PAPER 2009-039

Developing a New Scaling Equation for

Modelling of Asphaltene Precipitation
M.B. BAGHERI
Sharif University of Technology

A. MIRZABOZORG
University of Calgary

R. KHARRAT
Petroleum Research Center-Tehran

Z. DASTKHAN
University of Calgary

C. GHOTBI
Sharif University of Technology

J. ABEDI
University of Calgary

This  paper  is  accepted  for  the  Proceedings  of  the  Canadian  International  Petroleum  Conference  (CIPC)  2009,  Calgary, 
Alberta, Canada, 16‐18 June 2009.  This paper will be considered for publication in Petroleum Society journals. Publication 
rights are reserved. This is a pre‐print and subject to correction. 

effective parameters in generating their scaling equations. The

Abstract
Many recent investigations showed that the prevalent
thermodynamic models are incapable of predicting asphaltene
precipitation without extensive data fitting. This is primarily
due to lack of knowledge of the asphaltene properties, its
complex nature and the large number of parameters affecting
precipitation. Therefore, many authors tried to generate a
simple and universe mathematical model in order to predict the
amount of asphaltene precipitation. In spite of these efforts, the
authors only considered temperature and type of solvents as the
major disadvantage of these models is that they cannot predict
the amount of asphaltene precipitation for different crude oils.
Therefore, this deficiency contradicts to the universality of these
models. In this work by performing experimental activities on
different crude oils and analyzing their properties such as live
oil GOR, Resin to Asphaltene ratio, mole percent of plus
fractions and residual oil density, a new scaling equation
developed in order to predict asphaltene precipitation for
different oil samples. As far as this scaling equation has been
generated using different samples, it can be used to estimate the
amount of precipitated asphaltene at different dilution ratios
and the onset dilution ratio of precipitation. It should be noted

1
that various literature precipitation data validated the
predictive capability of this new scaling equation.
Introduction
Asphaltene precipitation is one of the most common
problems in both oil recovery and refinery processes. In oil
recovery, especially in gas injection, formation of asphaltene
aggregation, following their deposition causes blocking in the
reservoir. This makes the remedial process costly and
sometimes uneconomical. The amount of asphaltene
precipitated is a crucial factor for determining the degree of
permeability reduction of the reservoir rocks. It is essential to
know how much asphaltene precipitates as a function of
temperature, pressure and liquid phase composition.
Rm
X = ………………………………………………………..……(1)
Mz
W - Rm, Solvent to oil dilution ratio (cm3/g),
Y= …………………………………………………..………….(2)
z′
Rm
Unfortunately, there is no predictive model for asphaltene
problem treatment. Hence it is necessary to predict the onset of
asphaltene precipitation, as a pre-emptive measure. The major
questions in facing such problems are "When" and "How much"
heavy organic compounds will precipitate in operational
condition. Over the years, many researchers have tried to find
the answer. They introduced experimental procedures or even
analytical models, but a fully satisfactory interpretation is still
lacking. The problem is very difficult mainly because of the
fuzzy nature of asphaltene and the large number of parameters
affecting precipitation. The existing models fall into three
classes: (I) Molecular thermodynamic models in which
asphaltenes are dissolved in crude oil and crude oil forms a real
solution [3-7]. The validity of such models depends on the
reversibility of asphaltene precipitation. In principle, only if this
phenomenon is reversible, one can use such models.
Reversibility experiments strongly support this type of models
[3,8-10]
. (II) Colloidal models in which, asphaltene is suspended
in crude oil and peptized by resins. The asphaltene precipitation
is irreversible in such models [11-13]. Reversibility experiments
are strongly against this type of models. (III) Models based on
scaling equation, in which the properties of complex
asphaltenes are not involved [1,2,14,15]. Analytically, an EOS used
for calculating thermodynamic parameters assuming asphaltene
precipitation is completely reversible. The calculation process is
often found to be a difficult task because of the complexity of
asphaltene. Nevertheless, neither using EOS nor assuming
asphaltene reversibility brings enough accuracy and trustable
results. Recently, Rassamdana et al. [1,2] introduced a scaling
equation as a new method for predicting amount of asphaltene
precipitation due to addition of n-alkane. The new method is
simple and the properties of complex asphaltene are not
involved. Rassamdana et al.[1] gathered extensive experimental
data for the amount of precipitated asphaltene formed with
crude oil and various solvents (n-C5 to n-C10). Figure 1 shows
their experimental results for the weight percent of precipitated
asphaltene W (in grams of asphaltene of the crude oil under
study) for five different solvents (n-alkanes) and various
dilution ratios, Rm, the ratio of the solvent volume to the mass
of crude oil (in cm3/g). All experiments were performed at
atmospheric pressure and room temperature. They employed a
2
thermodynamic model that uses the Flory-Huggins theory of
polymer solutions. An equation of state was also used for
predicting the experimental data, but its predictions were found
to be in disagreement with the data. As an alternative, they
proposed a simple scaling equation that appears to be capable of
providing accurate prediction of the data. Figure 1 shows how
type of solvent and its dilution ratio can affect the amount of
asphaltene precipitated, W. All curves in this Figure start at
about the same point (close to their onset point) and at large
value of Rm, they become more or less parallel. With this sort of
curves, it is suggested that a scaling equation can be developed
to collapse all curves into a single curve. Park et al. [16] assumed
that formation of asphaltene structure is to some extent similar
to aggregation and gelation phenomena. These phenomena are
associated with universal properties independent of many
microscopic aspects of their structure.
To develop such a scaling equation Rassamdana et al.[1]
identified three main variables:
- W, Amount of asphaltene precipitated (wt%),
- M, Molecular weight of solvent,
and combined them into two new variables X and Y
z and z´ are two adjustable parameters which must be
carefully tuned to obtain the best fit of the experimental
data. They suggested z´= -2 as a universal constant
regardless of oil and precipitant used and z = 0.25. A plot
of Y vs. X, resulted in a single curve that collapses all
data as depicted in Figure 2. The 3rd order polynomial
function Y=1.18-14.9X+39.16X2+0.92X3 represents this
curve. They used this equation to back-calculate the
experimental data shown in Figure 3 and found that the
predictions of the scaling equation are in very good
agreement with the data. In general, the following
equation is adequate for representing the scaling equation
Y = A1 + A 2 X + A 3X 2 + A 4 X 3 ( X ≥ X c)……………………...(3)
where Ai (i =1−4) denote the scaling coefficients and Xc is the
value of X at the onset point of asphaltene precipitation.
Presenting all gathered data with a 3rd order polynomial has
three important implications and consequences. First of all, the
possibility that such data can be collapsed into a single curve is
novel and surprising. Usually only dimensionless groups can
collapse the data into a single curve whereas X and Y are not
dimensionless. Secondly, such a scaling curve also provides
accurate prediction for those values of Rm for which no data are
available because their measurement is difficult. Finally, the
scaling representation of data implies a universal property for
the onset of precipitation. They also determined the critical
dilution ratio Rmc, at which the onset of asphaltene precipitation
takes place, as a function of molecular weight of the solvent by
setting Y=0. The result was Rmc = 0.275M1/4 which shows that at
the onset, Rmc only depends on the solvent molecular weight. A
general form of the above equation is Rmc= c M1/4 in which c is a
temperature dependent coefficient.
Yu-Feng Hu et al. [14] performed a detailed study on the
application of the scaling equation proposed by Rassamdana et
al. [1] for asphaltene precipitation. They checked the predictive
capability of the scaling equation by comparison with literature
precipitation data and reported that the scaling equation is an
attractive tool for modeling asphaltene precipitation. They
examined the universality of the exponents z and z´ and found
that z´ is a universal constant (z´ = -2) while z depends on the oil
composition and is independent of the specific precipitant (n-
alkane) used. For the experimental data used, they found also
that the best matching value of z is generally within the range of
0.1 ≤ z≤ 0.5. Despite the simplicity and accuracy of the scaling
equation mentioned above, it is limited to use at a constant
temperature, since temperature is not involved in the equation as
a variable. Hence, it is not adequate for correlating and
predicting the asphaltene precipitation data measured at different
temperatures. In this regard Rassamdana et al. [2] modified their
scaling equation by implanting a temperature parameter in the
scaling equation. Based on previous equations they defined two
new variables X′ and Y′:
X ……………………………………………………………....(4)
X′ =
T c1
Y ……………………………………………………….……..(5)
Y′ =
X c2
in which X and Y are variables defined as in Eqs. (1) and (2),
and constants c1 and c2 are adjustable parameters. They reported
that a good fit of their experimental data can be achieved by
setting c1 = 0.25 and c2 = 1.6. Again the new scaling equation is
a 3rd order polynomial in the general form of the following
equation:
Y′ = b1 + b 2 X′ + b 3X′2 + b 4 X′3 ( X′ ≥ X′ c) ……………..……....(6)
[14]
Yu-Feng Hu et al. studied experimentally the effect of
temperature, molecular weight of n-alkane precipitants and
dilution ratio on asphaltene precipitation in a Chinese crude oil.
The amounts of asphaltene precipitation at four temperatures in
the range of 293-338 K have been measured using seven n-
alkanes as precipitants. They found that their experimental data
cannot be well correlated by setting c1 = 0.25 and c2 = 1.6 as
recommended by Rassamdana et al. [2] and reported that all
available experimental data can be correlated successfully by
choosing c1 = 0.5 and c2 = 1.6. They mentioned that all
precipitation data well collapsed onto a single curve. Yu-Feng
Hu et al. [14] showed that the proposed new scaling equation is
adequate for correlating and predicting the asphaltene
precipitation data measured at different temperatures using
various n-alkane precipitants.
Experimental Work
Generating Scaling Equation to Predict
Asphaltene Precipitation
Rassamdana et al. [1] used different solvents to investigate
asphaltene precipitation for only one crude oil sample.
Rassamdana et al. scaling equation for modeling of asphaltene
precipitation and the other proposed scaling equations by
3
different authors do not consider oil properties in developing a
mathematical model to predict the asphaltene precipitation. All
of these models lack generality for predicting asphaltene weight
percent at different dilution ratio for different crude oils.
Therefore these models cannot validate different experimental
data for different crude oils.
Generating a general scaling equation which is capable of
predicting asphaltene precipitation weight at different dilution
ratios is a novel method. In this experiment, three crude oil
samples from different reservoirs were investigated. By
analyzing different parameters of crude oil such as GOR, resin
and asphaltene content, Resin /Asphaltene ratio and heavy
component mole fraction, a new scaling equation generated in
order to predict asphaltene precipitation at different dilution
ratios. This scaling equation validated with another crude oil
from different source which showed its validity and generality.
Although the effect of temperature and pressure is not included
in this scaling equation but by modifying it in order to consider
these effects, one can expand its usage at different conditions.
In order to generate subjected scaling equation we used
three different crude oils with different asphaltene content in
order to use oil composition for generating our model. The
reservoir fluid composition of each sample is shown in Table 1
through Table 6.
Experimental Results and Discussions
Determination of Asphaltene Content of the
Crude Oil with IP 143 Test
Three asphaltenic crude oils were selected: Sarvak oil A,
Sarvak oil B and Fahliyan oil reservoirs from southwest of Iran.
Asphaltene content of each sample at different dilution ratios
was measured by standard IP 143 method. For this purpose,
solvent and crude oil were mixed at different dilution ratios and
placed in dark place and ambient conditions for 24 hours in
order to cause asphaltene particles come out of solution. After
that the mixture was filtered by No. 42 Wattman filter paper in
order to separate asphaltene precipitates. The effluent called
Maltene used to determine the other fractions of crude oil by
using SARA test as described in the next section. To ensure
that the remaining precipitates on the filter paper are pure
asphaltenes, it has been refluxed by n-heptane to separate other
particles such as resins and waxes. Then the filter paper that
contains pure asphaltene was washed with Dichloromethane in a
reflux process. Finally after drying, the weight percent of
asphaltene was calculated by using of equation 7.
M asp
W= × 100 ………………………………………...…………... (7)
M oil
At each dilution ratio the experiment was repeated for
three times to prove the repeatability of data. The results are
shown in Table 7 through Table 9. At a special dilution ratio,
increasing the volume of solvent (n-heptane) does not have any
effect on increasing the amount of asphaltene precipitation. This
occurs when the graph becomes flat. Therefore, it is obvious
that the maximum asphaltene precipitation occurs at dilution
ratio of Rm=7, 7 and 6 for Sarvak oil A, Sarvak oil B and
Fahliyan crude oils, respectively as shown in Figures 3 through
5.
SARA Fractionation
The maltenes from the n-heptane extractions are used for
fractionation into saturates, aromatics and resins. The separation
into these petroleum fractions is performed using the Alumina -
Gel Adsorption Chromatography method. In this procedure
approximately 50 g of silica gel and 50 g of alumina are spread
evenly on two trays and dried in an oven at 120 °C in order to
be activated. After that these materials charged to the column
(Figure 6). Silica Gel and Alumina adsorbed aromatics and
resins respectively by charging the diluted maltene with n-
hexane to the column. Since the saturate particles can not be
adsorbed on the chromatography column, they passed the
column and gathered at the effluent. Different colors of crude
oil constituents are shown in Figure 7. The weight percent of
SARA fractions for different crude oils are shown in Figures 8
through 10.
Checking Experimental Data with
Rassamdana Scaling Equation
For showing the deficiency of Rassamdana et al. scaling
equation [1], our experimental results checked with this model.
As it is obvious in Tables 10 through 12 the Rassamdana model
deviation from reality is very much. As are clear from above
tables their model never predicted our experimental data
correctly specially for those oils that have lower content of
asphaltene since it showed much more deviation respect to
those oils who have higher asphaltene content.
Developing a New Scaling Equation
Despite the simplicity and accuracy of the Rassamdana et
al. scaling equation mentioned above, its restriction is
neglecting the oil properties. Therefore, it is not adequate for
correlating and predicting the asphaltene precipitation data
measured based on different crude oils from different places.
Due to this issue, different oil properties were analyzed in a trial
and error approach in order to reach to the best combination of
these variables as a unique scaling equation. One of the
advantages of using this process is that it can give the chance to
see the effect of different parameters that have the dominant
role in collapsing the experimental data on a single curve. For
example one of the most important parameters is resin to
asphaltene content ratio of each crude oil sample obtained from
the SARA fractionation test, since by multiplying weight
percent of asphaltene by this parameter, it showed the tendency
of collapsing data on a unique curve (Figure 11).
Therefore, by analyzing different parameters of various
crude oils such as GOR, Resin to Asphaltene ratio, heavy
component mole fraction, residual oil molecular weight, oil
specific gravity and etc. (Table 13) a new scaling equation
generated in order to predict asphaltene precipitation at different
dilution ratios. Equations 8 through 10 show the best
combination of dominant variables that have the brilliant effects
on prediction capability of linear scaling equation.
Rm × Ct × GOR
X = ……………..……………………………...…….(8)
Xc × Rt
31+
W × Rm × Rt
Y= t ……………………………….………………...……(9)
Ct
4
Y = 6.439 x − 8.334 ………………………………………………..…..(10)
Validating the Scaling Equation
In order to validate the prediction capability of the new
scaling equation, another crude oil sample, Oil C, taken from
west of Iran. IP 143 and SARA tests were performed on this
sample in order to provide the input data to the scaling equation
(Table 14). Comparison of experimental results with prediction
results of new scaling equation, showed that the predictability of
this scaling equation is within maximum 10% error (Table 15).
Determining the Critical Point of Asphaltene
Precipitation
The most important application of this unique equation is in
the determination of critical point of asphaltene precipitation,
known as onset point which is a valuable quantity in core
flooding tests. For reaching to this goal we put W=0 which
leads to Y=0 and solve the Equation (8) to find Rmc. As
Equation (11) shows, by performing IP 143 and SARA
fractionation tests on a crude oil sample in order to determine
asphaltene and resin content in addition to know the mole
fraction of C31+ and GOR, it is very easy to determine what is
the critical dilution ratio in which asphaltene starts to
precipitate.
4.4 × Rt × X c
31+
Rmc = ............................................................... (11)
Ct × GOR
Conclusion
1. For the investigated crude oils, the amount of
precipitated asphaltene increases with dilution ratio
(Rm) and remains constant at a special dilution ratio.
2. A new linear scaling equation has been developed to
determine the onset of asphaltene precipitation for
different crude oils.
3. The validity of scaling equation checked based on
experimental titration data from one of the Iranian oil
reservoirs and it matched experimental data very good
within maximum 10% error.
4. As far as the oil properties considered in generating
this new linear scaling equation, it can be performed
on a wide range of crude oils with known oil
properties.
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Petroleum University of
Technology-Research Center for providing the laboratory
facilities. We also thank Iranian Central Oil Field Company
(ICOFC) for their technical support.
 SPE 38967 presented at the Fifth Latin American and
Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference and
Nomenclature Exhibition held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, Agust 30
September 3, 1997.
Ai = Coefficient 9. Ahmed Hammami, “Asphaltene Precipitation from Live
bi = Coefficient Oils: An Experimental Investigation of the Onset
Ct = Asphaltene Content (wt%) Conditions and Reversibility”, Prepared for
GOR = Gas Oil Ratio (scf/STB) presentation at AIChE 1999 Spring National Meeting,
M = Molecular weight of solvent (gr/mol) Houston, Texas, March 14-18, 1999.
Masp = Asphaltene Mass (gr) 10. Subodhsen Peramanu, Chandresh Singh, Mayur
Moil = Sample Mass (gr) Agrawala, and Harvey W. Yarranton, “Investigation on
Rm = Solvent to oil dilution ratio (cm3/g) the Reversibility of Asphaltene Precipitation”, Energy &
Rt = Resin Content (wt%) Fuels 2001, 15, 910-917.
Rmc = Critical Dilution Ratio (cm3/g) 11. Pfeiffer, J. P., and Saal, R. N. J., “Asphaltene Bitumen
W = Amount of asphaltene precipitated (wt%) as Colloid System”, Journal of Physical Chemistry, Vol.
Xc31+ = C31+ Mole Fraction 44, 1940, 139-149.
Z = Exponent 12. Leontaritis, K. J. and Mansoori, G. A., “Asphaltene
Z' = Exponent Flocculation During Oil Production and Processing: A
Thermodynamic Colloidal Model”, paper SPE 16258
Conversion Factors presented at the SPE International Symposium on
Name Symbol Relation to SI Oilfield Chemistry held in San, Antonio, TX, U. S. A.
Mass gr =0.001× kg February 4-5, 1987.
Volume cm3 =10^-6 × m3 13. Mansoori, G. A., “Modeling of Asphaltene and Other
GOR Scf/STB =0.178 × m3/m3 Heavy Organic Depositions”, Journal of Petroleum
Molecular Weight gr/mol =0.001× kg/mol Science and Engineering, Vol. 17, February 1997, 101-
Dilution Ratio cc/gr =1000×m3/kg 111.
14. Yu-Feng Hu,, G.-J. Chen, J.-T. Yang, and T.-M. Guo,
“A study on the application of Scaling equation for
References asphaltene Precipitation”, Fluid Phase Equilibria
1. Rassamdana et al., 1996, “Asphalt Flocculation and Journal, 171 (2000), Page 181–195.
Deposition: I. The Onset of Precipitation”, AIChe 15. Yu-Feng Hu and Tian-Min Guo, "Effect of temperature
Journal, Vol. 42, No.1, Page 10-21. and molecular weight of n-alkane precipitants on
2. Rassamdana et al., 1996, “Asphalt Flocculation and asphaltene precipitation”, Fluid Phase Equilibria
Deposition: II. Formation and Growth of Fractal Journal, 192 (2001), Page 13–25.
Aggregates ”, AIChe Journal, Vol. 42, No.12, Page 16. Park, S. J., and Mansoori, G. A., “Aggregation and
3318-3332. Deposition of Heavy Organic into Petroleum Crudes”,
3. Hirschberg, A., De Jong, L. N. J., Schipper, B. A., and Energy Sources, 10, 109, 1988.
Meyers, J. G., “Influence of Temperature and Pressure
on Asphaltene Flocculation”, paper SPE 11202
presented at SPE 57th Annual Technical Conference
and Exhibition held in New Orleans, LA, September 26-
29, 1988.
4. Burke, N.E., Hobbs, R.D. and Kashou, S.F.,
“Measurement and Modeling of Asphaltene”, Journal of
Petroleum Technology, November, 1990, 1440-1446.
5. Kawanaka, S., Park, S.J. and Mansoori, G.A., “Organic
Deposition from Reservoir Fluids: A Thermodynamic
Predictive Technique”, SPE Reservoir Eng. J. May,
1991, pp. 185-192.
6. Cimino, R., Correra, S., Del Bianco, A., and Lockhart,
T.P., “Solubility and Phase Behavior of Asphaltenes in
Hydrocarbon Media”, Asphaltenes: Fundamentals and
Applications, Eric Y. Sheu and Oliver C. Mullins (eds.),
Plenum Press, 1995, 97-130.
7. Nghiem, L. X., and Coombe, D. A., and Ali, F.,
“Compositional Simulation of Asphaltene Deposition
and Plugging”, paper SPE 48996 presented at the SPE
73rd Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held
in New Orleans, Louisina, September 27-30, 1998.
8. Ramos, A. C. S., Delgado, C. C., Mohamed, R. S.,
Ameida, V. R., Loh, W., “Reversibility and Inhibition of
Asphaltene Precipitation in Brazilian Crude Oils”, paper

5
Figure 1: Experimental data for the weight percent W of precipitated asphaltene as a function of the solvent to crude oil ratio Rm. Results are from top to
bottom for n-C5 , n-C6, n-C7, n-C8, n-C10 as the solvent [1].

Figure 2: Rassamdana et al.’s scaling equation collapses all data onto a single curve. Symbols represent rescaled experimental data [1].

6
 Figure 3: Amount of asphaltene precipitation at different Rm (Sarvak oil A)

Figure 4: Amount of asphaltene precipitation at different Rm (Sarvak oil B)

7
 Figure 5: Amount of asphaltene precipitation at different Rm (Fahliyan Oil)

Figure 6: Chromatographic column- Silica gel at the bottom and alumina on top of column

8
Figure 7: Saturates (colorless), aromatics (yellow) and resins (blue and dark blue)

Figure 8: Results of SARA test for Sarvak oil A by standard method

9
Figure 9: Results of SARA test for Sarvak oil B by standard method

Figure 10: Results of SARA test for Fahliyan oil by standard method

10
R/A*
Wt%

Rm (cc/gr)

Figure 11: Collapsing all the experimental data into a general single curve

Figure 12: Collapsing all the experimental data into a general curve

11
Table 1: Composition of Reservoir Sarvak oil A
Components Reservoir Oil (Mole %)
N2 0.13
CO2 2.07
H2S 0.02
C1 17.06
C2 8.05
C3 6.88
iC4 1.33
nC4 4.43
iC5 2.38
nC5 2.79
C6 3.35
C7 3.03
C8 1.6
C9 0.81
C10 1.67
C11 2.62
C12+ 41.79
Total 100

Table 2: Composition of Reservoir Sarvak oil B

Components Reservoir Oil (Mole %)

CO2 4.687

H2S 3.27

C1 34.007

C2 8.998

C3 5.993

iC4 0.905

nC4 2.932

iC5 1.431

nC5 1.804

C6 3.419
+
C7 32.554

Total 100

12
 Table 3: Composition of Reservoir Fahliyan oil
Components Reservoir Oil (Mole %)

H2S 0.1600
N2 0.0000
CO2 2.2579
C1 49.5226
C2 9.4078
C3 5.9984
iC4 1.1779
nC4 2.9935
iC5 1.2210
nC5 1.4807
C6 2.6277
C7 1.6889
C8 0.6827
C9 0.5529
C10 1.1962
C11 1.8225
C12+ 17.2144
Total 100

Table 4: Reservoir Property of Sarvak Oil A

GOR (SCF/STB) 207
Molecular weight of residual oil 243
+
Molecular weight of C12 fraction 390
molecular weight of reservoir oil 179
+
Specific gravity of C12 fraction @ 60/60 oF 0.937
Asphaltene content in stock tank oil, wt% 7.9
o
Reservoir temperature, F 296

Table 5: Reservoir Property of Sarvak Oil B

GOR (SCF/STB) 860

Molecular weight of residual oil 216

+
Molecular weight of C7 fraction 248

Specific gravity of C7+ fraction @ 60/60 oF 0.889

Asphaltene content in stock tank oil, wt% 2.6

Reservoir temperature, oF 238

13
 Table 6: Reservoir Property of Fahliyan Oil
GOR (SCF/STB) 1233

Molecular weight of residual oil 210

+
Molecular weight of C12 fraction 270

molecular weight of reservoir oil 76

Asphaltene content in stock tank oil, wt% 0.9

o
Reservoir temperature, F 266

Table 7: Weight Percent of Asphaltene at different Dilution Ratios (Sarvak Oil A)

Rm(cc/gr) (Wt %)

1 3.005

2 5.2

3 6.7

4 7.01

5 7.39

6 7.75

7 7.9

8 7.9

Table 8: Weight Percent of Asphaltene at different Dilution Ratios (Sarvak Oil B)

Rm(cc/gr) (Wt %)

1 0.674

2 1.5

3 1.75

4 1.896

5 2.2

6 2.44

7 2.6

8 2.6

Table 9: Weight Percent of Asphaltene at different Dilution Ratios (Fahliyan Oil)

Rm(cc/gr) (Wt %)

1 0.278

2 0.5

3 0.6979

4 0.699

5 0.85

6 0.9

7 0.9

8 0.9

14
Table 10: Comparison of experimental results of Sarvak oil A with Rassamdana prediction model
Rm(cc/gr) Experimental (wt Rassamdana Error %
%) Prediction
(wt %)

1 3.005 0.452769 84.93282

2 5.2 2.088703 59.83264

3 6.7 2.720156 59.40066

4 7.01 3.066738 56.25195

5 7.39 3.293973 55.42662

6 7.75 3.460033 55.35441

7 7.8 3.590586 53.96685

8 7.8 3.698705 52.58071

Table 11: Comparison of experimental results of Sarvak oil B with Rassamdana prediction model
Rm(cc/gr) Experimental (wt Rassamdana Error %
%) Prediction
(wt %)

1 0.674 0.452769 32.8236

2 1.5 2.088703 39.24685

3 1.75 2.720156 55.43746

4 1.896 3.066738 61.74779

5 2.2 3.293973 49.72602

6 2.44 3.460033 41.80463

7 2.6 3.590586 38.09945

8 2.6 3.698705 42.25788

Table 12: Comparison of experimental results of Fahlian oil with Rassamdana prediction model
Rm(cc/gr) Experimental (wt Rassamdana Error %
%) Prediction
(wt %)

1 0.278 0.452769 62.86645

2 0.5 2.088703 317.7405

3 0.6979 2.720156 289.7629

4 0.699 3.066738 338.7322

5 0.85 3.293973 287.5262

6 0.9 3.460033 284.4481

7 0.9 3.590586 298.954

8 0.9 3.698705 310.9672

15
 Table 13: Oil Sapmles Properties
Properties Sarvak Oil A Sarvak Oil B Fahliyan Oil
+
mole% of C31 (ST oil) 14 10.8 8.2

residual oil Mwt 243 216 210

GOR of live oil (scf/STb) 207 860 1233

Asphaltene Mwt 6700 6484 1791

Asphaltene Wt% 7.9 2.6 0.9

R/A 3.39 13.65 29.56

Oil Specific gravity 0.937 0.889 0.862

Oil Viscosity (cp) 15.06 1.887 1.0436

Table 14: "Oil C" Properties

Properties Oil C

mole% of C31+ (ST oil) 20.4

GOR of live oil (scf/STb) 568

Asphaltene Wt% 8.12

R/A 4.43

Table 15: Scaling Equation Validating Results

Rm Experimental New Scaling Rassamdana New Scaling Rassamdana
(cc/gr) Asphaltene (wt Equation Model Equation Error Model
%) Prediction (wt%) (wt %) % Error %

4 7.26 7.91 3.07 8.97 57.74

6 7.69 8.45 3.46 9.87 55.02

8 8.03 8.72 3.7 8.68 53.93

16