| PAPER CODE | EXAMINER: Dr 8 W/Jones CVE 343, | SCHOOL Engineering UNIVERSITY LIVERPOOL January 2015 Examinations Master of Engingering: Year 3 Bachelor of Engineering: Year 3 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN TIME ALLOWED: Two Hours O151 7945228 INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: Candidates should answer ALL questions. All dimensions in mm unless otherwise stated.(2) {b) {c) UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL Describe the two alternative construction methods that can be used for prestressed concrete. Describe the relative advantages and disadvantages for the two methods, together with examples of practical applications. [10/40 marks] The uniform prestressed concrete beam shown in Figure Q1 is made from Class C50/60 concrete (ie. f = 50 MPa}. No tension is permitted under service conditions; however, a tensile stress of 1.0 MPa is permitted at transfer. If the non-permanent imposed load is 0.5 times the self-weight and prestress losses are taken as 28%, what are the minimum and maximum spans over which the beam can be used when the midspan transfer prestress force is 600 KN. [22/40 marks] Explain with sketches the different methods of varying the depth of eccentricity of prestress along the length of a prestressed concrete beam. 18/40 marks] 300 100 500 150 Ts a 200 Figure Q1UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL (a) Calculate the ultimate moment of resistance of the pretensioned beam shown in Figure Q2a. The characteristic cylinder strength of the concrete is 50 MPa and 0.1% proof strength of the prestressing steel is 1770 MPa. The steel is stressed initially to 70% of the above value and losses can be taken as 28%. [See Figure Q2b for stress-strain curve for the prestressing steel] [24/30 marks] (b) Discuss the relative merits of internal and external post-tensioning [6/30 marks) 500 ———— 125 100 500 — Total A., = 758mm" 125 56 Figure Q2a Foote! Ym Stress. (MPa) 205GPa Strain Figure Q2b: Stress-strain curve for prestressing steel(a) (b) JNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL Estimate the stress distribution across the composite section shown in Figure Q3 under a total self-weight moment of 75 kNm and imposed load moment of 50 kNm. Assume that the final prestress force is 500 kN, the centroid of which acts at a point 175 mm above the beam soffit. The construction is unpropped. 550 NA of beam 175 Figure Q3 The second moment of area, /, of the precast beam is 1.053x10° mm’, with the centroid located 335 mm above the soffit, and cross- sectional area, A, is 40000 mm’. Take the secant modulus of elasticity, Ezn, of the precast beam as 36 GPa, and the E,,, of the in situ slab as 32 GPa [26/30 marks] Briefly discuss the potential advantages and disadvantages associated with using no props during construction. [4/30 marks]University of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2015 School of Engineering PAPER CODE NO. EXAMINER: Dr WJones TEL. NO 45228 CIVE343 SCHOOL: —_Enginzering January 2015 EXAMINATIONS. SOLUTIONS Master of Engineering: Year 3 Bachelor of Engineering: Year 3 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN TIME ALLOWED: TWO Hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES: (Candidates should answer ALL questions. All dimensions are in mm unless otherwise statedUniversity of Liverpool School of Engineering CIVE343 - Jan 2015 ‘Question | Answers Marks 1 {a} The student may answer using bullet points and the fallowing points are looked for. (40/200) Pre-tensioning: + Concrete cast around tensioned wires/strands. Once the concrete has reached the transfer strength, the wires are cut. This applies # compressive force to the concrete by bond. + Linear tendons, small diameter wires/strands, precast elements, simple spans, standard slemants usually made ing factory. May use long-line production, steel moulds, speed, economy, repetition, quality control. One day turnaround of casting bed. Applications: beams, standard bridge beams, floor slab elements, piles, etc. Transport, stability during construction, relatively high losses (especially elastic shortening — concrete generally less mature at transfer than post-tensicning). = Easy demolition. 5 Post-tensioning: + Tendons passed through ducts cast into hardened concrete, Stressed by = jack 2pplied directly to the beam end to provide compressive force (via anchorage). « Insitu stressing, complex profiles possible, continuity, flexibility, long spans, segmental construction, strands/bars, smaller losses than pretensioned (including friction], concrete more mature at stressing, anchorage systems, grouting. + Applications: bridges, whole floor slabs, towers, roofs, etc. + Temporary works need to be built and removed. * Demolition needs good grouting, durability — vulnerable if poorly grouted. 5 (20/40) te) tetas Bem . * a ’ os ' 1 vox00 veo mhooato «= seneno 2 2 sone oo MaoeommS LESTE ' Lal oe a. Notat C) ae hes Tenn ru ercomtenia = — 2 eco Moment ef Arra = jm met 2 fete More i= amcor ot 9 ke zee ot tear cert: fm ne sm 1 Preven bere i . - on Fees temnion 6 6 = a eset 250 ae 1 on BSD tee sa iss ta = aeUniversity of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2015 School of Engineering cont | Minium Spar) © ey ts oe peenen oy tess rico mate ve When arty verte komt 10s Pa Pah Moh to= ian Saas to 2 220 LeE Yield Strain Yreld Assucnction OX Lever arm = 642.8 mm Mus = 1N6TH 642.80 16-35 = (24/30)University of Liverpool! CIVE343 - Jan 2015 School of Engineering (2) Internal Post-Tensioning: Tendans placed inte ducts cast into the concrete. Ducts can be fixed to a designed curved profile. Ducts are grouted for corrosion protection. Grout bonds the tendon into the section. Difficult to inspect completion of grouting and condition of tendon. * Fully bonded sections can be cut up for demolition. External Post-Tensioning: © Tensions placed outside the concrete section. ‘Tendons fixed to profile using deflectors. Tendions are straight between deflectors, Fewer losses due to significantly reduced friction. Allows reduced cross-sectional area af concrate. Less prestress force required. Less self-weight load on substructure_ Tendans easily inspected. ‘Tendon removal/replacement is possible. (6/20)University of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2015 School of Engineering 3 (20/200) la} ' Vesromeet ‘Therefore ai the dead toad due to SW acts on the presi mes be we ony ‘Teta Mamere = nm ‘posed Load Moment = im tne! bemoans rece © ow pm te Centroe of Prestress = . aeeecog oe . same met sous . 1250.MPa jas) ‘Ye dee 2 seadititel Lal Tr) ‘Seta ise . ae | aoe Ta * 1801 MP2 feet eos nue * 5n6 ure ste) ses “a an i ne ry =o ‘Memes on Premed Deum a to oermane=t loa neUniversity of Liverpool CIVE343 - Jan 2015 School of Engineering forthe Composte Section, me “= Pr) Aves fomen) yy teem ste fe Stab mon ISO/Las= 10868ET os seems? been 6.000 338 13e00000 TOTAL aeeer ones Centroid of Composite Section = oosees? . “6 oom sees? End Moment of Area of Compute Section — Moo + daa (SAH - NIH? +008 * ORSST 0 (025 Sa) Lisa © (2080+ a7 Pe + 200+ ar) ae, . s7oeoe mat Impoted lad seston Composte Section Tes of Stabs BOs bib hs0 = eo SA) = 155 MPe 1 Ade Senenasans Soffa of teat» ‘Masih asso sam . 008 Mire 1 nds SeepSasays Topet OC team = ‘nit 59-306) - 008 Mire peronaness Soft of PC Beam alts io 548) . 758 MPa SD SAS Tota Stems onder Lat ims 1s * + ue os O08 ase : - x oF or) a7 Improved access tnelow and reduced cost and time due ta freedom from ‘temporary works, © Reduced structural performance due ta higher self-weight stresses in the precast beam, which carries all the seif-weight loading (therefore, reduced load capacity and increased deflections]. (26/20)