transport responsibilities
• Network functions
• Data Link responsibilities
• Physical responsibilities

Types of Network Media:

• twisted-pair cabling
• coaxial cabling
• fiber-optic cabling
• wireless

MAC address – Found at the Data Link

layer of the OSI model

– Used by bridges and switches to make

forwarding decisions within a network or
subnetwork

IP address – Logical address when TCP/IP

is used on an internetwork

• Routers use the IP address

Network Address – the first IP address in a

network. It is reserved and is only used to
identify a whole set of addresses on a
network. All computers that belong to the
same network share a network address.