and Bottom-up approach in

Difference between Top-down

nanotechnology

from larger structures top-down

1.Manufacturing process starts
in

smaller than the final design in

approach where starting building blocks are

bottom-up approach

produce structures with perfect surfaces

2. Bottom-up manufactuning can

and edges (not wrinky and does not contain cavities etc.) though surfaces

and edges resulted by top-down manufacturing are not perfect as they are

wrinkly or containing cavities

3. Bottom-up approach manufacturing technologies are newer than top-

down manufacturing and expected to be an alternative for it in some

applications (example. transistors)

4. Bottom-up approach products have a higher precision accuracy (more

control over the material dimensions) and therefore can manufacture
smaller structures compared to top-down approach

5. In top-down approach there is a certain amount of wasted matenial as

some parts are removed from the original structure contrast to bottom-up
approach where no material part is removed
enciple Quantum Mecharites
ean tum mochanio03 ko
branch e pfub0 ffat dels co:t befaebu
matlon iahk tna subatomio alomio leusel."t atkempts b enplain
ffe paopees d atomsl molccules hoin
ncuaond, elecmonu.
undameu tak poutels litue prota,

O1aneiple Cotgy uonla

cEae utele dualit paneile
Anecotainty pmnoiple
Oeneiple Enetgy Cuanla:*
One expesEmeur tRat demonshaates an nconb:s teve e toen
clasal tRcoray o ligkl experümeula vwsults2
s Called hioto clec hee ejfeet
monocmo matie s neideut on a elean áiraco af a matialb,
ffen tundo eontain Condito, eleeoo ns cu ent ked fom ti swface Acoonding
.

to elassieal phue10s fhe nteus:y af tho Light s

lage enough,
tf cOorau
fuunotton of fno mateoial toll be oveneome Lan
an oleetaon
elecheon
c0'll be emitted fom f swfao mdependont y fR
neideu t foeqtceue

Inezdeu emi t ted

mon ochio matre eloeton

J obseNed ck s fa a- a lonstduk tneideuk mteuwsth R

maximum nehe enogj g t pholbelee tron saies lnsaly co: cq coC
a limihng jag

3ftoneideut ntencity odi at a eonstan aea, tR nale ef

oo olec tron emiis:on ehuges, bout ma 'nehe cnoa nemaina
60me

Armequeneiy
 Pank
postulaBed n
1100,fat o thonmal nadahons onHod
stmaec m dseu le aoe ts of
faom a heaBed
eneg ealled Quanla
haercgy o luank f-R8
1sfacq t nadiahon
h sand planu'. Mns
tan
6605 X10 J . 5

1
1905, EmáBein pbs
tntenpraeted tfhat pp 10 photo eleotaxe me8ul s
Fa th entvqy n a gkt cnes also eCon taintd n discete pacue to 0g
n
bundles. K porele Ciue pa@luet a enorgi s alled a photon, cñoae
entg q00 l. C-ks.
JRo m0imum
en0g| cquined to omcoe an eloetoon 15 callud the wbnk Hmeho
eton
T matoial O auy eacess piolon eneg 2008 mBo h kmero encrqi o
a phiotoeleehaon.
R piotoe leeheie fee shiocos disech natwre of rR pholn domowhautes

tropanhele Qiue beiasour phoBon .

ARO max kncre

envgj pholo eleehacn-
T:mv- f 4 -

R-neideut photon entig Ct-&

m n entg on cOovdu fuwehn

COansetaxtele Dualty:
Complon Pfect: t s defned a th feek tRat s obseused oheun T-teas
C 9amma aa e seatternd on a matoia aud a
elccon J
ponton of t - beam coas deflected . fæn o
ay
ton
scaltovd
eleehron
tke daleched tiause fod shified companed to1tk tR
seattocd
oon tneideut COase

TDe-bnoqlte postulated ents tauce qmatton coooa. he suggesed tRa

6tn ee aoes eakibt pantele liue befasto 1, panheles should be
expected to sfco ace e paopotas. Jh ypoRIS de 0ecgla
cOas the stauee of cOawe- pan he le dualihs prneiple
JR momentum of a oon 1s
nd Cooyhe polèsagdtfal tk romwlog fa porole, A:
ho, p m omentum ot 1R0 pante le
d Oangte tinve leugh of tko
ma ttor cOatse

1540n Giomen oxprlment, t 6 obsen1ed tRa elec trow fram

nEate& filarmeal cikU aee oloatod at noama. meidonee onto a 6:1gle
eleehons an a
yslal ofnieuel A detoo toe meaoud fho attonocd
Jun cton g gle
As oedulE, te etsteuc ca peau n ho dub:hy e seattora
eleehuons ean he explainod a a ons hecue bue ntefoua d a e
sCatteud f f peiodio atomu tn ho planus ouOuel Oyblad J

neidout beam
beam

Sample
s eattoud e"

L O-40

Gialsanometon SeatHeed fuun

detoe ton)
as a
faneton g
6eaterora Ggle joe k
LExpemonlal aosangemeut af fh Dasson- Gemen enprimeut
Dauseon- Geme expoîmeut

e tnctainty 'romeiplex
JHO Cncorlainty pmonepe doseibes a huudomen t nelatkonsfip be kaea
Conugate aiable neluding Po6tPon & momentum & dlso encg l tme.
f tke wmcontoùnty of momentun 1s dp, 2

Porton S

Ron h me tain ty pa netple s slated a

cofou. - h/a 1:054 x10 J.s.aud t ,ts alled

Modi fed Plank's onket.

Atao faom 1 uneenlin ky poineiple toe can say

energ 2 at s te uneontaany
in the me
heodinge'o Wave Equaton:
Sechnadingtt podedd foomuaron ealled t0acemchanies ieR
,
a

d tko coase pate

ho
Copoanled tfo penciples o quana mtaoduced y Plan@u,
dlity po:neiple duond y tecgle On the ors of mseparhee dudl
uyshal b ave
poneiple, cde toll deseribe t moton o electno n a

Thecy.Ofis fhtony 15 dcseribed y okhrecdingen's coave cquaton

toc, t)= Aed(a-tot)

he, u:Oaoe nmumbOr
C0- CMgula fncq 9 cou) s
1adiun
4t)
a,t) a ,)
Poo m
4t) ns-ob}(=
jo) A

Ag d0x-ot)

3t) t
Ap3x-ot)

ain om eq

KAe3(-De)

u4e)
lt)
Sqou t)

Joal enDg o
pono le,
a

my'+ v)

P fik (K-cdawe nimber)

 Noo, f hw

Yocm eq
E v)
v()

4l,) v )e,t) mulpy

multpyg
4,t) . mn
2

Dt th y,t)

Noc0.
m

CUnDt, tke coave janeton

ylt) s

Vts fh poBenhdl fumehon d abbumed

to be ndepeudant of tme.

m es tRe mass of he ponkelo

3 s he magna Constaet -

R caneJanetron u,t) tll be uwd fRe befiasr00

to debe
sstem matfumaheally. y t ) ean le a 0omplez quanhky.

Carng tka techniue sepovahong.oiables

Substhke n
-
Noco ditded ke eq" l tolal toaue h , e¢t)4()

m ) ,
3
S7nee, t f t 6ido of egn s a jn' gfpostsn « only? ha

1919ik 6de of the egth s a n of me E onl: eaek sde

etris equat:on mus be qual to a

Consfan
m e dependeu povnhon f eq 1 s
(14) 1s, Sepmahon eomstaud
Equaton (1ean be coo;l ten a
t ) - J ( q / k) E
exponeutdl Joam a
N oom qf fi6 oluhon u tK olasbeol

Stnso:dal c0ase.
c0-

So f eg 5 ) Can be comHen

e
-jcot (16 b

c0 1s tho dadian n augula

Letoet frequeney th
nuso:dal toase
No. Fao m eg , Th tme ndepeu don pomton ean be Orattien ap

am' ) o4/04 voc) =£

-va) = R a 4)
m 4)

E-v]4t) -'4

Jime ndcpeu deul

cORer m s ko mas of tka puhele
V)s t potouhal Sehrodingers
cOate Eouaton.
E 1s t, otal onegq of fhe patele
Boundary Condthon *
Snee 4 e
pe 8euts tf paf tkan

Sl4ld = 2
Conditon O: 40d muwt be nite. s'ngle alue d Corntnuous
Conditon : 04ta) must be fnute 8ngle alund 2 0ontnuous.
Sansfie ofun E 2 V) ad fnite
eLSOycohoe

No vo)=Vo
4

-
-0 -0
-0

wfen potenhal Tuetom is ni te eueyaho wkA poteunal. fh 1s nfnile

n some negton
bteuhal fn oanesponding coase fa
 a)

nfinite Poteuhal toe

Reotorke D

dHd m. [e-v) 4)6

r s fniute Oacoe nchon must be b®O. ,n bot
q on 2
Apoakele
Caunot penchacte Kase tnfnite poteutal bavids,So
fo
paobabil: y f Jndg to pmtele n negon 1 s hoo
 tne tncknemt hedingen's ase 2 ugon o h t t v(u)-0
J
9mu):
Aoboulore on u on

Ond bndau Coditon s thal-, fi dave funcron ) mustbe

Cont nuou So tfot

4 6 ) 4(a:a) =o

p7layng ha boun dou Conditon ak -0, we kase

=o)= A,Cos(o) + Ag Stm(o

O A
Ao
at a, -a)- A,coslva)+ ApSnya).
Ap 3n (ua) [A,o
Ag 51n(ua)=o -
fs s 8did f ka=n .
1, 3
n s
eerond ad a
quan tum numb@a,
K =niT
28
Neaarcoe Ualuos o mph.0s a
negah oe ogn n the ddave m
e l d nedun dank olutons joa p a f twe Cannot phub:cally dishnquis
an diffenue betoeen +n -n soluhow.

de E Can be 0:Hen

Sf9601 du =1
00

d =1

Pro)
 2
2

-cos oun) d =i

. Sn ka

a a -$in 2 ()a

Stn (onn

No,fnalt tme-ndepeueul uoase funahon

cohie, n=19,6.
ptamcte n t aoe e y quahag k,
K mt
-
nni
7Fn hn
ma 9ma
Foo tparcle n
Rnfinto aell, tio coave fueton s nou-

kat ts, th ntgy wele an only ae paneulan

diooue ualus
ODenathy of dlatea:

ie co:l ns:dor a fce. eonfncd to a tince dmen.sonal. in ro potoutal

coell, cohcu tko poteur.al e vopoe2out ffo s t

oya
E
elsetohine
coheu. the Cystal 18 aumod to be a cube to % augha

A too dimeuronb ranot alloned

quantum sBate» :a k-space 6phoical K-space

DR distaye behaem too quontum stateS n

tRe dinechon
-
K K-(n+1)) nd
Colume o! Uankum siate,

Romquoe
Dffoautal wclume n
pace 1s 4TKdk
d,ffoauhd deubny $ quantm 6tates n opaee
r)d: ()
7Jr)dkHK'dk a
73
 COe unocd, .mM

x 9 dE
42

4 a . omf. J d f
2

Brle-4H0 .lam"E df

o eqqwes tho to lal numb

quantun
Oystal opace sel - , poi
splume.
ate) om)NE

XDEGENE RACY : n quantum meekanics an

too
endg level s degenoat Wn
on mane
diffoet 6tates f a a
quanktum mechanieal 6yskem
my rave &ame onegy inougn eve
we not 6ame. Ti num ber ougk Wave fuu okond
diffoout states coana3
poadi nq ko
a
pateulah cne level 1s no@n ad
doget f deqeneras
Om-n+njng)a)
ma

(na,n, ne ,3) De GENA RATE STATEs: No o atates

fausmg tRe
(5.1,2)) dame onTY
J 6 aenq-bnn Modl

poteutel
ON Ten mrdl s an cdenliyed uodts
crocu tng a tk 1 u l ks co:l|
dimena:onal gle cushel, but
ong
llushiake mony of fie mpo Iruut foatos of tk quankum behauton
c dee hoNS n a toiodie lt heo.
V 0

f2
X
Atom Alom Atom
Atom Atom
Foteupal fa ef dnge soluded atom) (Csenlapprng potural fa oa
adaeut" atoms

-e No
T I
X
Atom Atom Atom Atom
-atb) -o a (a+o)
Net potuhal fa f a one dmens100al
O ond- dimeustonal pouodi
ngle Cuyslal)
poteuchal a tfo "Unnia Punsq
Mode)
DIe kSpace Dagam:*
Coska
Fore Ve 0, P= 0 fiom eq , Cos aa
-
E
2
amE m(mv)
K
P:
P-momentum)
 EP KA
m
mQm
Foom eq d.

oap'Sn a tO0S Oca

a

and
ea) Cos ka 6
Psnaa

-1

E
allocded Eq Fast B:lecun s |
-las
fouodden
Tenhai aeP
-3la -2Na -Ha lo la la Na
-
An e haD a unc ke enctgy e 19mev. etomine tke de Cacglto cWaiseleugn A

COQ unoco
E m ev
10x1o xi6 X10"3
6-68 X10T
=99 X10
8x(71x o]x(1-92o3)
=10m

++204-xte (ds
I19.0
A panhee tortk mass o.9X10 31 hada de-bnogbe daseleungtRo 12 A.
etornane fri momenkum& mehe. encgy t e patele.

P-?
E2

amE

P-
663 x to34
m 7
-10
I12 X10
6.6 X 10 T
5.91x 10
2x 99X163 ug)x (u 9x 1o "R)2 kam/s
21
e . q6 x1oS

toev 4.97XO12ev
Caleula tRe finst tn an tnfinite poteubal clel
cosrdcng t in the nfnito otouhal rnell of ddK 5h.
cOkore a 5n 6 x 10m
Sma2
h 6.605 xto*3 T.s

nod

sonstenCrg 2
E 6606 x1o4)
Sx q.t1X to*°x ( X1om

2.408 X1O-1
t S 0 ev
Sova and endg leuel,
f x1.50ev 6ev

on 81ed encg level,

Pa 8 x 50 ev 13.6 ev