PAPER CODE EXAMINER: Or WJones TEL No. | cave 343 SCHOOL: Engingering UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL January 2016 Examinations Master of Engineering: Year 3 Bachelor of Engineering: Year 3 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN TIME ALLOWED: Two Hours 0151 754 5228 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Candidates should answer ALL THREE QUESTIONS. All dimensions in mm unless otherwise stated.(a) (b} (c) (a) JNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL Briefly describe the fundamental concept and design approach of prestressed concrete, indicating how this differs from that for reinforced concrete. [6/40 marks] What is meant by external post-tensioning and what advantages does it have over intemal post-tensioning? When calculating the ultimate moment of resistance for these two types of post-tensioning, what is the principal difference in the method of calculation? [10/40 marks] The concept of prestressed concrete was first suggested well over a hundred years ago; however, it was not applied in practical construction until Freyssinet patented the technique in 1928. What were the main engineering reasons for this delay between the initial concept and practical application? [4/40 marks] A prestressed concrete beam has the dimensions shown in Figure Q and spans 20m simply supported. Calculate the stresses at the top and bottom surfaces at midspan for the in-service cases: (i) when it is carrying only its self-weight, and (ii) when it is also carrying an imposed load midspan moment of 200 kNm. Briefly comment on the values obtained. The initial prestress force of 1200 kN (with long term losses of 25%) acts at the eccentricity shown in Figure Q1. [20/40 marks] 500 150 225 Ji00 -——| 300 Figure QLUNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL {a} Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the pretensioned beam shown in Figure Q2a. The characteristic cylinder strength of the concrete is 45 MPa and 0.1% proof strength of the prestressing steel is 1770 MPa. The steel is stressed initially to 75 % of the above walue and losses can be taken as 26 %. [See Figure Q2b for stress-strain curve for the prestressing steel] [24/30 marks] (b) What were the consequences of the collapse of the Ynys-y-Gwas Bridge (South Wales) in 1985 on precast segmental bridge design and the grouting of post- tensioned tendon ducts? [6/30 marks] 500 ra 200 150 600 Total A,, = 650mm? 150 75 Figure Q2a Stress Feose/Ym (MPa) 205GPa Strain Figure Q2b: Stress-strain curve for prestressing steel(a) (b) (a UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL What is the difference between the short term elastic modulus (Eon) and the effective long-term elastic modulus (Exp) of concrete? Explain how these bwo different quantities are used in the calculation of the deflection of a prestressed concrete beam. [6/30 marks] Estimate the total deflection for 2 pretensioned concrete beam (of rectangular section 350 mm wide x 600 mm deep} with final prestress force of 525 kN located at an eccentricity of 100 mm below the centroid of the section. The beam spans 15 m and, in addition to its self-weight, carries a live load of 12 kN/m. Comment on whether the result is within acceptable deflection limits. It may be taken that the midspan deflection of @ simple, uniform beam with a constant eccentricity of prestress is ——=—= and for @ udl is —-—— ar a ud! is " : BET 3E4 Ey Assume E,,, = 34 GPa and the creep coefficient, ¢(00, f) = 2.1, [18/30 marks] Explain why special consideration must be given to the design of ‘end blocks’ in the anchorage zones in post-tensioned concrete beams. Indicate the nature of reinforcement typically provided in these zones. Draw the ‘strut and tie’ diagram cof the ideslised forces that are used in the design of these locations. 16/30 marks] END OF QUESTION PAPERUniversity of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2016 School of Engineering PAPER CODE NO. EXAMINER: Dr § W Jones TEL. NO 45228 ‘CIVE343 SCHOOL Engineering January 2016 EXAMINATIONS SOLUTIONS Master of Engineering: Year 3 Bachelor of Engineering: Year 3 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIG! IME ALLOWED: TWO Hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES ‘Candidates should answer ALL questions. All dimensions are in mm unless otherwise statedUniversity of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2016 School of Engineering Question | Answers Marks T (a) The student may enswer using bullet points and the following points are locked for: (40/100) © Tension in concrate caused by applied loads is controlled or eliminated by | 1 extemally applied compressive force of appropriate magnitude and eccentricity. © Compressive forces are commonly applied through high strength steel tendans | 4 which are either pre-tensioned or past-tensioned. ® Design is based primarily on the control of stresses at the Serviceability Limit | 1 State. Limiting stresses depends on environment exposure. A ‘no tension’ limit is often adopted for external exposed concrete, especially when it is liable to salt spray. © Limiting compressive stresses are based on 60% of the characteristic | 1 compressive strength at the time of loading. ® Defiections and ULS capacity (bending and shear) have to be checked. 1 * Inreinforced cancrete design, tension is carried by reinforcing bars designed at | 4 the ULS with SLS checks for deflections and cracking (b) _ Extemal Post-Tensionine- * Ease of concrete placing due to the absence of tendons in the webs * Ease of tendon installation — independent from the concrete works © Webs can be made thinner - overall lighter structure * Less prestress force required z * Reduction of friction losses * External tendons can be replaced © Strengthening capabilities (Calc of Ultimate Moment of Resistance © Only the prestrain © in external - strain in tendon doesn’t increase with bending 2 {c) Delay to Development of Prestressed Concrete: * Low strength concrete — high creep 5 © Mild steel! prestressing — low stresse: developedUniversity of Liverpool School of En, ‘sex Soar = in (Wormer Mie Moment = (61 Mie tress: lpia sresees: in BEF FEF a2 7 a CIVE343 - Jan 2016 Twas _ aera ha “hima an Fad 1s “ ‘rst ws ee Trew arecasare whi nas eecraceraion acteemercaive wees are cee Tet an iaease pons LaseagUniversity of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2016 School of Engineering 2 (30/200) Concrete: Characterister Cylinder Strength, f; = Prestressing Steel 0.1% Proof Stress, f= initial Steel Stress as Percentage of above = Loss of Prestress Area of Steal Tendons Centroid of Tendons above soffit = Ela stic Modulus of Steel Terdion = zs a gaa** Manmum value of the ultimate tensile force [assuming the steel yields) = O87 aA, xf, = 1001 kN Maximum compressive capacity of the top flange using an equivalent stress block = 0.567 Kf, xbxd= 2552 kN So the compression zone is fully in the top flange Depth of Compression, s = 1000.8 x10" = 785 mm 0.567xf,. xb . Depth of Neutral, x= 735, = oa. mm os Check Stee! Strain: Effective Depth ¢ = 875 mm Bending Strain = 0.0035 x (o-x)/x = 0.0277 Prestrain = 7, x stress after lesses/Es = 0.0043 Total Strain = 0.0320 Check if stee! has yielded from stress-strain curve: Yield Straine Irate 1FTOL 198 1899 = ‘ Total stain > Yield Strain Yield Assumption OK Lever arm = 84 mm Mu= 1002 4 835.8 x 1E-3 = so ult. Moment of ResistanceUniversity of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2016 School of Engineering (b) Yovs--Gwas Bridge was 2 precast prestressed segmental bridge deck where the joints between segments allowed leskage paths. Also the ducts were not adequately filled with grout. The bridge collapsed due to corrosion of prestressed tendons. Precast Segmental bridges have been banned since the collapse. There is no confidence that joints will not allow chloride contaminated water to get into the ducts, Since the collapse, stringent quality control procedures have been imposed (e.g. pressure test) to ensure full and effective grouting. This resulted in a major national inspection | 3 programme to inspect bridges of the type (not easy). 3 fa} (30/100) | Short term and effective modulus of concrete: ® The increased deflection of a concrete member that occurs over time under sustained loading is @ result of creep of the concrete. © This can be allowed for by using an effective slastic modulus (Ee). Thisis 4 determined by using the creep coefficient to reduce the short term elastic modulus ofthe concrete. © Eis used in the calculation of all permanent lazds. © €.. is used in the calculation of transient variable loads 2 {e} Total Deflectson: Anbaw 210000 man? 2 t=bi/2= 6300000000 mm* Permanent Load: SW, Wye = 29 Area = 5.25 kfm 2 Fae permanent lauds Egy = Eea/ (1p) = 10.57 GPa 2 Note: SW & Prestress are Long Term (Permanent) Loads, Li is Short Term ‘Long term and short term deflection components: 1, Prestress {UT} = Pet" /(aE yal) = 214 me fupwards) 3 2Swin)= gel /(3BAE gl) = 50.1 mm downwards} Lens SwyL'/eat. |) = 36.5 mm {downwards} ‘Total Deflection = 65.6 mm (Dowmanards) 1 Limiting Deflection = Span/250 = © mm NOT OkayUniversity of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2016 School of Engineering (c) End Blocks: To ensure crushing of concrete under concentrated load does not occur by checking bearing stresses at the face of the anchorage — keep below limiting value related to concrete strength. 1 Concentrated farce from anchorage will cause lateral tensile (splitting) forces. Generally taken to extend distances equal to the lateral dimension of the member from the end face 2s compressive stresses spread out. Resisted by reinforcement (usually closed links) around each anchorage (and grouns of anchorages) spread along the length of the end block. This may lead to heavy reinforcement that can be congested. 1 m EC2 assumes: Stress in reinforcement can be 0.87f, but if limited to 300MPa then no cracking checks are needed.