#1 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
Storing Data – Large volumes of data
Computer – it is a programmable machine that
is designed to perform arithmetic and logical
operations or work with Information
automatically and sequentially on the input
given by the user and gives the desired output
after processing.
Computer Hardware – Components of the
computer that you can touch.
Computer Software – set of programs that
makes the hardware perform a set of tasks in a
particular order.
Hardware and software are complimentary to
each other, and both must work together for
meaningful results.
4 Parts of the Computer
1. Hardware – mechanical parts that make
up the computer as a machine.
2. Software – A set of instructions that
tells the computer about the tasks to be
performed and how these tasks are to
be performed.
3. Data – isolated values or raw facts,
which by themselves has no
significance. The data is provided as an
input to the computer, which is
processed to generate some meaningful
information.
4. User – People who write computer
programs or interact with the
computer.
Characteristics of a Computer
1. Speed – the computer needs to be able
to process data very fast, at the rate of
millions of instructions per second.
2. Accuracy – The computer needs to have
a high degree of accuracy.
3. Diligence – The computer cannot get
fatigued or tired and needs to be
consistent.
4.
and information can be stored and
retrieved.
5. Versatility – It can perform different
types of tasks with ease.
6. Can Communicate – Has the ability to
communicate provided there is a
connection.
7. Can Multi-task – The computer needs to
perform different tasks at the same
time.
Applications of Computers
- Education: it is a tool that can be used
as an aid for learning and imparting
education.
- Entertainment: it can be used for
games, movies, chatting, books, etc.
- Sports: it can be used to watch a game,
view the scores, improve the game, play
games and create games
- Advertising: it can be used to output
advertisement of different products and
brands.
- Medicine: medical practitioners and
researchers use computers to access
information about the advances in
medical research or to take opinion of
doctors globally. Medical histories can
also be stored in the computers.
- Science and Engineering: scientists and
engineers use the computers for
performing and simulating complex
scientific calculations. It is also for
designing and making drawings.
- Government: the government uses
computers to manage its own
operations and also for e-governance.
Also, for government websites.
- Home: People use computers to play
games, work, maintain home accounts,
communicate, paying bills, for
education, etc.
-
 Advantages of a Computer
1. Automatic – can work by itself or
without human intervention.
2. Speed – it needs to perform tasks in a
few seconds.
3. Accuracy – it has to be consistently
highly accurate.
4. Diligence – cannot get tired nor fatigued
5. Versatility – it has a lot of uses and can
be utilized
6. Power of Remembering – it needs to
retain knowledge and not just select
parts.
Disadvantages of a Computer
1. No self intelligence – computers are
used to do risky and dangerous work
and where sharp actually is needed.
2. No decision making power – computers
cannot make any decisions on its own.
3. No learning power – It needs
instructions or a human input.
4. Emotionless – They do not have
emotions and work per instruction
given to them.
5. Curtail human capabilities – It makes us
humans more dependent on them.
6. Caution – Can cause health problems to
humans.
=======================================
#2 GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
Timeline
1940 – 1956 – First Gen Computers
1956 – 1963 – Second Gen Computers
1966 – 1971 – Third Gen
1971 – Present – Fourth Gen
Present – Next – Fifth Gen
Generation of Computers
- A computer is a component of
electronic equipment that processes
information or data.
- Each generation of computers has
brought considerable improvements in
computing speed and power.
- The evolution of computers to their
current condition is defined in terms of
computer generations.
- Capable of storing, retrieving, and
processing data.
First Generation
- Employed a huge number of vacuum
tubes, that produced a lot of heat.
- They were difficult to program because
they used machine language.
- ENIAC, the first successful electronic
computer was invented by J.P. Eckert
and J.W. Mauchy
- First Gen Examples: ENIAC, EDVAC,
UNVAC, IBM-701, IBM-650
- Advantages of First Gen Computers:
o Vacuum tubes were used as
electronic component
o Computations were performed
in milliseconds.
- Disadvantages
o Too Large
o Outputs large amount of heat
due to vacuum tubes.
Second Generation
- Produced less heat, but far less than
first-generation computers.
- Transistors enabled computers to
become smaller, quicker, less
expensive, more energy efficient, and
more reliable.
- Transistors are much smaller than
vacuum tubes.
 - A transistor is another type of electronic - Personal computer operating systems
component that can function as an were developed
amplifier or a switch - Introduction of interactive graphic
- Second gen examples: CDC 1604, CDC devices and language interface to
3600, Honeywell 400, Univac 1108, IBM graphics system
1620, IBM 7094 - Examples: IBM PC, Apple II, VAX 9000,
- Advantages: CRAY, DEC10, STAR 1000
o Smaller than 1st gen - Advantages:
o Less hardware and o Small
maintenance problem o No airconditioning needed
- Disadvantages: o Less need of repair
o Required frequent maintenance - Disadvantages:
still o Latest technology is required
o Frequent cooling was required for the microprocessors

Third Generation Fifth Gen Computers

- Silicon transistors replaced germanium - New Super Breed of Computers

transistors.
- Integrated Circuits were developed and
used
- Fortran IV and optimizing Fortran
compilers were developed
- Standardisation of cobol was another
major development.
- Examples: IBM 360/370, CDC 6600,
Honeywell 600 Series, PDP, TDC-316,
IBM 370/168
- Advantages:
o Good storage
o Less expensive and better
accuracy
o Faster
- Disadvantages
o Air Conditioning was required
o Highly sophisticated technology
required for the manufacturing
of IC chips
o Tactile sensitivity is decreased
Fourth Generation
- Made using very large scale integration
technology
- Development of microprocessors.
- Artificial Intelligence is being built into
computers
- C++ has been developed
- Development of more user-friendly OS
- Examples: Desktops, Laptops,
NoteBooks, UltraBooks, ChromeBooks
- Advantages:
o Fastest
o Easy to repair
- Disadvantages:
o Tend to be sophisticated and
complex tools.
o Can give more powers to
companies allowing them to
infect your computer.
#3 TYPES OF COMPUTERS
What is a computer? A computer is a device or
a machine that carry information, manipulate
data, and show result to the user.
Types of Computers According to Functionality
1. Analog Computer – it uses continuously
changeable entities like mechanical,
electrical, hydraulic, etc.
 2. Digital Computer – A class of device that
solve problems by processing
information. It uses binary such as 0s
and 1s.
3. Hybrid Computers – analog and digital
4. Supercomputers – Fastest and
expensive machine. Fast processing and
speed commonly measured in FLOPS.
5. Mainframe Computers – Large and
powerful systems generally used in
centralized databases. Multi-user,
operates at high speeds, and large
storage capacity.
6. Minicomputers – digital computers also
a multi-user. High speed and large
capacity than microcomputers.
7. Microcomputer – Single user, small and
low-cost computers. Consists of CPU
input, output, and storage unit and
software.
8. General Purpose – designed to perform
a wide variety of functions and
operations. Simply by using a general-
purpose computer and different
software, various tasks can be
accomplished.
9. Special Purpose – Designed to be task
specific and most of the times their job
is to solve one particular problem.
#4 COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
What is a computer?
- High-speed electronic device that
manipulates data into meaningful
information.
Input -> Process -> Output
STORAGE
Components of a Computer System
1. Hardware – mechanical parts that make
up a computer as a machine –
a. I/O – accepts data from the
user and provide information to
the user,
b. CPU – brain of the computer,
electronic circuits that interpret
and execute program
instructions and communicate
with the other hardware units,
transforms data to information.
c. Memory – stores data,
information, and instructions.
2. Software – collection of computer
programs, procedures and
documentation that performs some
tasks on the OS.
Application Software
a. Application – software used by
the user to perform a specific
task.
b. Installed according to user
requirements
c. The user interacts with the
application softwares.
d. Cannot run independently.
Needs System Software.
e. Word processors, web
browsers, media players, etc.
System Software
1. For operating computer
hardware.
2. Installed when OS is installed
3. No need for user interaction
4. Can run independently
5. Compilers, debuggers, driversm
etc.
3. Data
4. Users
#5 CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
- Also called the Central Processor, Main
Processor, or just the Processor. It is
electronic circuitry that executes
instructions comprising a computer
program.
- Performs basic arithmetic, logic,
controlling, and input/output
operations specified by instructions in
the program.
Functions of the CPU
- Carry out processing
- Perform arithmetical and logical
operations
- Control all other parts of the machine
- and sending timing signals
- Executing programs stored in memory.
Main Parts of the CPU
Components of the CPU
- Control Unit: nerve center of the
computer system, directs the
operations of other units by providing
timing and control signals, and decodes
instructions and initiates the actions
called for by the instructions
- Arithmetic Logic Unit – Performs
arithmetic operations such as addition,
subtraction, division, multiplication, and
logical operations like sorting and
comparing data.
- Memory Management Unit – Where
the instructions and data are stored
while processing is done. Enables the
system to run multiple tasks, as
independent programs running in their
own private virtual memory space.
How a CPU Operates:
- The most fundamental operation of
most CPUs is to execute a sequence of
stored instructions that is called a
program. The instructions to be
executed are kept in computer
memory.
1. Fetch: CPU retrieves instructions
somewhere in the computer’s memory.
2. Decode: This is where the CPU
translates the signals received from
step 1 into signals that control the other
parts of the CPU
3. Execute: Signals are sent to the various
parts of the CPU to perform each step
of the instructions, such as
mathematical operations that are
performed by the ALU.
4. Store: Results from the complete
execution of the instructions are then
stored back in memory.
#6 INPUT DEVICE
What is an input device?
- These allow the user and other
applications to input data and
instructions into the computer for
processing from external world. The
input data can be text, audio, video, etc.
- Examples are mouse, microphones,
scanners, cameras, joysticks, keyboards.
3 Main Functions of Input Devices
1. Receive the data from the user.
2. Convert data into binary form or
machine language.
3. Provide converted data to computer
memory for processing.
2 Classifications of Input Devices
1. Human data entry devices – Input
devices that require data to be entered
manually to the computer. The data
may be entered by typing or keying in
or by pointing a device to a particular
location.
Examples:
o Keyboard – used for entering
text data.
o Pointing Devices – input device
used to move the cursor on
screen.
 Mouse – small hand-
held device having two
or 3 buttons on its
upper side.
 Trackball – a type of
mouse before lasers, it
looks like an upside-
down mouse, and it
uses a ball for tracking.
 Joystick – commonly
used for playing
videogames.
o Pick Devices – used for
providing input by pointing to a
location on the computer
monitor.
 Light pen – light
sensitive pen-like input
device and is used to
select objects directly
on the computer
screen.
 Touch screen – accepts
input when the user
places a fingertip on the
computer screen.
2. Source Data Entry Devices – are used
for audio input, video input and to
enter the source document directly to
the computer. It does not need to be
typed/keyed or pointed to a particular
location. These are devices that uses
sound and visual input without the user
manually doing something.
Examples:
o Audio Input: allows users to
send audio signals to a
computer for processing,
recording, or carrying out a
command.
o Video Input: provided to the
computer using cameras.
o Optical Sensors: input data
directly from the source
document without copying and
typing data. Other common
examples are OCR, MICR, OMR,
and a barcode reader.
o Scanner: input device that
accepts paper documents to
input data directly into the
computer from the source
document without copying and
typing the data.
 - The input is provided to the computer
using an input device and must be
translated to a form that the computer
can understand. The translation is done
by the input interface of the device.
- Input can also come from a storage
device on the computer or another
piece of equipment such as musical or
thermometer or sensors.
- Virtual Reality devices are also called an
input. VR devices such as motion
trackers, joysticks, track pads, sensing
gloves, device control buttons, haptic
feedback systems, treadmills, and full
body suits.
#7 COMPUTER MEMORY
Computer Memory – holding place for
instructions and data.
- Electronic devices used to store data for
the computer to access during
operations.
- Volatile and Non-volatile
Volatile/RAM – Also called temporary memory.
Random Access Memory stores data and
computer programs that the PCU then reads
and accesses. Its volatile due to it losing data
when power gets cut from the computer.
- DRAM/SRAM
o DRAM is common RAM or
called a RAM stick, made up of
small transistor and a consistor.
o SRAM or Static RAM is fast and
do not require refreshing, but
low capacity. Made up of 6
interlocked consistors and it
stores cache.
Examples of RAM:
- Standard DIMM DDR4 – most common
type and found on standard PCs
- SODIMM DDR4 – common for laptops
- ECC RAM – used for servers and
workstations due to its Error Correction
- DDR5 RAM – new generation of RAM,
50% bandwidth increase from DDR4.
Non-Volatile: Also called permanent
memory due to it not losing data when
power is not present nor not needing to
refresh periodically. Slower and bigger than
its counterpart, mainly used for data and
media that needs to exist for a long time.
- Drives: Storage devices used to store
big amounts of data. Can come in
120GB – 12TB sizes.
- ROM: Read-only memory is a type of
non-volatile memory that contains
critical processes that is needed to boot
up a pc like the BIOS. These are stored
around the motherboard.
Examples of Drives:
- Magnetic Hard Drives – HDDs, uses
magnetic patterns which is then located
on a spinning disc.
- Solid-state Drives – SSDs, uses new
technology like floating gate transistors
and NAND. Way faster storage than
HDD
- Optical Discs/Drives – uses light and
dark spots which is then read by a laser.
- USB Flashdrives – portable storage that
uses flash memory and a USB interface
that enables it to be plugged in to
computers.
Device Maintenance and Care
1. Eject Flashdrives Properly
2. Turn off system via shutdown
3. Avoid placing magnets hear HDDs
4. Cool your devices properly
5. Backup your files.
Computer Memory History
- Charles Babbage proposed the first
analytical Engine in 1837
- Gustav Tauschek developed drum
memory in 1932.
- John Atanasoff tested Atanasoff-Berry
Computer
- Freddie Williams a patent for the CRT
(cathode-ray tube) storing device on
December 11, 1946
- Jan Rajchman began work on the
selectron tube capable of storing 256
bits words.
- Freddie Williams memory system the
Williams-Kilburn tube was working in
1947.
- Jay Forrester came up wit the magnetic-
core memory in 1949 for the Whirlwind
computer.
- USA government ERA1101 in 1950
- Jay Forrester applied the patent for
magnetic-core memory, early type of
RAM in May 11, 1951.
- ENIAC added a core memory expansion
in July 1953
- Konrad Zuse made the Z22
- MIT introduced the whirlwind machine
in March 8, 1955.
- John Schmidt designed a 64-bit MOS p-
channel static RAM in 1964
- Dr Robert Dennard was granted a
patent on a one-transistor DRAM cell in
June 4, 1968.
- Intel released the 3101 Schottky TLL
bipolar 64 bits static random-access
memory (SRAM) in 1969.
- Intel released the first commercially
available DRAM, the Intel 1103 in
October 1970.
- George Perlegos developed the Intel
2816, the first EEPROM in 1978.
- Wang Laboratories – created the single
in-line memory module (SIMM) in 1983.
- Fugio Masuoka invented flash memory
in 1984
- Samsing introduced the KM48SL2000
synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) in 1993.
- DDR SDRAM – began being sold in 1996.
- DDR2 SDRAM – began in 2003
- XDR DRAM – began being sold in June
2007
- DDR4 SDRAM – began being sold in
September 2014.
Conclusion: Computer Memory is so crucial
that the computer without it will not start.
#7 COMPUTER PORTS
- An Interface or Point of Connection
between the computer and its
peripherals.
- Main function is to allow data from a
peripheral to go in and out from the
device.
- Also called as Communication port as it
is responsible for communicating
between the computer and the
peripheral device.
Types of Ports
1. Serial Ports: can only communicate one
bit at a time the Serial port is used to
connect serial devices such as Modems,
Network, printers, mouse.
2. Parallel Port: mostly used for printers.
Parallel Ports in contrast to Serial Ports
transfer data one bit at a time. Parallel
ports transfer multiple bits
simultaneously in parallel. Examples are
printers, scanners, external drives.
3. PS/2 Port: Before the use of USB for
keyboards and mouses PS/2 ports were
the fad. Developed by IBM, PS/2 ports
were mainly used for the keyboard and
 mouse. It is a mini DIN plug that has 6
pins.
4. USB Port – Universal Serial Bus port. It is
an interface that covers a wide range of
2 Types of Software
devices that utilize it such as:
Keyboards, mouse, music players, flash
drives. It is also capable of power
transmissions such as modern phone
chargers.
Types of USB
o USB 1.X: Transfers up to
12mbps.
o USB 2.0: Transfer rates upto
60MBps. Also known as hi-
speed USB
o USB 3.0: Transfer Rates up to
640MBps. SuperSpeed USB.
o USB 3.1: Transfer Rates up to
10GBps. SuperSpeed+
o USB C: Reversible plug, 24-pin
double-sided connector for use
with USB devices.
5. DVI Port – Digital Video Interface.
Developed to be an industry standard
for transmitting digital video content to
display devices at resolutions as high as
2560 x 1600.
a. DVI-A (Analog)
b. DVI-D (Digital)
c. DVI-I (Integrated)
6. Ethernet Port – used to connect your
computer to the internet as well as
connect and communicate with other
computers or networking devices.
a. Registered Jack (RJ)
i. RJ-45
ii. RJ-11
#8 COMPUTER SOFTWARE
- This refers to the collection of computer
programs and related data that
provides the instructions for telling a
computer what to do and how to do it.
1. System Software – set of computer
programs which makes hardware
operate on some data to generate the
necessary information.
Ex:
o Operating System – a type of
system software that man ages
the computer’s hardware and
software resources.
o Language Translator – Convert
human readable application
programs into machine
readable form.
o Utility/Service Program – serve
specialized data processing
problems like text editors,
librarian, subroutines, and
system aids.
2. Application Software – performs a
specific function may it be educational,
personal, business. It is also known as
an end-user program or a productivity
program.
o Each application is designed to
assist users with a particular
task that may be related to
creativity, productivity, or
communication.
o The collective noun “application
software” refers to all
applications collectively.
Examples of App Softwares:
o MS Suite, Chome, Adobe,
Zoom, Spotify, Slack.
Differences:
 System Software – designed to
control and manage the hardware
and other resources of the system.
o Pre-installed with the OS
o Commonly referred to as
general-purpose software
o Acts as an interface between
application software and the
system.
o Developed in low-level
language or machine code that
is more compatible with the
system hardware.
Application software – designed to
accomplish tasks for a specific
purpose based on user request.
o Third party software that can be
downloaded and installed
according to user needs.
o Application software is
commonly referred to as
specific-purpose software.
o Hosted on the platform, which
is provided by the system
software.
o Programmed in high-level
languages such as C++, Python,
Javascript.
#9 OUTPUT DEVICES
- Equipment or Hardware that gives out
the result of the entered input.
- Once processed it is called an Output
Unit.
2 Types of Output Devices
1. Hard Copy Devices
- Tangible form on a paper or any surface
is called hard copy output.
- Hard copy can be stored permanently
and is portable.
- Devices that generate hard copy output
are called Hard Copy Devices.
- Hard Copy Devices:
o Printer – device that accepts
text and graphic output from a
computer and transfers the
information to paper.
2 Types of Printers:
1. Impact Printers – use the
typewriter approach of
physically striking a
typeface against the paper
and inked ribbon. (Dot
Matrix Printer, Drum
Printer, Daisy Wheel
Printer).
2. Non Impact Printers – Do
not hit or impact a ribbon
to print. They use electro-
static chemicals and ink-jet
technologies. (Inkjet, laser
printers).
Both form character and
images, one is direct and one is
without physical contact.
o Plotter – printer that interprets
commands from a computer to
make line drawings on paper
with one or more automated
pens. A type of pen plotter that
wraps the paper around a drum
with a pin feed attachment.
 Flatbed Plotter – is a
computerized plotter
that works using an arm
that moves a pen over
paper.
o Computer Output on Microfilm
– enables the output of
computers be recorded directly
 on microfilm rather than on
paper.
2. Soft Copy Devices
- Output obtained in an intangible form on a
visual display, audio unit or video unit is called
soft copy output.
- Soft copy allows corrections to be made, can
be stored, and can be sent via electronic devices
to other users.
Soft Copy Devices
1. Monitor – common output device
which is provided along with the
computer to view the displayed output.
- An image on a monitor is created by a
configuration of pixels or dots.
- Clarity depends on 3 Factors
o Resolution of Screen
o Dot Pitch
o Refresh Rate
2 Kinds of Monitors
a. Cathode-ray tube a specialized
vacuum tube in which produces
images. Produced when an
electron beam strikes a
phosphorescent surface.
b. Liquid-crystal display is a flat-
panel display or other
electronically modulated optical
device. Uses light-modulating
properties of liquid crystals
combined with polarizers.
2. Projector – output device that can take
images generated by a computer or a
Blu-ray player and reproduce them onto
a screen, wall, or other surface.
o Typically surface projected is
large, flat and light colored.
2 Types of Projectors
1. LCD projector is a type of
projector based on liquid-
crystal displays which can
display images, data and video.
It offers more contemporary
options for showing video.
2. DLP Projector – Digital Light
Processsing, provides shartp,
high-quality projections iwwht
the potential for 3D capabilities.
Tend to have more mirrors and
therefore more pixels and
higher definition.
3. Video Output
4. Audio Response – Audio System
- Complete sound system consists of
sound cards, microphones, speakers,
and the appropriate software.
- The software allows editing of sound,
like cutting, copy, amplification and
creation of vibrant sound effects.
#10 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
1883: Algorithm for the Analytical Engine
(Charles Babbage)
1949: Assembly Language
1952: Autocode
1957: Fortran
1958: AlgoL
1959: COBOL
1959: LISP
1964: BASIC
1970: Pascal
1972: SmallTalk
1972: C
1972: SQL
1978: MATLAB 3. Tedious and error prone to write
code manually
1983: Objective-C
4. Not portable
1983: C++ - Assembly Language
1. Less error-prone
1987: Perl 2. Coding easier than machine
1990: Haskell language
3. Replaces 1 and 0s with English
1991: Python instructions
1991: Visual Basic 4. Mnemonic codes for corresponding
machine language
1993: R
High Level
1995: Java
- Procedural – written as sequence of
1995: PHP instructions E.G: Recipes, morning
routine
1995: Ruby
1. Top down approach
1995: JavaScript 2. No proper way of hiding data
3. Data is not secure
2000: C#
4. Code is interdependent
2003: Scala and Groovy 5. Reuse is difficult
- Object Oriented – interaction of
2009: Go functions between objects
2014: Swift 1. Bottom up approach
2. Helps in wrapping data and
Types of Programming Language functions in an class
What is Programming Language? 3. Helps build secure programs
4. Code is modular
1. Artificial Language 5. Can be extended for reuse
2. Designed to communicate instructions
to a machine Examples of programming languages
3. Used to create programs that control - C
the behavior of a machine. - C#
Program - BASIC
- Java
1. List of instructions - Visual Basic
2. Used to control the behavior of a - Phyton
machine - HTML
- PHP
Levels of Programming Languages

Low level

- Machine Language #11 FLOWCHART

1. Directly run on CPU
What is a flowchart?
2. Series of bits like 0s and 1s
 - A pictorial representation that
symbolizes the operations and decision
to be followed by a computer in solving
a problem. It is effective and
inexpensive analytical tool.
- It is also a road map
- Efficient means of communication
- Analytical Tool
- Concise form of documentation

The flow chart is effective and Inexpensive

- A programmer can quickly show a series

of alternative approaches to a problem.
- They provide an excellent and concise
form of documentation.

Advantages of Flowcharts

- Helps clarify complex processes

- Identifies steps that do not add value to
the internal or external customer,
including: delays; needless storage and
transportation; unnecessary work,
duplication, and added expense;
breakdowns in communication.
- Helps team members gain a shared
understanding of the process and use
this knowledge to collect data, identify
problems, focus discussions, and
identify resources.
- Serves as a basis for designing new
processes.

Symbols: Rules for Drawing Flowcharts

1. Use conventional flowchart symbols.

Each symbol should have one exit point
except the decision symbol. Each
symbol should also have one entry and
in the case of decision, it is a must.
2. The flow of control in the problem can
be shown with the help of arrows, but
the flow lines should not cross each
other.
 3. Processing logic within the flowchart
should flow from top to bottom and
from left to right
4. Instructions written within the various
flowchart symbols should be
independent of programming languages
5. Flow lines coming out of the decision
symbol should properly be labelled.
6. If the flowchart becomes large and
complex, then make use of ordinary
connector symbols to avoid crossing of
flow lines.
7. Every flow chart must have the start
and end points.

How to plan and draw a basic flowchart?

1. Define your purpose and scope

2. Identify the tasks in chronological order
3. Organize them by type and
corresponding shape.
4. Draw your chart.
5. Confirm your chart.

Types of Flowcharts

1. Linear Flowchart – diagram that

displays the sequence of work steps
that make up a process. This tool can
help to identify rework and redundant
or unnecessary steps within a process.
2. Deployment Flowchart – shows the
actual process flow and identifies the
people or groups involved in each step.
Horizontal line defines customer-
supplier relationships.
3. Opportunity Flowchart – allow you to
see where a process can be improved.
They highlight the opportunities for
improvement.

END

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