Physics

SI Unit
Conversions and Constants
DISTANCE, SPEED ACCELERATION
1 statute mile = 5280 ft 1 furlong = 660 ft
1 nautical mile = 6080 ft 1 span = 9 inches
1 league = 3 Nautical Miles 1 light year = 9.46 x 10^12 m
1 yard = 3 feet 1 knot = 1 nautical mile/hr.
1 foot = 12 inches 1 m/s = 3.6 kph
1 inch = 2.54 cm 9.81 m/s^2 = 32.2 ft/s^2
1 rod = 5.5 yards
1 furlong = 220 yards
1 cable length = 720 ft
1 fathom = 6 ft
1 chain = 66 ft
Conversions and Constants
AREA
1 acre = 1 furlong x 1 chain
= 660 ft x 66 ft
1 are = 100 m^2
1 hectare = 10,000 m^2

ANGLES
1 rev = 2𝜋 radians = 360 degrees = 400 gradians = 400 gons = 6400
mils
Conversions and Constants
VOLUME
1 quart = 2 pint
1 us gallon = 3.7854 liters = 4 quarts
1 brit. Gallon = 277.42 in^3
1 barrel (bbl) = 42 gallons
1 ganta = 3 liters = 8 chupas
1 cavan = 25 gantas
Conversions and Constants
MASS
1 tonne = 1 metric ton = 1000 kg
1 short ton = 2000 lbm
1 long ton = 2240 lbm
1 kg = 2.205 lbs
1 lbs = 16 oz
1 slug = 32.2 lbm

DENSITY
1 kg/L = 62.4 lb/ft^3
1ppm = 1mg/L = 1mg/kg
Conversions and Constants
FORCE
1N = 100,000 dynes
1kgf = 9.81 N
1lbf = 4.448 N

PRESSURE
1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psi = 760 mm Hg = 29.92 in Hg
= 1.032 kg/cm^2 = 760 torr = 1.01325 bar
Conversions and Constants
ENERGY
1 Btu = 778 ft-lb = 1.055 kJ
1 kCal = 4.187 kJ
1 Joule = 10^7 erg
1 erg = 1 dyne-cm
1 CHU = 1.88 BTU

POWER
1 hp = 0.746 kW = 550 ft-lb/s = 33000 ft-lb/min = 2545 BTU/hr
1 TOR = 3.516 kW = 12000 BTU/hr
Conversions and Constants
Temperature

Kelvin = Celsius + 273

Rankine = Fahrenheit + 460

1.8 x Change in Celsius = Change in Fahrenheit

Conversions and Constants
Using dimensional analysis
How many inches in 1 meter?
A. 12 C. 3.28
B. 39.37 D. 3
Physics
• Vector Quantities – quantities whose measurement is specified by
magnitude and direction
Ex: displacement, velocity, acceleration

• Scalar Quantities – quantities which only have magnitudes

Ex: volume, density, speed, energy, mass, time
Velocity vs Speed
• Speed – distance per unit time.

• Velocity – displacement per unit time.

Distance vs Displacement
• Distance – length from one point to another usually measured in a
straight line.

• Displacement – change in position, specified by a length and a

direction.
Acceleration
• Acceleration – the change of velocity per unit time.

• Instantaneous Acceleration – is the time rate of change of velocity.

• Uniformly accelerated motion – motion in a straight line in which the

direction is always the same and the speed changes at a constant rate.
Formulas
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒

∆𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Sample Problem
What is the acceleration of a body
that increases in velocity from 20m/s
to 40 m/s in 3 seconds? Answer in
SI units.
A. 8 m/s^2
B. 6.67 m/s^2
C. 5 m/s^2
D. 7 m/s^2
Laws of Motion
Newton’s First Law (Law of Inertia)
“An object at rest will remain at rest and an object in motion will remain
in motion unless an unbalanced force acts upon it”

Newton’s Second Law (Law of Acceleration)

“Acceleration is directly proportional to the force and inversely
proportional to the mass of the body”

Newton’s Third Law (Law of Reaction)

“For every force, there is always a force equal in magnitude and opposite
in direction that acts upon the body”
Force
Force – a push or pull that one body exerts on another.

Weight – resultant of gravitational force acting on the body due to all

other bodies in space.

Units of Force
Newton, Dyne, Poundal, Slug, Gramforce
Formulas
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
Sample Problem
The weight of a mass of 10 kg at a
location where the acceleration of
gravity is 9.77 m/s^2 is
A. 79.7 N
B. 77.9 N
C. 97.7 N
D. 977 N
Engineering Mechanics
Mechanics – branch of physics that considers the action of forces on bodies
or fluids that are both at rest and in motion.

Branches of Mechanics
• Statics – deals with bodies in the state of rest
• Dynamics(Kinetics) – deals with bodies in motion under the action of
forces.
• Kinematics – study of motion without reference to the forces which
causes the motion
Vector Problems
Determine the x and y components of these forces.
Vector Problems
2. A force vector is defined as F =
200j + 300i + 500k Newton.
Determine the magnitude in Newton.
[ans: 616.4N]
Vector Problems
Given the vectors:
A = 8i + 4j – 2k
B = 2j + 6k
C = 31 – 2j + 4k

1. Calculate A dot B [ans: -4]

2. Calculate A + B [ans: 8i + 6j – 4k]
3. Calculate the angle between A and C
[ans: 80.7deg]
4. Calculate A x B [ans: 28i – 48j + 16k]
5. Calculate A – B [ans: 8i + 2j – 8k]
Resultant Problems
Two position vectors: A = 60ft
and 30degrees, B = 100 ft and
70 degrees. Determine the
resultant.
[ans: 151 ft]

Find the resultant of the force

5N W 60 degree S, 7N 40
degree Northwest 9N 30 degree
S of E.
[ans: 3.56N]
Friction
Frictional Force – a force acting on the body whenever it moves while in
contact with another body.

𝐹 = 𝜇𝑁

Normal Force – the force acting perpendicular to the surface.

Coefficient of Friction – ratio of the frictional force to the normal force.
• Coefficient of Kinetic Friction – ratio when a body is moving.
• Coefficient of Static Friction – ratio when a body is about to move.
Friction
What is the frictional force of a 10
kg body resting on a flat surface
with a coefficient of static friction of
0.20.
A. 19.62 N
B. 20.62 N
C. 13.62 N
D. 14.62 N
Law of Universal Gravitation
Also known Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation.
“Every particle in the universe attracts every other particle with a force that
is directly proportional to the product of the masses of the two particles
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their
centers of mass”

𝑚1 𝑚2
𝐹=𝐺
𝑠2
Law of Universal Gravitation
1. If you have a mass of 55kg,
calculate the force of gravity you feel
from the moon when standing on the
moon’s surface. The mass of the
moon is 7.4 x 10^22 kg, and the
radius of the moon is 1.74 x 10^6
m.
[ans: 89.7 N]
Rectilinear Translations
Rectilinear translation – motion in a plane or one dimension

Types of Rectilinear Translation

• Horizontal Translation (Ground Motion)
• Vertical Translation (Free Fall)
• Curvilinear Translation (Projectile)
Horizontal Translation
𝑉𝑓 2 = 𝑉𝑖 2 + 2𝑎 𝑆𝑓 − 𝑆𝑖
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
1 2
𝑆𝑓 = 𝑆𝑖 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
Horizontal Translation
How far does an automobile
move while its speed increases
uniformly from 15kph to 45 kph
in 20 seconds?
A. 185 m
B. 167 m
C. 200 m
D. 172 m
Vertical Translation
𝑉𝑓 2 = 𝑉𝑖 2 + 2𝑎 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
1 2
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑉𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
Vertical Translation
A ball is dropped from the roof of
a building 40 meters tall will hit
the ground with a velocity of
A. 50 m/s
B. 28 m/s
C. 19.8 m/s
D. 30 m/s
Curvilinear Translation
𝑉𝑓𝑦 2 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 2 + 2𝑎 𝑦𝑓 − 𝑦𝑖
𝑉𝑓𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑡
1 2
𝑦𝑓 = 𝑦𝑖 + 𝑉𝑖𝑦 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
2
𝑥𝑓 = 𝑥𝑖 + 𝑉𝑖𝑥 𝑡
𝑉𝑓𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖𝑥

Where:
𝑉𝑖𝑦 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑉𝑖𝑥 = 𝑉𝑖 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
Curvilinear Translation
𝑉𝑖 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝜃
𝑅𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 =
𝑔
(𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)2
𝑀𝑎𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
2𝑔
Curvilinear Translation
A baseball is thrown from a
horizontal plane following a
parabolic path with an initial velocity
of 100 m/s at an angle of
30degrees above the horizontal.
How far from the throwing point will
the ball attain its original level?
A. 890 m
B. 883 m
C. 880 m
D. 875 m
Work, Energy, Power
Work – process of changing the energy of a particle, body or system.
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

Energy – property of the body or system of bodies by virtue of which work

can be done

• Potential Energy – energy of position or stored energy

𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
• Kinetic Energy – energy in motion
1
𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑉 2
2
Work, Energy, Power
A force of 200 N acts on a block.
The block is pushed 2 meters
horizontally. What is the work
done by this force?
A. 320 J C. 540 J
B. 400 J D. 215 J
Work, Energy, Power
A 10 kg block is raised vertically
3 meters. What is the change in
potential energy?
A. 320 J
B. 294 J
C. 350 kg-m^2/s^2
D. 350 N-m
Work, Energy, Power
A 10kg block moves from 20
m/s to 10 m/s. What is the
change in kinetic energy?
A. 1500 J
B. 2500 J
C. 3500 J
D. 1000 J
Work, Energy, Power
Power – is the time or rate of doing work. Unit of power is Watts.

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Work, Energy, Power
What is the power exerted by
lifting a 20 kg box, 4 meters
high within 2 seconds?
A. 392.4 Watts
B. 382.4 Watts
C. 282.4 Watts
D. 398.4 Watts
Impulse and Momentum
Momentum – it is the product of the mass and velocity of a body.
𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Impulse – product of force and time during which it acts.

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑠𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑥 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
Impulse and Momentum
Law of conservation of momentum:

𝑚1 𝑉1 + 𝑚2 𝑉2 = 𝑚1 𝑉1′ + 𝑚2 𝑉2′

Collisions:
Elastic Collision – collision wherein momentum and kinetic energy is
conserved.
Inelastic Collision – collision wherein only momentum is conserved but not
the kinetic energy

Coefficient of restitution – negative ratio of relative velocities of two

colliding objects.
Impulse and Momentum
𝑉2 − 𝑉2 ′
𝑒=−
𝑉1 − 𝑉1 ′
For
Elastic collision : e = 1
For perfectly inelastic collision : e = 0
For inelastic collision: 0 > e > 1
Impulse and Momentum
A 16-gram mass is moving at 30
cm/sec while a 4-gram mass is
moving in an opposite direction at
50 cm/sec. They collide head on and
stick together. Their velocity after
collision is
A. 0.14 m/s C. 0.07 m/s
B. 0.21 m/s D. 0.28 m/s
Matter
Matter – is anything that occupies space and has mass.

States of Matter:

• Solid - it can hold its own shape and is hard to compress

• Liquid - the molecules have the ability to move around and slide past
each other.
• Gas - the atoms are much more spread out than in solids or liquids, and
the atoms collide randomly with one another.
• Plasma - a gas that can carry an electrical charge.
• Bose-Einstein Condensate - atoms start behaving like little waves and
start overlapping one another until they eventually act like one wave and
essentially become a superatom.
Matter
Changes of state:

Freezing – change of state from liquid to solid.

Melting – change of state from solid to liquid

Vaporization – change of state from liquid to gas

Condensation – change of state from gas to liquid

Sublimation – change of state from solid directly to gas

Deposition – change of state from gas directly to solid
Thermodynamics
Branch of physics that deals with heat, work and temperature.

Laws of Thermodynamics:

• Law of Conservation of Energy (1st Law) – “Energy can’t be created or

destroyed but only transformed from one form to another”
• Law of Increased Entropy (2nd Law) – “the state of entropy of the entire
universe, as an isolated system, will always increase over time.”
• Nernst Heat Theorem (3rd Law) – “the entropy of a system approaches a
constant value as the temperature approaches absolute zero.”
• Thermal Equilibrium (0th Law) – “if two bodies are each in thermal
equilibrium with some third body, then they are also in equilibrium with
each other.”
Element Properties

Molecular Weight of common Gases and Compounds

Water (H2O) – 18 kg/mol

Oxygen Gas (O2) – 32 kg/mol
Nitrogen Gas (N2) – 28 kg/mol
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) – 44 kg/mol
Air – 29 kg/mol
Gas Laws
Ideal Gas Law
𝑃𝑉 = 𝑚𝑅𝑇
Boyle’s Law
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2
Charles’ Law
𝑃1 𝑃2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Gay-Lussac’s Law
𝑉1 𝑉2
=
𝑇1 𝑇2
Gas Laws
A sealed tank contains oxygen at 27
degrees Celsius at a pressure of 2
atm. If the temperature increases to
1000 degrees C, what will be the
pressure inside the tank?
A. 4.92 atm
B. 4.29 atm
C. 2.49 atm
D. 9.24 atm
Fluid Properties
Mass – amount of matter in an object

Volume – the space taken up by a matter

Fluid Properties
Density – mass per unit volume.
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑣

Specific Weight – weight per unit volume

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 =
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒

Specific Gravity – Ratio of density of an object to the standard density

𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝐺𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
Fluid Properties
Pressure – Force per unit area

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑥 𝑔 𝑥 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

Fluid Properties
An iron block weighs 5N and has a
volume of 200 cubic centimeters.
What is the density of the block?
A. 988 kg/m^3
B. 1255 kg/m^3
C. 2550 kg/m^3
D. 600 kg/m^3
Fluid Properties
What pressure is exerted by water at
14 meters below the surface?
A. 137.34 kPa
B. 147.34 kPa
C. 157.34 kPa
D. 117.34 kPa
Mock Board
Mock Board
(75% got wrong)
A young plumber deposited P1,000
in the bank at 6% interest
compounded annually when he
started plumbing at the age of 21.
How much will he get from the bank
when he retires at the age of 65?
A. P12,990
B. P12,890
C. P12,980
D. P2,770
Mock Board
(73.8% got wrong)
Which equation represents a line
parallel to the y-axis?
A. y=x
B. y=3
C. x=-y
D. x=-4
Mock Board
(72.5% got wrong)
It is a series of equal payments
occurring at equal interval of time
where the first payment is made
after several periods, after the
beginning of the payment
A. Perpetuity
B. Ordinary Annuity
C. Annuity Due
D. Deferred Annuity
Mock Board
(70% got wrong)
Bob wants to plant a 7 foot by 10
foot garden with a uniform border of
petunias around the outside and
still have 28 square feet to plant
tomatoes and roses in the middle.
How wide should the border of
petunias be?
A. 1.5 ft
B. 2 ft
C. 3 ft
D. 3.25 ft
Mock Board
Which choice below has the most
points?
A. A line
B. A line segment
C. A ray
D. No determination can be made