APA WGU Jan 22

January 2022
APA Referencing
The Wrexham Glyndŵr University Guide
Contents
What is referencing? ................................................................................................................................................. 2
Why do I need to reference? ..................................................................................................................................... 2
What do I need to reference? .................................................................................................................................... 2
How do I reference? .................................................................................................................................................. 2
In-text Citations ........................................................................................................................................................ 3
More than one author with same surname ............................................................................................................ 3
Multiple Authors ................................................................................................................................................... 3
Multiple Citations ................................................................................................................................................. 4
Secondary Citations .............................................................................................................................................. 4
Using direct quotations ............................................................................................................................................. 4
List of References ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
Using punctuation, capitalisation and italics .................................................................................................... 5
Examples of commonly referenced items ................................................................................................................. 7
Books .................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Journals ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
Internet – websites and webpages ....................................................................................................................... 11
Conference Publications and Presentations ........................................................................................................ 12
Audio Visual Material......................................................................................................................................... 13
Audio Visual ................................................................................................................................................... 13
Audio............................................................................................................................................................... 15
Music recording .............................................................................................................................................. 16
Visual .................................................................................................................................................................. 17
Social Media ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
Powerpoint slides ................................................................................................................................................ 21
Law and legal references .................................................................................................................................... 21
Government Publications .................................................................................................................................... 21
Developing good referencing skills ........................................................................................................................ 23
FAQs ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24
What do I do if there is no author? ...................................................................................................................... 24
There is no date – what do I do? ......................................................................................................................... 24
How many references should I use? How old should they be?........................................................................... 24
Creating a hanging indent ....................................................................................................................................... 25
For more help .......................................................................................................................................................... 25
1
January 2022
What is referencing?
Referencing is a system used in academic writing to acknowledge the published work
that you have used in your academic assignments.
Referencing is more than simply providing a list of the books that you have used at
the end of your assignment.
It is a technique used within your work to show the source of all the ideas and
information that you have used.
Why do I need to reference?

Referencing is important. Using references in your work:
- Demonstrates you have conducted thorough research and that your arguments are
presented in the context of published work.
- Shows you can substantiate the information and arguments that you have
presented.
- Allows the reader to locate the source of the information for themselves.
- Protects you from accusations of academic malpractice - plagiarism. This is where

you present material as if it is your own work when in fact it has been taken from
another source without you acknowledging this.
What do I need to reference?

The general rule to remember is that you should reference everything unless it is
‘common knowledge’.
This would be something that is so well known that is does not need a reference. For
example, you would not need to reference a statement such as ‘a day has 24 hours’ or
‘the UK is made up of Wales, England, Scotland and Northern Ireland’.
Therefore any source that you have used in your work should be referenced and this
would include books, journals, newspapers, websites, television programmes etc.
How do I reference?
A reference has two parts.
Firstly, you make a brief reference to the work in the main body of your writing. This is
called a citation. See pages 3 - 5 for examples of in-text citations.
Secondly, you include a full list of references at the end of your written work. See page
5.
2
January 2022
In-text Citations
Within the main body of your assignment you need to include a reference to the cited
work.
This takes the format of the author’s name and the year, which can be parenthetical
(enclosed in brackets) or narrative. For example:
Parenthetical – It has been reported that the limit per card transaction in the UK will
increase from £45 to £100 in October (BBC, 2021).
Note - the name of the author and the date of publication are separated by a comma
within the brackets. If the citation is at the end of a sentence the full stop would be
placed after the brackets.
Narrative – According to the BBC (2021), the limit per card transaction in the UK will
increase from £45 to £100 in October.
Note: In rare cases, both author and date may appear in the narrative. In this case, do
not use brackets:
In 2021, the BBC reported that the limit per card transaction in the UK would increase
from £45 to £100 in October.
Further examples:
…studies by Jones (2010) confirm this argument.
The research by Jones (2015) concludes that…
… work by Smith (2018) has largely discredited the theories originally proposed
by Jones (2008)…
The findings that … (Evans, 2005) have since been confirmed by Smith (2009) and
Jones (2010) in their research on ….
More than one author with same surname
When there is more than one author with the same surname, use initials even if the
publication dates are different. For example:
Research by L. Wilson (2010) contradicts that by J. Wilson (2008).
Multiple Authors
If listing multiple authors within the body of your writing use ‘and’ before the final author.
For example:
In 2014, research by Wood and Smith indicated that…

Adams et al. (2010) argue…
3
January 2022
If the authors are listed in brackets, use ‘&’ before the final author. For example:
Recent research (Wood & Smith, 2014) suggests…
Multiple Citations
If there is more than one source that supports your argument, you cite them inside the
same set of brackets.
Within the brackets, place them in alphabetical order. Separate them with a semicolon.
For example:
Various studies have supported this argument (Edwards, 2008; Smith, 2013;
Wilson, 2012).
Secondary Citations
A secondary citation is a source that you have found within another source. For example,
a book by Green referring to an article by Williams:
From research undertaken by Williams (1982, as cited in Green, 2014) it is evident

that…
For parenthetical citations, use (Williams, 1982, as cited in Green, 2014).
Wherever possible you should avoid using secondary citations. Ideally you should locate
the original source and cite it directly. You can then check that the source supports the
point you are making. In your reference list include the source you read, i.e. the
secondary source.
Using direct quotations

Material quoted from the work of another author should normally be reproduced word
for word.
Direct quotations must include the page number within the in-text citation. The
quotation should be enclosed in double quotation marks. This applies to short
quotations of less than 40 words. For example:
The research by Jones (2008) has been described as “the most significant
contribution to our understanding of this question” (Smith, 2010, p. 125).
For longer quotations – more than 40 words – use a block of text, without any
quotation marks. The quotation should be indented and started on a new line. For
example:
Pears and Shields (2008) argue that:

When you paraphrase, you express someone else’s writing in your own words,
usually to achieve greater clarity. This is an alternative way of referring to an
4
January 2022
author’s ideas or arguments without using direct quotations from their text. Used
properly, it has the added benefit of fitting more neatly into your own style of writing
and allows you to demonstrate that you really do understand what the author is
saying. (p. 16)
If the quoted source is not cited in the introductory sentence (Pears and Shields (2008)
argue that), then the full citation would be included at the end of the paragraph. For
example:
It is argued that:
When you paraphrase, you express someone else’s writing in your own words,
usually to achieve greater clarity. This is an alternative way of referring to an
author’s ideas or arguments without using direct quotations from their text. Used
properly, it has the added benefit of fitting more neatly into your own style of writing
and allows you to demonstrate that you really do understand what the author is
saying. (Pears and Shields, 2008, p. 16)
List of References
The second element is the list of references at the end of your document. This is a list of all
the sources you have cited in your writing.
The reference list is organised alphabetically by author. Ignore words like ‘A’, ‘An’ and The’
when using the name of an organisation as the author. APA Referencing uses a hanging
indent. See page 22 for instructions on creating a hanging indent.
For example:
The Chartered Institute for IT. (2010). Universal broadband needs to arrive sooner for UK
economy, says CMA. http://www.bcs.org/server.php?show=conWebDoc.34391
Fill, C. (2009). Marketing communications: Interactivity, communities and content. Prentice

Hall.
Green, S. M. (2014). Dyslexia in higher education. In F. L. Jones (Ed.), Dyslexia (pp. 12-19).
Wiley.
Muth, C., Hesslinger, V. M., & Carbon, C. (2015). The appeal of challenge in the perception of
art: How ambiguity, solvability of ambiguity, and the opportunity for insight affect
appreciation. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 9(3), 206-216.
http://doi:10.1177/0004867412474072
Oddner, F. (2010). The character of sport and the sport of character. Sport in Society,
13(2), 171-185.
Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. Taylor &

Francis.
Using punctuation, capitalisation and italics
- There should be a full stop and a space between an author’s initials.

- When listing multiple authors there should be a comma between each author.
- Each element of the reference ends with a full stop.
- The first word of the title and the sub-title should have a capital letter. All other words are in
5
January 2022
lower case. The exception would be a place or a person.

- Book titles are italicised.
- Journal titles are italicised and capitalised.
- Reference list entries for any source with multiple authors can include up to 20 names
before using an abbreviation.
- For resources with over 21 authors list the names of the first 19 authors, followed by (…)
and the name of the final author. For example:
….Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Robins, N. E., Swift, C., Plath, S., Ankers, M., (…)
Wood, A.
6
January 2022
Examples of commonly referenced items

Books
Basic format:
Author, A. B. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.
Single author
In-text citation Reference list
Fill (2009) argues that… Fill, C. (2009). Marketing communications: Interactivity, communities and content.
Prentice Hall.
Recent research (O’Neill, 2008) O’Neill, P. (2008). Surfaces and textures: A visual sourcebook. A&C Black.
suggests that…
Two authors
…as argued by Coaffee and Lee Coaffee, J., & Lee, P. (2016). Urban resilience. Palgrave.
(2016).
Research (Mearns & Thorne, 2013) Mearns, D. B., & Thorne, B. (2013). Person-centred counselling in action. Sage.
suggests that counselling…
7
January 2022
Three or more authors

…as argued by Sanders et al. (2016). Sanders, P. A., Frankland, A. & Wilkins, P. (2009). Next steps in counselling
practice: A students’ companion for degrees, HE diplomas and vocational
Research (Kenny et al., 2013) courses. PCCS Books.
suggests that sport and exercise
can… Kenney, W. L., Wilmore, J. H., & Costill, D. L. (2016). Physiology of sport and
exercise (6th ed.). Human Kinetics.
Note:
- Reference list entries for any source with multiple authors can include up to 20
names before using an abbreviation.
- For resources with over 21 authors list the names of the first 19 authors, followed
by (…) and the name of the final author. For example:
….Gilbert, D. G., McClernon, J. F., Robins, N. E., Swift, C., Plath, S., Ankers,
M., (…) Wood, A.
Book with an edition number Basic format:

Author, C. D. (Year or publication). Title of book (edition number.). Publisher.
…as argued by Baines (2016). Baines, D. (2019). Marketing (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Research (Geldard et al., 2017) Geldard, K., Geldard, D., & Yin Foo, R. (2017). Counselling children: A practical
suggests that counselling can support introduction (5th ed.). Sage.
children…
NOTE: the edition number is not included when the book is the first edition.
8
January 2022
Book with editors Basic format:

(Where no chapter authors are Editor, I. J. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.
specified)
Editor, I. J., & Editor, K. L. (Eds.). (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.
Wood (2012) suggests that… Wood, R. (Ed.). (2017). Healthcare management. Routledge.
…as argued by Black and Brown Black, S. T., & Brown, A. B. (Eds.). (2015). Sport and exercise science (3rd ed.).
(2015). Open University Press.
Chapter in an edited book Basic format:

(Where chapters are written by Author, I. J. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. Editor & B. Editor. (Eds.), Title
different authors) of book (pp. xx-xx.). Publisher.
Note – if you use 2 different chapters
each will need its own citation and
reference
Merry (2012) suggests that… Merry, T. (2012). Classical client-centred therapy. In P. Sanders & N. Baker (Eds.),
The tribes of the person-centred nation: An introduction to the schools of
therapy (2nd ed., pp. 21-45). Wiley.
eBook Basic format:

Author, A. B. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher. URL or DOI

Recent research (Hughes, 2013) Hughes, P. (2013). Public Health. Best Books.
shows an increase in… http://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/direct/SearchResults,buttons.eBo
okView.sdirect?sp=S9781444302585
Note - The format for an eBook will follow the guidelines for a printed book (as above).
Only include the URL if you have accessed the eBook via the Internet.
If the book has a DOI, include it at the end of the reference.
9
January 2022
Journals
Basic format:
Author, A. B. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume number(Issue number), page numbers.
Note:
- The first word of the article title has a capital letter. The first word of the subtitle has a capital letter.
- The title of the journal must be in italics.

…as argued by Oddner (2010) in Oddner, F. (2010). The character of sport and the sport of character. Sport in
recent research into… Society, 13(2), 171-185.
Electronic journal article with DOI Basic format:

Author, A. B. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume
number(Issue number), pp. xx-xx. http://doi:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx

Hodgkinson et al. (2014) examines Hodgkinson, S., Beers, L., & Lewin, A. (2014). Addressing the mental health
the experiences of … needs of pregnant women. Pediatrics, 133(1), 114-122.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867412474072
Electronic journal article without Basic format:

DOI Author, A .B. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of Journal, Volume
number(Issue number), page numbers. URL.
… as examined by Hodgkinson et al. Hodgkinson, S., Beers, L., & Lewin, A. (2014). Addressing the mental health
(2014). needs of pregnant women. Pediatrics, 133(1),114-122.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3876179/
10
January 2022
Internet – websites and webpages

Basic format:
Author, A. B. OR Name of Organisation. (Year). Title of page. URL
Webpage with a named author Basic format:

Author, A. B. (Year). Title of page. Website Name. URL.

…with minority groups experiencing Adebiyi, D. (2021). One year of lockdown. Save the Children.
considerable challenges (Adebiyi, https://www.savethechildren.org.uk/blogs/2021/one-year-of-lockdown
2021) as a result of lockdown.
Webpage with no named author Basic format:

If there is no named author on the Organisation name. (Year). Title of page. URL.
webpage use the organisation name.
You do not need to include this again
after the title under Website name, as
in previous example for websites with
a named author.
…as evident in advances made in World Health Organisation. (2021). Ethics & governance of artificial intelligence
medical ethics (World Health for health. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029200
Organisation, 2021).
Note:
- If there is no obvious date on a website page, use (n.d.). You may need to check the currency of the information.
- Only include a retrieval date when the content of the page are designed to change over time, for example, dictionary entries,
Twitter profiles, Facebook pages. When needed, this should appear before the URL – Retrieved December 2, 2021, from
insert URL
11
January 2022
Conference Publications and Presentations

Conference proceedings published in a book or a journal will follow the same format as the source in which it was published.
Conference paper – published in a Basic format:

book Author, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. In A. Editor & B. Editor (Eds.), Title of paper or
proceedings (page numbers). Publisher.
Wilkinson (1999) suggests that … Wilkinson, R. (1999). Sociology as a marketing feast. In M. Collis, L. Munro, & S.
Russell (Eds.), Sociology for the New Millennium: Papers from the
Sociology Conference 1998 (pp. 281-289). WGU Press.
Conference paper – published in a Basic format:

journal Author, A. B. (Year). Title of paper. Title of journal, Volume number(Issue
number), pp. xx-xx. DOI or URL
…as highlighted by Balakrishan Balakrishnan, R. (2006). Why aren't we using 3D user interfaces, and will we
(2006) in his paper on 3D interfaces… ever? Journal of Artificial Intelligence 10(5), pp. 21-30.
https://doi:10.1109/VR.2006.148
A paper, presentation or poster delivered at a conference may not always be available in a formally published format. If this is the case follow the
format given below.
Conference paper, presentation, Basic format:

poster or session delivered live or Author, A. B. (Year, Month, Date). Title of paper or presentation [Format].
found online Conference Name, Location. DOI or URL
McDonald et al. (1999) suggests that McDonald, E., Manessis, R., & Blanksby, T. (2019, July 7-10). Peer mentoring in
12
January 2022
Conference paper, presentation, Basic format:

poster or session delivered live or Author, A. B. (Year, Month, Date). Title of paper or presentation [Format].
found online Conference Name, Location. DOI or URL
nurses benefit from… nursing: Improving retention [Poster presentation]. Nursing Mentoring
Conference, 2019, London, United Kingdom. https://doi:10.12.13056.2019
Audio Visual Material
Audio Visual
Film or video Basic format:
Director, D. E. (Director or directors). (Year). Title of film [Format]. Production Company.
The interaction of the characters in You Lonergan, K. (Director). (2000). You can count on me [Film]. Paramount Pictures.
can count on me (Scorsese & Lonergan,
2000) emphasises…
…as is evident in the cinematography Jackson, P. (Director). (2001). The lord of the rings: The fellowship of the ring [Film:
(Jackson, 2001). extended version on DVD]. WingNut Films.
Hill (2019) describes the importance of Hill, C. E. (Expert contributor). (2019). Meaning in life: A case study [Film: educational
developing a sense of purpose to… DVD]. American Psychological Association.
https://www.apa.org/pubs/videos/4310000
Note: if the director is unknown, as in the example above, credit someone in a similar
role.
Television series Basic format:

Executive Producer, P., & Executive Producer, R. (Executive Producers). (Years on air).
Title of series [TV series]. Production Company.
Note: If the series was broadcast over several years separate the years with a dash. For
example: (2010-2015).
If the series is still on air replace the second year with the word ‘present’. For example
(2015-present).
13
January 2022
If there is more than one production company separate with ;

An in-depth analysis of the role of women Mandabach, C., Brenman, G., Knight, S., Murphy, C., Glazebrook, J., & Tiplady, F.
in Peaky Blinders (Mandabach et al., (Executive Producers). (2013-present). Peaky blinders [TV series]. Tiger Aspect
2013) shows that… Productions; BBC.
TV series episode Basic format:

Writer, W. W. (Writer)., & Director, D. D. (Year, Month day of broadcast). Title of episode
(Season Number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In P. Executive Producer
(Executive Producer), Title of series. Production Company; Production Company.
The portrayal of PTSD in Peaky Blinders Knight, S. (Writer), & Caffrey, D. (Director). (2013, September 12). Beginning (Season 1,
(Knight, 2013) shows how… Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In C. Mandabach, G. Brenman, S. Knight, C.
Murphy, J. Glazebrook, & F. Tiplady (Executive Producers), Peaky blinders. Tiger
Aspect Productions; BBC.
TED Talk Basic format:

Speaker, A. (Year, Month day). Title [Video]. Site name. URL
… as discussed by Wilkinson, R. (2021, September). The link between inequality and anxiety [Video]. TED Salon.
Wilkinson (2021) in his https://www.ted.com/talks/richard_wilkinson_the_link_between_inequality_and_anxiety
TED Talk.
Note: Use the speaker name as the author if the TED Talk comes from the TED website. If the TED Talk
is on YouTube list the owner of the account as the author. For example:
TED. (2014, June 27). How to speak so that people want to listen [Video]. YouTube.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eIho2S0ZahI
14
January 2022
YouTube or other streaming video Basic format:

Author, A. OR group name [Username if available]. (Year, Month day). Title of video
[Video]. Site name. URL
Ahrefs (2019) emphasises the Claude, A. S. [TED-Ed]. (2019, March 27). Keyword research tutorial: From start to finish
importance of taking time to refine [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMJQPqG2Uas
searches by…
…as demonstrated in their video (Learn Learn Easy English (2019, August 28). English grammar: How to use punctuation
Easy English, 2019). correctly [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPL8iij1X2A
Note: Use the person or group who uploaded the content as the author, even if they did
not create the work. Contributions of those appearing in the video can be noted in the
title, if desired – name: title.
Audio
Radio program – single programme Basic format:

Author, A. (Description of role). (Year, Month date of broadcast). Title of programme
[Programme type]. Network, Studio or Distributor. URL (if listened to online)
Note: the author will be the primary contributor(s) to the programme – this could be the
host, producer, writer or presenter(s).
If the programme was found online include the URL

Mitchell (2016) show that… Mitchell, D. (Presenter). (2016, January 7). Behaving ourselves: Mitchell on manners
[Radio broadcast]. BBC Sounds. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/b06tvgnv
Radio program – episode from a series Basic format:

Author, A. (Description of role). (Year, Month day of broadcast). Episode title [Programme
type]. In P. Producer (Role), Program title. Network, Studio or Distributor.
15
January 2022

As highlighted by Bragg (2015)… Bragg, M. (Presenter). (2015, January 1). The Sun [Radio series episode]. In E. Morris
(Producer), In our time. BBC Radio 4.
Podcast – series Basic format:

Host, H. (Description of role). (Year). Title of podcast [Programme type]. Website. URL
Note: Use Host or executive producer.

If referring to a podcast series aired over several years separate the years with dash. For
example: (2010-2015).
If the series is still on air replace the second year with the word ‘present’. For example
(2015-present).

Rajan’s interviews (2020-present) Rajan, A. (Presenter). (2020-present). Amol Rajan interviews… [Audio podcast]. BBC
demonstrate the importance of… Sounds. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09nx2kq/episodes/guide
Podcast – episode Basic format:

Host, H. (Description of role). (Year, Month date). Title of podcast (episode number if
known) [Programme type]. In Title of series. Website. URL

Rajan’s interviews (2020-present) Rajan, A. (Presenter). (2021, July 11). Amol Rajan interviews Sundar Pichai [Audio
demonstrate the importance of… podcast]. In Amol Rajan interviews. BBC Sounds.
https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p09nxhrd
Music recording
Whole album Basic format:

Composer, Singer or Recording Artist. (year). Title of album [Album]. Record
Company.
16
January 2022
Whole album Basic format:

Composer, Singer or Recording Artist. (year). Title of album [Album]. Record
Company.
…marked a change in direction for the band Metallica. (1991). Metallica [Album]. Elektra.
(Metalllica, 1991).
The album Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club The Beatles. (1967). Sgt. Pepper’s lonely hearts club band [Album]. Parlaphone.
Band (1967) contains innovative songwriting..
Single song Basic format:

Composer or Recording Artist. (Year). Title of song. [Song]. On Title of album. Label.
The song “Live Forever” (Oasis, 1994) is Oasis. (1994). Live forever. [Song]. On Definitely maybe. Creation Records.
representative of…
Visual
Artwork in a gallery or Basic format:

museum Artist, X. Y. (Year). Title of the work [Description]. Gallery Name, Location.
Degas’ interest in Degas, E. (1892). Woman ironing [Painting]. Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
movement is evident
(Woman Ironing, 1892) in Note: include the URL if the image was found on the gallery’s website. For example:
his use of…
Degas, E. (1892). Woman ironing [Painting]. Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
https://www.liverpoolmuseums.org.uk/walker/collections/paintings/19c/item242794.aspx
17
January 2022
Artwork in a gallery or Basic format:

museum Artist, X. Y. (Year). Title of the work [Description]. Gallery Name, Location.
Note:
If, in your writing, you refer to an image from a book or journal you reference the source where the image was obtained from.
Image from a website Basic format:

Artist, X. Y. (Year). Title. [Description]. Site name. URL

…as shown in this image Watts, B. (2021). Beaver on the River Avon. [Photograph]. BBC.
(Watts, 2021). https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-bristol-58722049
Infographic Basic format:

Artist, X. Y. (Year). Title. [Description]. Site name. URL

The infographic (Tech-panic, Tech-Panic. (2021). Technology panic. [Infographic]. BBC.
2021) illustrates… https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20160701-historys-greatest-technopanics
Social Media
Note - only cite original content. If the post on Social Media is a link to another website, you should cite the website directly.
18
January 2022
Facebook post Basic format:

Author or name of group. (Year, Month day). Title of post. [Description of audio or visuals].
Site name. URL
Note – if the post does not have a title use the text of the post. If this is longer than 20 words
use … to indicate words have been omitted.
According to the BBC (2021), the limit BBC. (2021, August 27). Contactless card limit to rise to £100 in October [Image attached].
will rise from… Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/bbcnews/posts/10158984124887217
Facebook page Basic format:

Author or name of group. (Year, Month day). Title of page [Facebook page]. Site name.
Retrieved Month day, Year from URL
Note: A retrieval date is included for a profile page as the content will change over time.

According to the British Psychological British Psychological Society. (n.d.). Home [Facebook page]. Facebook. Retrieved
Society (n.d.)… September 30, 2021, from https://www.facebook.com/OfficialBPS/
Tweet Basic format:

Author or name of group. [@username]. (Year, Month day). Content of post – up to first 20
words. [Description of audio, visuals or links]. [Tweet]. Site name. URL.

The British Psychological Society British Psychological Society. [@BPSOfficial]. (2021, September 22). School play is
(2021) suggest… essential-been eroded. [Image attached] [Tweet]. Twitter.
https://twitter.com/bpsofficial
Twitter profile Basic format:

Author or Group. [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month date, Year,
from URL
19
January 2022
Twitter profile Basic format:

Author or Group. [@username]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved Month date, Year,
from URL
…as demonstrated in their profile Psychology Today. [@PsychToday]. (n.d.). Tweets [Twitter profile]. Retrieved October 13,
(Psychology Today, n.d.). 2021, from https://twitter.com/psychtoday
Instagram Basic format:

Author, A. B. [@username]. (Year, month, day). Title [Description of audio or visuals]. Site
name. URL

Psychology Today (2021) illustrates… Psychology Today. [@psych_today]. (2021, October 1). Procrastination. [Image]. Instagram.
Retrieved October 19, 2021, from https://www.instagram.com/psych_today/
Online forum post Basic format:

Author or name of group. (Year, Month day). Title of page [Facebook page]. Site name. URL

…as discussed (Psychology Forum, Psychology Forum. (2021, October 5). Marijuana use with antidepressants. [Online forum
2021). post]. Psychology Forum. https://psychologyforum.com/threads/marijuana-use-with-
antidepressants.6061/
LinkedIn Post Basic format:

Author or name of group (Year, Month day). Title of page [Description of audio or visual].
[Post]. Site name. URL
The British Psychological Society The British Psychological Society. (2021, October 10). Are you a prospective clinical
(2021) showcase… psychology trainee? [Image attached] [Post]. LinkedIn.
https://www.linkedin.com/company/british-psychological-society/
20
January 2022
LinkedIn Profile Basic format:

Author or name of group. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved Month day,
Year, from URL

…as evidenced in their profile (British British Psychological Society. (n.d.). Home [LinkedIn page]. LinkedIn. Retrieved September
Psychological Society, n.d.). 15, 2020 from https://www.linkedin.com/company/british-psychological-society/
Powerpoint slides
Basic format:
Author, A. (Year). Title of presentation [Medium]. Name of site. URL

…as demonstrated in their presentation on Bodley, M. (2020). Youth engagement in rural communities [PowerPoint slides]. Wrexham
youth engagement (Bodley, 2020). Glyndwr University Moodle.
https://moodle.glyndwr.ac.uk/course/view.php?id=35669&section=6
Law and legal references

APA 7th is an American system of referencing and therefore does not allow for the referencing of UK legal documents. However, there are
interpretations of the referencing rules to incorporate references for UK law and legal references.
University of Lincoln, APA 7th Edition - https://guides.library.lincoln.ac.uk/c.php?g=683973&p=4882477
Coventry University, Referencing in APA Style: Legal Documents - https://libguides.coventry.ac.uk/apa/legal
Government Publications
APA 7th is an American system of referencing and therefore does not allow for the referencing of UK Government publications.
However, there are interpretations of the referencing rules to incorporate references for UK Government publications.
21
January 2022
University of Sheffield, APA Referencing 7th edition - https://librarydevelopment.group.shef.ac.uk/referencing/apa.html#LMNOPQ.

Guidance arranged in an alphabetical list – go to ‘G’ for government publications.
University of Lincoln, APA 7th Edition - https://guides.library.lincoln.ac.uk/c.php?g=683973&p=4882477
22
January 2022
Developing good referencing skills

- Keep a note of everything you consult when writing an assignment. This could be
a card index, notebook or folder on your computer.
- Create your reference list as you write your assignment. Add your references to
the end of your document to be reviewed and refined before you submit.
- RefWorks is a web-based referencing tool that allows you to create your own
reference list and personal database from online databases and other sources.
You can use these references in writing assignments and format your reference
list automatically.
- Use ‘favourites’ on Resource Finder to save articles and other resources.

- Always note down the details you will need to reference any source before you
begin to make notes from it (including page numbers).
- If you photocopy a page from a book or a journal article remember to write the
reference details on the photocopy ready for when you write your references.
- Remember to reference diagrams, images, tables, graphs etc.
- Paraphrase what you have read to demonstrate your understanding. Remember
that even if you have put ideas into your own words you still need to acknowledge
your source.
- Read journals and text books to familiarise yourself with how references look.
- Use information from reputable sources. Some websites provide opinion rather
than peer-reviewed research. If in doubt ask your lecturer if an online source is
well regarded within your area of study.
- Use a variety of sources in your work. This could include books, journal articles,
internet sources, manuals, guidelines from professional bodies etc.
23
January 2022
FAQs
What do I do if there is no author?

First consider whether the source is reputable – why has nobody put their name to
this information?
If your source is from the internet, and there is no author, then the organisation
which is responsible for the website is considered to be the author (e.g. the
Department of Health, Glyndŵr University, the BBC).
There is no date – what do I do?
You need to think carefully about whether to use undated sources – can you be
sure the information is accurate?
Make sure you identify resources with no dates in your citations. You need to
indicate that there is no date of publication - (Jones, no date).
How many references should I use? How old should they be?
There are no definitive answers to these questions as requirements will vary

according to the subject you are studying and the type of assignment you are writing.
Seek guidance from your lecturer.
What is the difference between a reference list and a bibliography?

A reference list contains details of all the sources you have cited in your assignment.
A bibliography is a list of other sources you have consulted or have found helpful but
which you have not cited in your work. These may be sources which may be of
additional interest to your reader if they wish to read more on the topic you have
written about.
Note: sometimes people use the terms ‘reference list’ and ‘bibliography’
interchangeably. Check with your lecturer exactly what is required in your
assignment.
24
January 2022
Creating a hanging indent

APA uses a hanging indent. Check with your Faculty for line spacing guidance. This
guide has used single spacing.
To create a hanging index:
1. Highlight the text

2. On the toolbar in Word click the paragraph settings button – circled
3. A new window will open.
Click on the drop down option for

Indentation, Special
Select Hanging
Click OK
For more help

You can find additional help here:
Contact Learning Skills – learningskills@glyndwr.ac.uk
Or refer to the APA Publication Manual:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association. (7th ed.). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Mae’r ddogfen hon ar gael yn y Gymraeg.
25

APA WGU Jan 22

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

APA WGU Jan 22

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

January 2022

Why do I need to reference?

- Protects you from accusations of academic malpractice - plagiarism. This is where

What do I need to reference?

…studies by Jones (2010) confirm this argument.

The research by Jones (2015) concludes that…

More than one author with same surname

Research by L. Wilson (2010) contradicts that by J. Wilson (2008).

In 2014, research by Wood and Smith indicated that…

Recent research (Wood & Smith, 2014) suggests…

From research undertaken by Williams (1982, as cited in Green, 2014) it is evident

For parenthetical citations, use (Williams, 1982, as cited in Green, 2014).

Using direct quotations

Pears and Shields (2008) argue that:

Fill, C. (2009). Marketing communications: Interactivity, communities and content. Prentice

Shotton, M. A. (1989). Computer addiction? A study of computer dependency. Taylor &

Using punctuation, capitalisation and italics

- There should be a full stop and a space between an author’s initials.

lower case. The exception would be a place or a person.

Examples of commonly referenced items

Author, A. B. (Year of publication). Title of book. Publisher.

Three or more authors

Book with an edition number Basic format:

Book with editors Basic format:

Chapter in an edited book Basic format:

eBook Basic format:

In-text citation Reference list

In-text citation Reference list

Electronic journal article with DOI Basic format:

In-text citation Reference list

Electronic journal article without Basic format:

Internet – websites and webpages

Author, A. B. OR Name of Organisation. (Year). Title of page. URL

Webpage with a named author Basic format:

In-text citation Reference list

Webpage with no named author Basic format:

Conference Publications and Presentations

Conference paper – published in a Basic format:

Conference paper – published in a Basic format:

Conference paper, presentation, Basic format:

Conference paper, presentation, Basic format:

Audio Visual Material

Television series Basic format:

If there is more than one production company separate with ;

TV series episode Basic format:

TED Talk Basic format:

YouTube or other streaming video Basic format:

Radio program – single programme Basic format:

If the programme was found online include the URL

In-text citation Reference list

Radio program – episode from a series Basic format:

In-text citation Reference list

Podcast – series Basic format:

Note: Use Host or executive producer.

In-text citation Reference list

Podcast – episode Basic format:

In-text citation Reference list

Whole album Basic format:

Whole album Basic format:

Single song Basic format:

Artwork in a gallery or Basic format:

Artwork in a gallery or Basic format: