7 Vectors

Exercises 7.1
√
1. (a) 6i + 12j (b) i + 8j (c) 3i (d) 65 (e) 3
√
2. (a) 3, 3 (b) 3, 4 (c) −1,−2 (d) 5 (e) 5
√ √
3. (a) 12, 0 (b) 4, −5 (c) 4, 5 (d) 41 (e) 41
√ √
4. (a) 1
2i − 12 j (b) 2
3i + 23 j (c) − 13 i − j (d) 2 2/3 (e) 10/3
√ √
5. (a) −9i + 6j (b) −3i + 9j (c) −3i − 5j (d) 3 10 (e) 34
√ √
6. (a) 3, 9 (b) −4,−12 (c) 6, 18 (d) 4 10 (e) 6 10
√
7. (a) −6i + 27j (b) 0 (c) −4i + 18j (d) 0 (e) 2 85
√
8. (a) 21, 30 (b) 8, 12 (c) 6, 8 (d) 4 13 (e) 10

9. (a) 4, −12 − −2, 2 = 6, −14 (b) −3, 9 − −5, 5 = 2, 4

10. (a) (4i + 4j) − (6i − 4j) = −2i + 8j (b) (−3i − 3j) − (15i − 10j) = −18i + 7j

11. (a) (4i − 4j) − (−6i + 8j) = 10i − 12j (b) (−3i + 3j) − (−15i + 20j) = 12i − 17j

12. (a) 8, 0 − 0, −6 = 8, 6 (b) −6, 0 − 0, −15 = −6, 15

13. (a) 16, 40 − −4, −12 = 20, 52 (b) −12, −30 − −10, −30 = −2, 0

14. (a) 8, 12 − 10, 6 = −2, 6 (b) −6, −9 − 25, 15 = −31, −24

15. 16.

−−−→
P1 P2 = 2, 5 −−−→
P1 P2 = 6, −4

17. 18.

−−−→
P1 P2 = 2, 2
−−−→
P1 P2 = 2, −3

290
 Exercises 7.1

−−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−−→ −−→

19. Since P1 P2 = OP2 − OP1 , OP2 = P1 P2 + OP1 = (4i + 8j) + (−3i + 10j) = i + 18j, and the terminal point is
(1, 18).
−−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−−→
20. Since P1 P2 = OP2 − OP1 , OP1 = OP2 − P1 P2 = 4, 7 − −5, −1 = 9, 8, and the initial point is (9, 8).
21. a(= −a), b(= − 14 a), c(= 52 a), e(= 2a), and f (= − 12 a) are parallel to a.
22. We want −3b = a, so c = −3(9) = −27.
23. 6, 15
24. 5, 2
√ √
25. a = 4 + 4 = 2 2 ; (a) u = 1
√
2 2
2, 2 =  √12 , √12 ; (b) −u = − √12 , − √12 
√
26. a = 9 + 16 = 5; (a) u = 15 −3, 4 = − 35 , 45 ; (b) −u =  35 , − 45 

27. a = 5; (a) u = 15 0, −5 = 0, −1; (b) −u = 0, 1

√ √ √ √
28. a = 1 + 3 = 2; (a) u = 12 1, − 3  =  12 , − 23 ; (b) −u = − 12 , 23 
√
29. a + b = 5, 12 = 25 + 144 = 13; u = 13 1
5, 12 =  13 5
13 
, 12
√ √
30. a + b = −5, 4 = 25 + 16 = 41 ; u = √141 −5, 4 = − √541 , √441 
√ √
31. a = 9 + 49 = 58 ; b = 2( √158 )(3i + 7j) = √658 i + √1458 j
 √ √
32. a = 14 + 14 = √12 ; b = 3( 1/1√2 )( 12 i − 12 j) = 3 2 2 i − 3 2 2 j

33. − 34 a = −3, −15/2 34. 5(a + b) = 50, 1 = 0, 5

35. 36.

37. x = −(a + b) = −a − b 38. x = 2(a − b) = 2a − 2b

39. 40.

b = (−c) − a; (b + c) + a = 0; a + b + c = 0 From Problem 39, e + c + d = 0. But b = e − a

and e = a + b, so (a + b) + c + d = 0.
41. From 2i + 3j = k1 b + k2 c = k1 (i + j) + k2 (i − j) = (k1 + k2 )i + (k1 − k2 )j we obtain the system of equations
k1 + k2 = 2, k1 − k2 = 3. Solving, we find k1 = 5
2 and k2 = − 12 . Then a = 52 b − 12 c.
42. From 2i + 3j = k1 b + k2 c = k1 (−2i + 4j) + k2 (5i + 7j) = (−2k1 + 5k2 )i + (4k1 + 7k2 )j we obtain the system of
equations −2k1 + 5k2 = 2, 4k1 + 7k2 = 3. Solving, we find k1 = 34 1
and k2 = 17 7
.
43. From y  = 12 x we see that the slope of the tangent line at (2, 2) is 1. A vector with slope 1 is i + j. A unit vector
√
is (i + j)/i + j = (i + j)/ 2 = √12 i + √12 j. Another unit vector tangent to the curve is − √12 i − √12 j.
44. From y  = −2x + 3 we see that the slope of the tangent line at (0, 0) is 3. A vector with slope 3 is i + 3j. A
√
unit vector is (i + 3j)/i + 3j = (i + 3j)/ 10 = √110 i + √110 j. Another unit vector is − √110 i − √110 j.
45. (a) Since Ff = −Fg , Fg  = Ff  = µFn  and tan θ = Fg /Fn  = µFn /Fn  = µ.

291
Exercises 7.1

(b) θ = tan−1 0.6 ≈ 31◦ .

46. Since w + F1 + F2 = 0,

−200j + F1  cos 20◦ i + F1  sin 20◦ j − F2  cos 15◦ i + F2  sin 15◦ j = 0

or (F1  cos 20◦ − F2  cos 15◦ )i + (F1  sin 20◦ + F2  sin 15◦ − 200)j = 0.
Thus, F1  cos 20◦ − F2  cos 15◦ = 0; F1  sin 20◦ + F2  sin 15◦ − 200 = 0. Solving this system for F1  and
F2 , we obtain
200 cos 15◦ 200 cos 15◦ 200 cos 15◦
F1  = = = ≈ 336.8 lb
sin 15◦ cos 20◦ + cos 15◦ sin 20◦ sin(15◦ + 20◦ ) sin 35◦
and
200 cos 20◦ 200 cos 20◦
F2  = = ≈ 327.7 lb.
sin 15◦ cos 20◦ + cos 15◦ sin 20◦ sin 35◦
47. Since y/2a(L2 + y 2 )3/2 is an odd function on [−a, a], Fy = 0. Now, using the fact that L/(L2 + y 2 )3/2 is an
even function, we have
 a 
L dy L a dy
2 + y 2 )3/2
= 2 + y 2 )3/2
y = L tan θ, dy = L sec2 θ dθ
−a 2a(L a 0 (L
 tan−1 a/L  tan−1 a/L
L L sec2 θ dθ 1 sec2 θ dθ
= 2 =
a 0 L3 (1 + tan θ)3/2 La 0 sec3 θ
 tan−1 a/L tan−1 a/L
1 1 
= cos θ dθ = sin θ 
La 0 La 0
1 a 1
= √ = √ .
La L2 + a2 L L2 + a2
√ √
Then Fx = qQ/4π0 L L2 + a2 and F = (qQ/4π0 L L2 + a2 )i.
48. Place one corner of the parallelogram at the origin and let two adja-
−−→ −−→
cent sides be OP1 and OP2 . Let M be the midpoint of the diagonal
connecting P1 and P2 and N be the midpoint of the other diagonal.
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
By Problem 37, OM = 12 (OP1 + OP2 ). Since OP1 + OP2 is the main diagonal of the parallelogram and N is
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
its midpoint, ON = 12 (OP1 + OP2 ). Thus, OM = ON and the diagonals bisect each other.
−−→ −−→ −→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −→
49. By Problem 39, AB + BC + CA = 0 and AD + DE + EC + CA = 0. From the first equation,
−−→ −−→ −→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −−→
AB + BC = −CA. Since D and E are midpoints, AD = 12 AB and EC = 12 BC. Then,
1−−→ −−→ 1 −−→ −→
2 AB + DE + 2 BC + CA = 0 and

−−→ −→ 1 −−→ −−→ −→ 1 −→ 1 −→

DE = −CA − (AB + BC) = −CA − (−CA) = − CA.
2 2 2
Thus, the line segment joining the midpoints D and E is parallel to the side AC and half its length.
−→ −−→ −−→
50. We have OA = 150 cos 20◦ i + 150 sin 20◦ j, AB = 200 cos 113◦ i + 200 sin 113◦ j, BC = 240 cos 190◦ i + 240 sin 190◦ j.
Then
r = (150 cos 20◦ + 200 cos 113◦ + 240 cos 190◦ )i + (150 sin 20◦ + 200 sin 113◦ + 240 sin 190◦ )j
≈ −173.55i + 193.73j
and r ≈ 260.09 miles.

292
 Exercises 7.2

Exercises 7.2
1. – 6.

7. A plane perpendicular to the z-axis, 5 units above the xy-plane

8. A plane perpendicular to the x-axis, 1 unit in front of the yz-plane
9. A line perpendicular to the xy-plane at (2, 3, 0)
10. A single point located at (4, −1, 7)
11. (2, 0, 0), (2, 5, 0), (2, 0, 8), (2, 5, 8), (0, 5, 0), (0, 5, 8), (0, 0, 8), (0, 0, 0)

12.

13. (a) xy-plane: (−2, 5, 0), xz-plane: (−2, 0, 4), yz-plane: (0, 5, 4); (b) (−2, 5, −2)
(c) Since the shortest distance between a point and a plane is a perpendicular line, the point in the plane x = 3
is (3, 5, 4).
14. We find planes that are parallel to coordinate planes: (a) z = −5; (b) x = 1 and y = −1; (c) z = 2
15. The union of the planes x = 0, y = 0, and z = 0
16. The origin (0, 0, 0)
17. The point (−1, 2, −3)
18. The union of the planes x = 2 and z = 8
19. The union of the planes z = 5 and z = −5
20. The line through the points (1, 1, 1), (−1, −1, −1), and the origin
 √
21. d = (3 − 6)2 + (−1 − 4)2 + (2 − 8)2 = 70
 √
22. d = (−1 − 0)2 + (−3 − 4)2 + (5 − 3)2 = 3 6

23. (a) 7; (b) d = (−3)2 + (−4)2 = 5

24. (a) 2; (b) d = (−6)2 + 22 + (−3)2 = 7
 √
25. d(P1 , P2 ) = 32 + 62 + (−6)2 = 9; d(P1 , P3 ) = 22 + 12 + 22 = 3
 √
d(P2 , P3 ) = (2 − 3)2 + (1 − 6)2 + (2 − (−6))2 = 90 ; The triangle is a right triangle.

293
Exercises 7.2

√ √  √ √
26. d(P1 , P2 ) = 12 + 22 + 42 = 21 ; d(P1 , P3 ) = 32 + 22 + (2 2)2 = 21
 √  √
d(P2 , P3 ) = (3 − 1)2 + (2 − 2)2 + (2 2 − 4)2 = 28 − 16 2
The triangle is an isosceles triangle.
 √
27. d(P1 , P2 ) = (4 − 1)2 + (1 − 2)2 + (3 − 3)2 = 10
 √
d(P1 , P3 ) = (4 − 1)2 + (6 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 = 26
 √
d(P2 , P3 ) = (4 − 4)2 + (6 − 1)2 + (4 − 3)2 = 26 ; The triangle is an isosceles triangle.

28. d(P1 , P2 ) = (1 − 1)2 + (1 − 1)2 + (1 − (−1))2 = 2

d(P1 , P3 ) = (0 − 1)2 + (−1 − 1)2 + (1 − (−1))2 = 3
 √
d(P2 , P3 ) = (0 − 1)2 + (−1 − 1)2 + (1 − 1)2 = 5 ; The triangle is a right triangle.
 √
29. d(P1 , P2 ) = (−2 − 1)2 + (−2 − 2)2 + (−3 − 0)2 = 34
 √
d(P1 , P3 ) = (7 − 1)2 + (10 − 2)2 + (6 − 0)2 = 2 34
 √
d(P2 , P3 ) = (7 − (−2))2 + (10 − (−2))2 + (6 − (−3))2 = 3 34
Since d(P1 , P2 ) + d(P1 , P3 ) = d(P2 , P3 ), the points P1 , P2 , and P3 are collinear.
 √
30. d(P1 , P2 ) = (1 − 2)2 + (4 − 3)2 + (4 − 2)2 = 6
 √
d(P1 , P3 ) = (5 − 2)2 + (0 − 3)2 + (−4 − 2)2 = 3 6
 √
d(P2 , P3 ) = (5 − 1)2 + (0 − 4)2 + (−4 − 4)2 = 4 6
Since d(P1 , P2 ) + d(P1 , P3 ) = d(P2 , P3 ), the points P1 , P2 , and P3 are collinear.
 √
31. (2 − x)2 + (1 − 2)2 + (1 − 3)2 = 21 =⇒ x2 − 4x + 9 = 21 =⇒ x2 − 4x + 4 = 16
=⇒ (x − 2)2 = 16 =⇒ x = 2 ± 4 orx = 6, −2

32. (0 − x)2 + (3 − x)2 + (5 − 1)2 = 5 =⇒ 2x2 − 6x + 25 = 25 =⇒ x2 − 3x = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 3
 
1 + 7 3 + (−2) 1/2 + 5/2
33. , , = (4, 1/2, 3/2)
2 2 2
 
0 + 4 5 + 1 −8 + (−6)
34. , , = (2, 3, −7)
2 2 2
35. (x1 + 2)/2 = −1, x1 = −4; (y1 + 3)/2 = −4, y1 = −11; (z1 + 6)/2 = 8, z1 = 10
The coordinates of P1 are (−4, −11, 10).
36. (−3 + (−5))/2 = x3 = −4; (4 + 8)/2 = y3 = 6; (1 + 3)/2 = z3 = 2.
The coordinates of P3 are (−4, 6, 2).
 
−3 + (−4) 4 + 6 1 + 2
(a) , , = (−7/2, 5, 3/2)
2 2 2
 
−4 + (−5) 6 + 8 2 + 3
(b) , , = (−9/2, 7, 5/2)
2 2 2

−−−→ −−−→
37. P1 P2 = −3, −6, 1 38. P1 P2 = 8, −5/2, 8

−−−→ −−−→
39. P1 P2 = 2, 1, 1 40. P1 P2 −3, −3, 7
41. a + (b + c) = 2, 4, 12
42. 2a − (b − c) = 2, −6, 4 − −3, −5, −8 = 5, −1, 12

294
 Exercises 7.3

43. b + 2(a − 3c) = −1, 1, 1 + 2−5, −21, −25 = −11, −41, −49
44. 4(a + 2c) − 6b = 45, 9, 20 − −6, 6, 6 = 26, 30, 74
√ √
45. a + c = 3, 3, 11 = 9 + 9 + 121 = 139
√ √ √
46. c2b = ( 4 + 36 + 81 )(2)( 1 + 1 + 1 ) = 22 3
   
 a   
47.   + 5  b  = 1 a + 5 1 b = 1 + 5 = 6
 a   |b  a b
√ √ √ √ √ √ √ √
48. ba + ab = 1 + 1 + 1 1, −3, 2 + 1 + 9 + 4 −1, 1, 1 =  3 , −3 3 , 2 3  + − 14 , 14 , 14 
√ √ √ √ √ √
=  3 − 14 , −3 3 + 14 , 2 3 + 14 
√ 1
49. a = 100 + 25 + 100 = 15; u = −
10, −5, 10 = −2/3, 1/3, −2/3
15
√ √ 1 1 3 2
50. a = 1 + 9 + 4 = 14 ; u = √ (i − 3j + 2k) = √ i − √ j + √ k
14 14 14 14
51. b = 4a = 4i − 4j + 4k
 
√ 1 1 3 3 1
52. a = 36 + 9 + 4 = 7; b = − −6, 3, −2 =  , − , 
2 7 7 14 7
53.

Exercises 7.3
√ √
1. a · b = 10(5) cos(π/4) = 25 2 2. a · b = 6(12) cos(π/6) = 36 3

3. a · b = 2(−1) + (−3)2 + 4(5) = 12 4. b · c = (−1)3 + 2(6) + 5(−1) = 4

5. a · c = 2(3) + (−3)6 + 4(−1) = −16 6. a · (b + c) = 2(2) + (−3)8 + 4(4) = −4

7. a · (4b) = 2(−4) + (−3)8 + 4(20) = 48 8. b · (a − c) = (−1)(−1) + 2(−9) + 5(5) = 8

9. a · a = 22 + (−3)2 + 42 = 29 10. (2b) · (3c) = (−2)9 + 4(18) + 10(−3) = 24

11. a · (a + b + c) = 2(4) + (−3)5 + 4(8) = 25
12. (2a) · (a − 2b) = 4(4) + (−6)(−7) + 8(−6) = 10
 

a·b 2(−1) + (−3)2 + 4(5) 12

13. b= −1, 2, 5 = −1, 2, 5 = −2/5, 4/5, 2
b·b (−1)2 + 22 + 52 30
14. (c · b)a = [3(−1) + 6(2) + (−1)5]2, −3, 4 = 42, −3, 4 = 8, −12, 16
15. a and f, b and e, c and d
16. (a) a · b = 2 · 3 + (−c)2 + 3(4) = 0 =⇒ c = 9

295
Exercises 7.3

(b) a · b = c(−3) + 12 (4) + c2 = c2 − 3c + 2 = (c − 2)(c − 1) = 0 =⇒ c = 1, 2

17. Solving the system of equations 3x1 + y1 − 1 = 0, −3x1 + 2y1 + 2 = 0 gives x1 = 4/9 and y1 = −1/3. Thus,
v = 4/9, −1/3, 1.
18. If a and b represent adjacent sides of the rhombus, then a = b, the diagonals of the rhombus are a + b
and a − b, and

(a + b) · (a − b) = a · a − a · b + b · a − b · b = a · a − b · b = a2 − b2 = 0.

Thus, the diagonals are perpendicular.

19. Since  
a·b a·b a·b
c·a= b− a ·a=b·a− (a · a) = b · a − a2 = b · a − a · b = 0,
a2 a2 a2
the vectors c and a are orthogonal.
√ √
20. a · b = 1(1) + c(1) = c + 1; a = 1 + c2 , b = 2
1 c+1 
cos 45◦ = √ = √ √ =⇒ 1 + c2 = c + 1 =⇒ 1 + c2 = c2 + 2c + 1 =⇒ c = 0
2 1 + c2 2
√ √
21. a · b = 3(2) + (−1)2 = 4; a = 10 , b = 2 2
4 1 1
cos θ = √ √ =√ =⇒ θ = cos−1 √ ≈ 1.11 rad ≈ 63.43◦
( 10)(2 2) 5 5
√
22. a · b = 2(−3) + 1(−4) = −10; a = 5 , b = 5
−10 2 √
cos θ = √ = −√ =⇒ θ = cos−1 (−2/ 5 ) ≈ 2.68 rad ≈ 153.43◦
( 5 )5 5
√ √
23. a · b = 2(−1) + 4(−1) + 0(4) = −6; a = 2 5 , b = 3 2
−6 1 √
cos θ = √ √ = −√ =⇒ θ = cos−1 (−1/ 10 ) ≈ 1.89 rad ≈ 108.43◦
(2 5)(3 2) 10
√ √
24. a · b = 12 (2) + 12 (−4) + 32 (6) = 8; a = 11/2, b = 2 14
8 8 √
cos θ = √ √ =√ =⇒ θ = cos−1 (8/ 154 ) ≈ 0.87 rad ≈ 49.86◦
( 11/2)(2 14 ) 154
√ √ √ √
25. a = 14 ; cos α = 1/ 14 , α ≈ 74.50◦ ; cos β = 2/ 14 , β ≈ 57.69◦ ; cos γ = 3/ 14 , γ ≈ 36.70◦
26. a = 9; cos α = 2/3, α ≈ 48.19◦ ; cos β = 2/3, β ≈ 48.19◦ ; cos γ = −1/3, γ ≈ 109.47◦
√
27. a = 2; cos α = 1/2, α = 60◦ ; cos β = 0, β = 90◦ ; cos γ = − 3/2, γ = 150◦
√ √ √ √
28. a = 78 ; cos α = 5/ 78 , α ≈ 55.52◦ ; cos β = 7/ 78 , β ≈ 37.57◦ ; cos γ = 2/ 78 , γ ≈ 76.91◦
−−→ −−→ −−→
29. Let θ be the angle between AD and AB and a be the length of an edge of the cube. Then AD = ai + aj + ak,
−−→
AB = ai and
−−→ −−→
AD · AB a2 1
cos θ = −−→ −−→ = √ √ =√
AD AB 2
3a a 2 3
−−
→ −→ −→
so θ ≈ 0.955317 radian or 54.7356◦ . Letting φ be the angle between AD and AC and noting that AC = ai + aj
we have 
−−→ −→
AD · AC a2 + a2 2
cos φ = −−→ −→ = √ √ =
AD AC 3a2 2a2 3
so φ ≈ 0.61548 radian or 35.2644◦ .

296
 Exercises 7.3

30. If a and b are orthogonal, then a · b = 0 and

a1 b1 a2 b2 a3 b3
cos α1 cos α2 + cos β1 cos β2 + cos γ1 cos γ2 = + +
a b a b a b
1 1
= (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 ) = (a · b) = 0.
a b a b
√ √ √ √
31. a = 5, 7, 4; a = 3 10 ; cos α = 5/3 10 , α ≈ 58.19◦ ; cos β = 7/3 10 , β ≈ 42.45◦ ; cos γ = 4/3 10 ,
γ ≈ 65.06◦
32. We want cos α = cos β = cos γ or a1 = a2 = a3 . Letting a1 = a2 = a3 = 1 we obtain the vector i + j + k. A unit
vector in the same direction is √13 i + √13 j + √13 k.
33. compb a = a · b/b = 1, −1, 3 · 2, 6, 3/7 = 5/7
√ √
34. compa b = b · a/a = 2, 6, 3 · 1, −1, 3/ 11 = 5/ 11
√ √
35. b − a = 1, 7, 0; compa (b − a) = (b − a) · a/a = 1, 7, 0 · 1, −1, 3/ 11 = −6/ 11
36. a + b = 3, 5, 6; 2b = 4, 12, 6; comp2b (a + b) · 2b/|2b| = 3, 5, 6 · 4, 12, 6/14 = 54/7
−−→ −−→ √ −−→ −−→ √ √
37. OP = 3i + 10j; OP  = 109 ; comp− → a = a · OP /OP  = (4i + 6j) · (3i + 10j)/ 109 = 72/ 109
OP
−−→ −−→ √ −−→ −−→ √
38. OP = 1, −1, 1; OP  = 3 ; comp− → a = a · OP /OP  = 2, 1, −1 · 1, −1, 1/ 3 = 0
OP

39. (a) compb a = a · b/b = (−5i + 5j) · (−3i + 4j)/5 = 7

projb a = (compb a)b/b = 7(−3i + 4j)/5 = − 21
5 i+
28
5 j

(b) projb⊥ a = a − projb a = (−5i + 5j) − (− 21

5 i + 5 j) = − 5 i − 5 j
28 4 3

√ √
40. (a) compb a = a · b/b = (4i + 2j) · (−3i + j)/ 10 = − 10
√ √
projb a = (compb a)b/b = − 10(−3i + j)/ 10 = 3i − j
(b) projb⊥ a = a − projb a = (4i + 2j) − (3i − j) = i + 3j
41. (a) compb a = a · b/b = (−i − 2j + 7k) · (6i − 3j − 2k)/7 = −2
projb a = (compb a)b/b = −2(6i − 3j − 2k)/7 = − 12 6 4
7 i + 7j + 7k

(b) projb⊥ a = a − projb a = (−i − 2j + 7k) − (− 12

7 i + 7 j + 7 k) = 7 i −
6 4 5 20
7 j + 45
7 k

42. (a) compb a = a · b/b = 1, 1, 1 · −2, 2, −1/3 = −1/3

projb a = (compb a)b/b = − 13 −2, 2, −1/3 = 2/9, −2/9, 1/9
(b) projb⊥ a = a − projb a = 1, 1, 1 − 2/9, −2/9, 1/9 = 7/9, 11/9, 8/9
43. a + b = 3i + 4j; a + b = 5; comp(a+b) a = a · (a + b)/a + b = (4i + 3j) · (3i + 4j)/5 = 24/5
proj(a+b) a = (comp(a+b) a)(a + b)/a + b = 24 72 96
5 (3i + 4j)/5 = 25 i + 25 j
√ √ √
44. a − b = 5i + 2j; a − b = 29 ; comp(a−b) b = b · (a − b)/a − b = (−i + j) · (5i + 2j)/ 29 = −3/ 29
√
proj(a−b) b = (comp(a−b) b)(a − b)/a − b = − √329 (5i + 2j)/ 29 = − 15 29 i − 29 j
6

proj(a−b)⊥ b = b − proj(a−b) b = (−i + j) − (− 15

29 i −
6
29 j) = − 14
29 i +
35
29 j

45. We identify F = 20, θ = 60◦ and d = 100. Then W = F d cos θ = 20(100)( 12 ) = 1000 ft-lb.
46. We identify d = −i + 3j + 8k. Then W = F · d = 4, 3, 5 · −1, 3, 8 = 45 N-m.
47. (a) Since w and d are orthogonal, W = w · d = 0.
√
(b) We identify θ = 0◦ . Then W = F d cos θ = 30( 42 + 32 ) = 150 N-m.
48. Using d = 6i + 2j and F = 3( 35 i + 45 j), W = F · d =  95 , 12
5  · 6, 2 =
78
5 ft-lb.

297
Exercises 7.3

49. Let a and b be vectors from the center of the carbon atom to the centers of two distinct hydrogen atoms. The
distance between two hydrogen atoms is then
 √
b − a = (b − a) · (b − a) = b · b − 2a · b + a · a
 
= b2 + a2 − 2a b cos θ = (1.1)2 + (1.1)2 − 2(1.1)(1.1) cos 109.5◦

= 1.21 + 1.21 − 2.42(−0.333807) ≈ 1.80 angstroms.

50. Using the fact that | cos θ| ≤ 1, we have |a · b| = a b| cos θ| = a b| cos θ| ≤ a b.
51. a + b2 = (a + b) · (a + b) = a · a + 2a · b + b · b = a2 + 2a · b + b2
≤ a2 + 2|a · b| + b2 since x ≤ |x|
≤ a2 + 2a b + b2 = (a + b)2 by Problem 50
Thus, since a + b and a + b are positive, a + b ≤ a + b.
52. Let P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ) be distinct points on the line ax + by = −c. Then
−−−→
n · P1 P2 = a, b · x2 − x1 , y2 − y1  = ax2 − ax1 + by2 − by1
= (ax2 + by2 ) − (ax1 + by1 ) = −c − (−c) = 0,
and the vectors are perpendicular. Thus, n is perpendicular to the line.
−−−→
53. Let θ be the angle between n and P2 P1 . Then
−−−→
−−−→ |n · P2 P1 | |a, b · x1 − x2 , y1 − y2 | |ax1 − ax2 + by1 − by2 |
d = P1 P2  | cos θ| = = √ = √
n 2
a +b 2 a2 + b2
|ax1 + by1 − (ax2 + by2 )| |ax1 + by1 − (−c)| |ax1 + by1 + c|
= √ = √ = √ .
2
a +b 2 2
a +b 2 a2 + b2

Exercises 7.4
 
i j k       

   −1 0  1 0
 
 1 −1 
 
1. a × b =  1 −1 0  =   i −  0 5  j +  0 3  k = −5i − 5j + 3k
  3 5
0 3 5 
 
i j k  
   1 0  







   i −  2 0  j +  2 1  k = −i + 2j − 4k
2. a × b =  2 1 0  =     
  0 −1 4 −1 4 0
 4 0 −1 
 
i j k       

   −3 1  1 1
 
 1 −3 
 
3. a × b =  1 −3 1  =   i −  2 4  j +  2 0  k = −12, −2, 6
  0 4
2 0 4 
 
 i j k       

   1 1   1 1  
 j +  1 1  k = 1, −8, 7
4. a × b =  1 1 1  =   i − 
  
  2 3 −5 3 −5 2 
 −5 2 3 
 
 i j k       

   −1 2   2

2 

 2 −1 
 
5. a × b =  2 −1 2  =   i −  −1 −1  j +  −1 3  k = −5i + 5k
  3 −1
 −1 3 −1 

298
 Exercises 7.4

 
i j k  
   1 −5  
 4 −5 
 
4 1

 
6. a × b =  4 1 −5  =  i −  j +  
 2 3  k = 14i − 6j + 10k
  3 −1   2 −1 
 2 3 −1 
 
 i j k       

   0 1/2   1/2 1/2   1/2 0 
7. a × b =  1/2 0 1/2  =  i −  j +   k = −3, 2, 3
  6 0   4 0   4 6
 4 6 0 
 
i j k       

   5 0  0 0
 
0 5 
  k = 20, 0, −10
8. a × b =  0 5 0  =  i− j+
  −3 4  2 4 2 −3 
 2 −3 4 
 
 i j k       

   2 −4   2 −4 
 
 2

2 
 k = 0, 0, 0
9. a × b =  2 2 −4  =  i− j+
  −3 6  −3 6  −3 −3 
 −3 −3 6 
 
i j k       

   1 −6  8 −6  
j + 8 1 
10. a × b =  8 1 −6  =   i − 
1  1
 k = −2, −86, −17

1
 −2 10 10 −2 
−2 10 
−−−→ −−−→
11. P1 P2 = (−2, 2, −4); P1 P3 = (−3, 1, 1)
 
 i j k       

−−−→ −−−→    2 −4   −2 −4   −2 2
P1 P2 × P1 P3 =  −2 2 −4  =   i −  j + 
  −3
 k = 6i + 14j + 4k

 −3 1 1 
 1 1 −3 1 1

 
 i j k 
   1 1  
0 1
 
0

1
−−−→ −−−→ −−−→ −−−→  
12. P1 P2 = (0, 1, 1); P1 P3 = (1, 2, 2); P1 P2 × P1 P3 =  0 1 1  =  i − 
 1
j + 
 1
k = j − k

1 2 2 
 2 2 2 2

 
i j k  
   7 −4  







 
13. a × b =  2 7 −4  =   i −  2 −4  j +  2 7  k = −3i − 2j − 5k
  1 −1   1 −1   1 1
 1 1 −1 
is perpendicular to both a and b.
 
 i j k       

   −2 4   −1 4   −1 −2 
14. a × b =  −1 −2 4=  i −   j +  k = 4, 16, 9
  −1 0 4 0 4 −1 
 4 −1 0
is perpendicular to both a and b.
 
i j k       

   −2 1  5 1  
j + 5
−2 
15. a × b =  5 −2 1  =   i −   2 k = 14, 37, 4

 2 0 −7 
 0 −7 2 −7 0 

a · (a × b) = 5, −2, −1 · 14, 37, 4 = 70 − 74 + 4 = 0; b · (a × b) = 2, 0, −7 · 14, 37, 4 = 28 + 0 − 28 = 0

 
 i j k       

   −1/4 0   1/2 0 
 
 1/2 −1/4 
  k = − 3 i − 3j − 1 k
16. a × b =  1/2 −1/4 0  =  i −  2 j +  2 
  −2 6 6 −2 2 2
 2 −2 6
a · (a × b) = ( 12 i − 14 j) · (− 32 i − 3j − 12 k) = − 34 + 3
4 +0=0
b · (a × b) = (2i − 2j + 6k) · (− 32 i − 3j − 1
2 k) = −3 + 6 − 3 = 0

299
Exercises 7.4

 
i j k       

   1 1  2 1 2 1
17. (a) b × c =  2 1 1  =  i −  j +  
3 1k = j − k
  1 1 3 1
3 1 1
 
i j k       

   −1 2  1 2  1 −1 
a × (b × c) =  1 −1 2  =   i − 

j + 
 0
 k = −i + j + k
  1 −1 0 −1 1 
 0 1 −1 

(b) a · c = (i − j + 2k) · (3i + j + k) = 4; (a · c)b = 4(2i + j + k) = 8i + 4j + 4k

a · b = (i − j + 2k) · (2i + j + k) = 3; (a · b)c = 3(3i + j + k) = 9i + 3j + 3k
a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c = (8i + 4j + 4k) − (9i + 3j + 3k) = −i + j + k
 
 i j k       

   2 −1   1 −1   
 j +  1 2  k = 21i − 7j + 7k
18. (a) b × c =  1 2 −1  =   i − 
  
  5 8 −1 8 −1 5 
 −1 5 8 
 
 i j k       

   0 −4   3 −4 
 
 3
 0 

a × (b × c) =  3 0 −4  =   i −  21 7  j +  21 −7  k = −28i − 105j − 21k
  −7 7
 21 −7 7 

(b) a · c = (3i − 4k) · (−i + 5j + 8k) = −35; (a · c)b = −35(i + 2j − k) = −35i − 70j + 35k
a · b = (3i − 4k) · (i + 2j − k) = 7; (a · b)c = 7(−i + 5j + 8k) = −7i + 35j + 56k
a × (b × c) = (a · c)b − (a · b)c = (−35i − 70j + 35k) − (−7i + 35j + 56k) = −28i − 105j − 21k
19. (2i) × j = 2(i × j) = 2k
20. i × (−3k) = −3(i × k) = −3(−j) = 3j
21. k × (2i − j) = k × (2i) + k × (−j) = 2(k × i) − (k × j) = 2j − (−i) = i + 2j
22. i × (j × k) = i × i = 0
23. [(2k) × (3j)] × (4j) = [2 · 3(k × j) × (4j)] = 6(−i) × 4j = (−6)(4)(i × j) = −24k
24. (2i − j + 5k) × i = (2i × i) + (−j × i) + (5k × i) = 2(i × i) + (i × j) + 5(k × i) = 5j + k
25. (i + j) × (i + 5k) = [(i + j) × i] + [(i + j) × 5k] = (i × i) + (j × i) + (i × 5k) + (j × 5k)
= −k + 5(−j) + 5i = 5i − 5j − k
26. i × k − 2(j × i) = −j − 2(−k) = −j + 2k
27. k · (j × k) = k · i = 0
28. i · [j × (−k)] = i · [−(j × k)] = i · (−i) = −(i · i) = −1
√
29. 4j − 5(i × j) = 4j − 5k = 41
30. (i × j) · (3j × i) = k · (−3k) = −3(k · k) = −3
31. i × (i × j) = i × k = −j 32. (i × j) × i = k × i = j
33. (i × i) × j = 0 × j = 0 34. (i · i)(i × j) = 1(k) = k
35. 2j · [i × (j − 3k)] = 2j · [(i × j) + (i × (−3k)] = 2j · [k + 3(k × i)] = 2j · (k + 3j) = 2j · k + 2j · 3j
= 2(j · k) + 6(j · j) = 2(0) + 6(1) = 6
36. (i × k) × (j × i) = (−j) × (−k) = (−1)(−1)(j × k) = j × k = i
37. a × (3b) = 3(a × b) = 3(4i − 3j + 6k) = 12i − 9j + 18k
38. b × a = −a × b = −(a × b) = −4i + 3j − 6k
39. (−a) × b = −(a × b) = −4i + 3j − 6k

300
 Exercises 7.4

 √
40. |a × b| = 42 + (−3)2 + 62 = 61
 
i j k       

   −3 6  4 6  4 −3 
41. (a × b) × c =  4 −3 6  =   i − 
2  j + 
2 k = −21i + 16j + 22k
  4 −1 −1 −4 
 2 4 −1 

42. (a × b) · c = 4(2) + (−3)4 + 6(−1) = −10

43. a · (b × c) = (a × b) · c = 4(2) + (−3)4 + 6(−1) = −10
44. (4a) · (b × c) = (4a × b) · c = 4(a × b) · c = 16(2) + (−12)4 + 24(−1) = −40
−−→ −→
45. (a) Let A = (1, 3, 0), B = (2, 0, 0), C = (0, 0, 4), and D = (1, −3, 4). Then AB = i − 3j, AC = −i − 3j + 4k,
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −→ −−→
CD = i − 3j, and BD = −i − 3j + 4k. Since AB = CD and AC = BD, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
(b) Computing  
 i k 
j

−−→ −→  
AB × AC =  1 −3 0  = −12i − 4j − 6k
 
 −1 −3 4 
√
we find that the area is  − 12i − 4j − 6k = 144 + 16 + 36 = 14.
−−→ −→
46. (a) Let A = (3, 4, 1), B = (−1, 4, 2), C = (2, 0, 2) and D = (−2, 0, 3). Then AB = −4i + k, AC = −i − 4j + k,
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ −→ −−→
CD = −4i+k, and BD = −i−4j+k. Since AB = CD and AC = BD, the quadrilateral is a parallelogram.
(b) Computing  
 i j k 

−−→ −→  
AB × AC =  −4 0 1  = 4i + 3j + 16k
 
 −1 −4 1 
√ √
we find that the area is 4i + 3j + 16k = 16 + 9 + 256 = 281 ≈ 16.76.
−−−→ −−−→
47. P1 P2 = j; P2 P3 = −j + k
 
i j k       

−−−→ −−−→    1 0  0 0
 
0 1 
  k = i; A = 1 i =
P1 P2 × P2 P3 =  0 1 0  =  i− j+ 1
sq. unit
  −1 1  0 1 0 −1  2 2
 0 −1 1 
−−−→ −−−→
48. P1 P2 = j + 2k; P2 P3 = 2i + j − 2k
 
i j k  
   1 2  
0 2 
 
0 1

−−−→ −−−→        
P1 P2 × P2 P3 =  0 1 2  =   i −  2 −2  j +  2 1  k = −4i + 4j − 2k
  1 −2
 2 1 −2 
A = 12  − 4i + 4j − 2k = 3 sq. units
−−−→ −−−→
49. P1 P2 = −3j − k; P2 P3 = −2i − k
 
 i j k       

−−−→ −−−→    −3 −1   0 −1   0 −3 
P1 P2 × P2 P3 =  0 −3 −1  =   i − 
 −2  j + 
 −2 k = 3i + 2j − 6k
  0 −1 −1 0 
 −2 0 −1 
A = 12 3i + 2j − 6k = 72 sq. units
−−−→ −−−→
50. P1 P2 = −i + 3k; P2 P3 = 2i + 4j − k
 
 i j k       

−−−→ −−−→    0 3   −1 3   −1 0 
P1 P2 × P2 P3 =  −1 0 3  =   i − 
 2  j + 
 2 k = −12i + 5j − 4k
  4 −1 −1 4
 2 4 −1 
√
A = 12  − 12i + 5j − 4k = 185
2 sq. units

301
Exercises 7.4

 
 i j k       

  4 0  −1 0  −1 4
51. b × c =  −1 4 0  =  i − 
  2
j + 
  2
 k = 8i + 2j − 10k
  2 2 2 2
 2 2 2
v = |a · (b × c)| = |(i + j) · (8i + 2j − 10k)| = |8 + 2 + 0| = 10 cu. units
 
 i j k 
   4 1  
1 1
 
1 4

 
52. b × c =  1 4 1  =  i −  j +  
 1 1  k = 19i − 4j − 3k
  1 5 1 5
1 1 5 
v = |a · (b × c)| = |(3i + j + k) · (19i − 4j − 3k)| = |57 − 4 − 3| = 50 cu. units
 
 i j k       

   6 −6   −2 −6 
 
 −2 6 
  k = 21i − 14j − 21k
53. b × c =  −2 6 −6  =  i− j+
  3 2/2  5/2 1/2  5/2 3 
 5/2 3 1/2 
a · (b × c) = (4i + 6j) · (21i − 14j − 21k) = 84 − 84 + 0 = 0. The vectors are coplanar.
−−−→ −−−→ −−−→
54. The four points will be coplanar if the three vectors P1 P2 = 3, −1, −1, P2 P3 = −3, −5, 13, and P3 P4 =
−8, 7, −6 are coplanar.
 
 i j k       

−−−→ −−−→    −5 13   −3 13   −3 −5 
P2 P3 × P3 P4 =  −3 −5 13  =  i −  j +  
 −8 7  k = −61, −122, −61
  7 −6   −8 −6 
 −8 7 −6 
−−−→ −−−→ −−−→
P1 P2 · (P2 P3 × P3 P4 ) = 3, −1, −1 · −61, −122, −61 = −183 + 122 + 61 = 0
The four points are coplanar.
55. (a) Since θ = 90◦ , a × b = a b | sin 90◦ | = 6.4(5) = 32.
(b) The direction of a × b is into the fourth quadrant of the xy-plane or to the left of the plane determined by
a and b as shown in Figure 6.54 in the text. It makes an angle of 30◦ with the positive x-axis.
√ √
(c) We identify n = ( 3 i − j)/2. Then a × b = 32n = 16 3 i − 16j.
√ √ √
56. Using Definition 7.4, a × b = 27 (8) sin 120◦ n = 24 3 ( 3/2)n = 36n. By the right-hand rule, n = j or
n = −j. Thus, a × b = 36j or −36j.
57. (a) We note first that a × b = k, b × c = 12 (i − k), c × a = 12 (j − k), a · (b × c) = 1
2 , b · (c × a) = 1
2 , and
c · (a × b) = 12 . Then
1
2 (i − k) 1
2 (j − k) k
A= 1 = i − k, B= 1 = j − k, and C = 1 = 2k.
2 2 2

(b) We need to compute A · (B × C). Using formula (10) in the text we have

(c × a) × (a × b) [(c × a) · b]a − [(c × a) · a]b

B×C= =
[b · (c × a)][c · (a × b)] [b · (c × a)][c · (a × b)]
a
= since (c × a) · a = 0.
c · (a × b)
Then
b×c a 1
A · (B × C) = · =
a · (b × c) c · (a × b) c · (a × b)
and the volume of the unit cell of the reciprocal latrice is the reciprocal of the volume of the unit cell of
the original lattice.

302
 Exercises 7.4

     
 a2 a3     
 i −  a1
a3
 j +  a1
a2
58. a × (b + c) =   b + c  b + c
k
b2 + c2 b3 + c3 1 1 b3 + c3 1 1 b2 + c2 
= (a2 b3 − a3 b2 )i + (a2 c3 − a3 c2 )i − [(a1 b3 − a3 b1 )j + (a1 c3 − a3 c1 )j] + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k + (a1 c2 − a2 c1 )k
= (a2 b3 − a3 b2 )i − (a1 b3 − a3 b1 )j + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )k + (a2 c3 − a3 c2 )i − (a1 c3 − a3 c1 )j + (a1 c2 − a2 c1 )k
=a×b+a×c
59. b × c = (b2 c3 − b3 c2 )i − (b1 c3 − b3 c1 )j + (b1 c2 − b2 c1 )k
a × (b × c) = [a2 (b1 c2 − b2 c1 ) + a3 (b1 c3 − b3 c1 )]i − [a1 (b1 c2 − b2 c1 ) − a3 (b2 c3 − b3 c2 )]j
+ [−a1 (b1 c3 − b3 c1 ) − a2 (b2 c3 − b3 c2 )]k
= (a2 b1 c2 − a2 b2 c1 + a3 b1 c3 − a3 b3 c1 )i − (a1 b1 c2 − a1 b2 c1 − a3 b2 c3 + a3 b3 c2 )j
− (a1 b1 c3 − a1 b3 c1 + a2 b2 c3 − a2 b3 c2 )k
(a · c)b − (a · b)c = (a1 c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 )(b1 i + b2 j + b3 k) − (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )(c1 i + c2 j + c3 k)
= (a2 b1 c2 − a2 b2 c1 + a3 b1 c3 − a3 b3 c1 )i − (a1 b1 c2 − a1 b2 c1 − a3 b2 c3 + a3 b3 c2 )j
− (a1 b1 c3 − a1 b3 c1 + a2 b2 c3 − a2 b3 c2 )k
60. The statement is false since i × (i × j) = i × k = −j and (i × i) × j = 0 × j = 0.
61. Using equation 9 in the text,
   
 a1 a2 a3   c1 c2 c3 
 
   
a · (b × c) =  b1 b2 b3  and (a × b) · c = c · (a × b) =  a1 a2 a3  .
   
 c1 c2 c3   b1 b2 b3 
The second determinant can be obtained from the first by an interchange of the second and third rows followed by
an interchange of the new first and second rows. Using Theorem 8.11 in the text, we see that a·(b×c) = (a×b)·c.
62. a × (b × c) + b × (c × a) + c × (a × b)
= (a · c)b − (a · b)c + (b · a)c − (b · c)a + (c · b)a − (c · a)b
= [(a · c)b − (c · a)b] + [(b · a)c − (a · b)c] + [(c · b)a − (b · c)a] = 0
63. Since
a × b2 = (a2 b3 − a3 b2 )2 + (a1 b3 − a3 b1 )2 + (a1 b2 − a2 b1 )2
= a22 b23 − 2a2 b3 a3 b2 + a23 b22 + a21 b23 − 2a1 b3 a3 b1 + a23 b21 + a21 b22 − 2a1 b2 a2 b1 + a22 b21
and
a2 b2 − (a · b)2 = (a21 + a22 + a23 )(b21 + b22 + b23 ) − (a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 )2
= a21 a22 + a21 b22 + a21 b23 + a22 b21 + a22 b22 + a22 b23 + a23 b21 + a23 b22 + a23 b23
− a21 b21 − a22 b22 − a23 b23 − 2a1 b1 a2 b2 − 2a1 b1 a3 b3 − 2a2 b2 a3 b3
= a21 b22 + a21 b23 + a22 b21 + a22 b23 + a23 b21 + a23 b22 − 2a1 a2 b1 b2 − 2a1 a3 b1 b3 − 2a2 a3 b2 b3
we see that a × b2 = a2 b2 − (a · b)2 .
64. No. For example i × (i + j) = i × j by the distributive law (iii) in the text, and the fact that i × i = 0. But i + j
does not equal j.
65. By the distributive law (iii) in the text:

(a + b) × (a − b) = (a + b) × a − (a + b) × b = a × a + b × a − a × b − b × b = 2b × a

since a × a = 0, b × b = 0, and −a × b = b × a.

303