MATHEMATICS

SECOND QUARTER - WEEK 1

INTRODUCTION TO POLYNOMIALS DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS USING LONG DIVISION

● Polynomials ● Problem Solving

○ is a special kind of algebraic expression where
each/some term/s is/are:
a. a constant (rule no. 1)
b. a variable raised to a whole number exponent
(rule no. 2)
c. a product of a constant and variable/s raised to ● Solution
whole number exponent/s (rule no. 3)
● Types of Polynomials (based on the number of
2
○ There are (𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6) pencils reserved for
Grade 1 Industrious with (𝑥 + 3) pupils. How
many pencils will each pupil receive?
a. Divide the first term of the dividend by the first
term of the divisor and write the quotient above
𝑥
2

terms) the dividend. 𝑥

= 𝑥
○ monomial - a polynomial with only one term
7 8 𝑥
eg. 4𝑥 𝑦
○ binomial - a polynomial with two terms 𝑥 + 3
2
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
4 2 3 7
eg. 5𝑥 𝑦 − 9𝑥 𝑦
○ trinomial - a polynomial with three terms
2
b. Multiply the quotient by all the terms in the
eg. 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 1 divisor and write the answer just below the first
○ multinomial - a polynomial with four or more (two) terms of the dividend for subtraction.
terms 2
𝑥(𝑥 + 3) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥
3 4 2 5
eg. 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑
● Degree of Polynomial 𝑥
○ is the highest exponent of variable among the 𝑥 + 3
2
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
terms
a. if there is no more than one variable in each term 2
2 − (𝑥 + 3𝑥)
eg. 3𝑥 − 8𝑥 + 1, the degree is 2
3 4 2 5 2𝑥
eg. 𝑎 + 𝑏 − 𝑐 + 𝑑 , the degree is 5
b. if there is more than one variable in each/some
of the terms c. After subtracting, bring down the next unused
4 2 3 7
eg. 4𝑥 𝑦 − 9𝑥 𝑦 , the degree is 10 term of the dividend.

● NOT a Polynomial if
𝑥
○ the variable has a negative exponent
2
○ the variable has a decimal exponent 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
○ the variable has a rational exponent
○ the variable has a radical exponent 2
− (𝑥 + 3𝑥)
○ the variable is in the denominator
○ the variable is inside a radical 2𝑥 + 6
● NOTE
○ The operations used in a polynomial will depend
on what sign (positive or negative) does a number
has.

1
 d. Divide the difference by (again) the first term of
DIVISION OF POLYNOMIALS USING SYNTHETIC DIVISION
the divisor and write the quotient beside the first
2𝑥
one. 𝑥
= 2
● Problem Solving
2
○ There are (𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6) pencils reserved for
𝑥+2
Grade 1 Industrious with (𝑥 + 3) pupils. How
2
𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 many pencils will each pupil receive?

2
− (𝑥 + 3𝑥) ● Solution
a. Equate the divisor to zero then solve for 𝑥.
2𝑥 + 6
𝑥+3 =0
𝑥= −3
e. Multiply the second quotient by all the terms in
the divisor and write the answer just below the b. Use only the numerical coefficients and the
(two) terms at the bottom for subtraction. constant term of the dividend.
2(𝑥 + 3) = 2𝑥 + 6
2
(𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6)
𝑥+2 2
where 𝑥 is 1
2
𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 where 5𝑥 is 5
where 6 is 6
2
− (𝑥 + 3𝑥)

2𝑥 + 6 c. Set up these values in synthetic division.

− (2𝑥 + 6)
− 3 1 5 6
0
● Answer d. Multiply the first term of the dividend by the
○ Answer (in 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝐷(𝑥) · 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅 form) value of the divisor and write the answer just
where: below the second term of the dividend for
a. 𝑃(𝑥) is the dividend subtraction. 1 × (− 3) = − 3
b. 𝐷(𝑥) is the divisor
c. 𝑄(𝑥) is the quotient − 3 1 5 6
d. 𝑅 is the remainder
+ − 3
𝑃(𝑥) = 𝐷(𝑥) · 𝑄(𝑥) + 𝑅
2
2
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 + 3) · (𝑥 + 2) + 0
2
𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 2) e. After adding, multiply the difference by the
value of the divisor and write the answer just
below the third term of the dividend for
subtraction. 2 × (− 3) = − 6

− 3 1 5 6

+ − 3 − 6

2 0

f. After adding, bring down the first term.

2
 − 3 1 5 6 REMAINDER THEOREM

+ − 3 − 6
● Problem Solving
1 2 0 2
○ There are (𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6) pencils reserved for
Grade 1 Industrious with (𝑥 + 3) pupils. How
● Answer many pencils will each pupil receive?
○ The last sum is the remainder. Rewrite back the ● Solution
last row into polynomial form as the quotient whose a. Equate the divisor to zero then solve for 𝑥.
degree is the difference between the degrees of the
dividend and the divisor.
𝑥+3 =0
𝑥= −3
1 2 0
𝑥 +2 + 0
b. Substitute the value of 𝑥 to the dividend.
𝑥+2
𝑃(𝑥) = r
2
𝑃(− 3) = 𝑥 + 5𝑥 + 6
2
𝑃(− 3) = (− 3) + 5(− 3) + 6
𝑃(− 3) = 9 − 15 + 6
𝑃(− 3) = 0

● Answer
○ The value is the answer. Since the value is 0, the
remainder is 0.

● NOTE
○ The Remainder Theorem is used if we are only
looking for the remainder. It is used to easily find
the remainder without actually carrying out the steps
of the long and synthetic division.

WEEK 1 CONCLUSION

Before starting long and synthetic division, terms in

both dividend and divisor must be written in complete
descending power. If ever there is a missing term, use
zero as a coefficient.

In synthetic division, use only the numerical coefficient

and the constant term of the dividend. Except for the last
sum (remainder), rewrite back the last row into
polynomial form as the quotient whose degree is the
difference between the degrees of the dividend and the
divisor.

To check the answer in division, multiply the quotient

by the divisor, and add the nonzero remainder to the
product.

Prepared by: 10 STAR, 10 STE Orion & Centaurus, 10 SPA

Maceda, 10 SPFL Barcelona, 10 STVEP