Determination of Vapor Pressure

Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar

Name: Rahul Kumar

Group Members: Dablu Kumar
Manish Jangir

HEAT TRANSFER AND THERMODYNAMICS LAB

Experiment No.: 8

DETERMINATION OF VAPOR PRESSURE

2022
Date: 05 September

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

AIM:

• To determine the vapour pressure at various temperatures for a substance

and to calculate the correlation constants in the vapour pressure equation.
• To estimate the latent heat of vaporization of the substance from the
vapour pressure data.

APPARATUS:
• Accurate data on equilibrium vapor pressures can be determined over a
range of 100 to 760 mm of Hg using specially designed glass
ebulliometer connected to a manifold and pressure control system.
• The sample of the liquid or solution whose vapor pressure is to be
measured is charged to fill the bulb of ebulliometer.
• Bulb is electrically heated and condenser is used to remove the heat from
vapor.
• Whole setup is connected to atmospheric pressure and vacuum pump in
order to vary the pressure in the range of 100 to 760 mm of Hg.

PROCEDURE:
1. First, we need to take 45 ml acetone to the ebulliometer.
2. Before turning on the main power switch, check whether all switches are
off. If not, then turn off all other switches.
3. Open the cold-water valve and monitor the flow rate to make it steady.
4. First, set pressure at atmospheric pressure.
5. Turn on the heater and temperature sensor.
6. Wait for the steady state mean temperature of the vapor measured by the
sensor does not fluctuate much.
7. Take the reading when a steady state is reached.

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

8. Now, turn on the pressure vacuum machine. Set the pressure to less than
1 atm.
9. Repeat steps 6 and 7 and take at least 4 reading.

PRECAUTIONS:

• The acetone used in this experiment is not suitable for health. Therefore,
avoid inhaling vapours. Also, avoid contacting the acetone with the skin
or cloth.
• Make sure there are no open flames in the lab during the experiment.
• Make sure you wear the globs before touching anything during the
experiment.
• Make sure you wear goggles when you see the condensed droplets of
acetone.
• Keep the rheostat’s reading less than 90 because it gives more heat,
resulting in more vaporization than condensation.
• Take the reading when a steady state has been achieved.
• Take the reading of pressure carefully because it is sensitive.
• Make sure the cold water is flowing continuously for condensation.

THEORY:

Molecules in liquids have varying kinetic energies due to different velocities.

The kinetic energy of a few liquid molecules is sufficient enough to escape from
the liquid surface (means evaporation). Some of the slower vapour molecules
also condense into liquid at the same moment. The liquid will eventually
evaporate in an open container because the rate of vaporisation will be higher
than the rate of condensation. However, in a sealed flask there will come a time

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

where rate of vaporization and rate of condensation is equal. This state is

defined equilibrium. The liquid appears to remain unchanged at equilibrium
when we see from the open eye. On a microscopic scale, however, for every
liquid molecule that transitions into the gas phase, a vapour molecule does the
same.

The total pressure in the sealed flask is due to the vaporized liquid plus air mole
cules present in the flask: 𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑃𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 + 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟

A common relation between vapor pressure and temperature of liquid is

described by the Antoine equation. It is class of semi-empirical correlation.
With the help of this equation, we can find the vapour pressure of liquid at a
given temperature and vice-versa. The Antoine equation is derived from the
Clausius-Clapeyron relation.

𝐵
log10 𝑃 = 𝐴 − -----------(1)
𝐶+𝑇

Where P is the vapor pressure, T is temperature (in °C or in K according to the

value of C) and A, B and C are component-specific constant.

The simplified form with C set to zero:

𝐵
log10 𝑃 = 𝐴 − ----------(2)
𝑇

A single-component system with two phases in thermodynamic equilibrium at

constant absolute temperature T and constant pressure P is described by the

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

Clausius-Clapeyron relation. A curve in a two-dimensional thermodynamical

diagram that divides two phases in equilibrium is known as a coexistence curve.
The coexistence curve in the P-T diagram's slope is determined by the Clausius-
Clapeyron relation.

𝑑𝑃 𝑄
=
𝑑𝑇 𝑇(𝑉𝐼 − 𝑉𝐼𝐼 )

Where Q is the molar heat of

transition. P is the vapor pressure at
temperature T. 𝑉𝐼 and 𝑉𝐼𝐼 are the
volume of phase I and phase II
respectively.

[3] Figure: - change in P vs. change in T

When phase II is liquid and phase I is vapor, then Q ≡ Hv then is the molar heat
of vaporization or latent heat of vaporization. 𝑉𝐼 is the molar volume of phase I
at the pressure P and temperature T of the point where slope is considered as 𝑉𝐼𝐼
is the same for phase II. The Clausius Clapeyron equation Thermodynamics is
as follows,
𝑃2 ΔHvap 1 1
ln = (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) --------(3)
𝑃1 𝑅 1 2

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

OBSERVATIONS:
• Volume of acetone = 40 𝑚𝑙
• Boiling point of acetone = 56 °C
• When we decreased the pressure, the temperature increased and then
decreased to come the steady state.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table 1: - This table experimental data

Obs. No. Pressure (mm of Hg) Boiling point (°C)

1 760 56.5

2 734 29.9

3 732 29.5

4 725 27.3

CALCULATIONS:
• Plot lnp vs. 1/T:
See the plot in the graph section.
The simplified Antoine equation is as follow
𝐵
log10 𝑃 = 𝐴 − --------------------(I)
𝑇

if we take pressure in atm and temperature in kelvin, we get the

following equation form the graph (see figure 2)
𝑌 = −146𝑋 + 0.443 -----------------(II)
Where lnP is on the y axis and 1/T is on the x axis.

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

• Determination of constants:
Compare the equations (I) and (II), we get A = 0.443 and B = 146.

• Changing of pressure unit:

If we take pressure in mm of hg and temperature in kelvin, we get
the following equation form the graph (see figure 1)
𝑌 = −146𝑋 + 7.08 -----------------(III)

Compare the equations (I) and (III), we get A = 7.08 and B = 146.

If we take pressure in 𝑲𝒈𝒇/𝒄𝒎𝟐 and temperature in kelvin, we get

the following equation form the graph (see figure 1)
𝑌 = −146𝑋 + 0.476 -----------------(IV)

Compare the equations (I) and (II), we get A = 0.476 and B = 146.

We can see after changing the pressure unit slope(B) of the curve is
same only y intersect (A) of curve is changing.

• Estimation of latent heat of vaporization:

Latent heat of vaporization can be calculated by equation (3)

𝑃2
R ln
𝑃1
ΔHvap =
1 1
(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
1 2

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

Now take 𝑇1 = 329.65 𝐾 , 𝑇1 = 303.05 𝐾, 𝑃1 =

𝐽
760 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 and 𝑃2 = 734 𝑚𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝑔 and 𝑅 = 8.314
𝐾 𝑚𝑜𝑙

Hence
734
8.314 ln
ΔHvap = 760
1 1
( − )
329.65 303.05

−0.28941
ΔHvap = = 1071.89
−0.00027
ΔHvap = 1.072 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

CALCULATIONS TABLE:

Table 2: - Calculated data in the excel

Temperature Pressure Pressure Pressure

(T, K) 1/T (mm of Hg) lnP (atm) lnP (𝑲𝒈𝒇/𝒄𝒎𝟐 ) lnP
329.65 0.003034 760 6.63332 1 0 1.03323 0.03269
303.05 0.003300 734 6.59851 0.96579 -0.03481 0.99788 -0.00212
302.65 0.003304 732 6.59578 0.96316 -0.03754 0.99516 -0.00485
300.45 0.003328 725 6.58617 0.95395 -0.04715 0.98565 -0.01446

Note : - Find the calculation and graph in the Excel

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

GRAPH:

Figure 1:- lnP vs 1/T where P in mm of Hg

Figure 2:- lnP vs 1/T where P is in atm

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

Figure 1: - lnP vs 1/T where P is in 𝐾𝑔𝑓/𝑐𝑚2

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

• From the plot of ln P vs 1/T, equation of line is Y = -146 x + 7.08 where

pressure in mm of Hg™
• Comparing it with the Antoine equation we get
𝐴 = 7.08 and
𝐵 = 146
ΔHvap
• From 𝐵 =
𝑅

ΔHvap = 𝐵 ∗ 𝑅
ΔHvap = 146 ∗ 8.314
ΔHvap = 1213.844 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙
ΔHvap = 1.214 𝑘𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

CONCLUSION:

Inferences

1. In this experiment, we Determine the correlation constants in the vapor

pressure equation and estimate the latent heat of vaporization form the
lnP vs. 1/T plot. Variations in the experimental data are observed because
of the following reason: -
o Since there was not enough time to complete the experiment, the
system was not entirely in a steady state, which led to the
significant inaccuracy.
o Pressure gauge is very sensitive, there might be human error during
taking the pressure reading.
2. We can determine the vapor pressure of liquid at any given temperature
and vice-versa.
3. In this experiment acetone was instead of water because acetone has low
boiling point which take less time to conduct the experiment.

INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION:

[4] Vapor pressure, relating to boiling point and heat of vaporization, is the

most important characteristic in the application of fats to fried food preparation

and the fuel gas industry. [5] For example, a sufficient vapor pressure is

required for an LPG to supplying the fuel to the burner.

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 Determination of Vapor Pressure

REFERENCES:

[1]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_equation#:~:text=The%20Antoine%2
0equation%20is%20a,Antoine%20(1825%E2%80%931897).
[2]https://www.theochem.ru.nl/~pwormer/Knowino/knowino.org/wiki/Clausius
-Clapeyron_relation.html

[3]https://www.theochem.ru.nl/~pwormer/Knowino/knowino.org/w/images/thu
mb/Clausius-Clapeyron.png/300px-Clausius-Clapeyron.png

[4] https://studiousguy.com/vapor-pressure-examples/

[5] https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-
sciences/vapor-pressure

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