SHS

GRADE
11

Contemporary Philippine
A rts F rom the Regions
QUARTER 1-MODULE 3
(Week 6-8)

1
 UNIT III:
DIFFERENT CONTEMPORARY ART
TECHNIQUES
AND PERFORMANCES PRACTICES

YOUR GOALS !

At the end of the unit, the students are expected to:

1. research on techniques and performance practices applied to contemporary arts;
2. identify local materials used in creating art;
3. critique available materials appropriate techniques; and
4. justify the use of materials and the application of techniques

WARM UP !!!!!!!

On a half sheet of paper, write all the ideas that you associate with the word “ART”. Write your
answers around the drawing.

ART

Task 1: Let’s Participate!

Instruction: The teacher will group the class into four groups. Think of a famous work of other
regions. They will discuss it in front of the class.

Group 1: Music and Dance

Group 2: Drama and Literature
Group 3: Painting

2
Group 4: Sculpture and Architecture

MEDIA OR MATERIALS USED IN

CONTEMPORARY ART
MUSIC

The media of music are classified into vocal (voices) and instrumental (musical instruments).
Vocal media, as the term suggest, pertain to male and female voices.

Male voices have three registers:

1. Bass (lowest)
2. Baritone (middle) 3. Tenor (highest)
4.
Female voices have three registers:
1. Alto (lowest)
2. Mezzo Soprano (middle)
3. Soprano (highest)
The highest of the female vocal registers is the coloratura soprano whereas the lowest of the male
vocal registers is the basso profundo.

On the other hand, instrumental media pertain to the different instruments played by musicians.
Most of the instruments form part of the orchestra. Based on how their sounds produced, they are
classified into:
1. String or stringed instruments – it has strings which are either plucked or bowed
Plucked strings – guitars, ukuleles, banjos, mandolins, sharps, and the erstwhile lyres
Bowed strings – violins, violas, violincellos, or cellos, and double basses or contrabasses
2. Wind instruments – require wind to produce sound so they are blown, based on the materials
that they used to create them, they are classified into:

3
 a. Woodwind instrument – Piccolos, flutes, oboes, English horns, clarinets, bass clarinets,
bassoons, and contrabassoons.

Did you know! The world’s biggest pair of shoes was made in Marikina City,
Philippines in 2002.

b. Brass instruments – saxophones, trumpets, French horns, trombones, tubas, and cornets
3. Percussion instrument – it is beaten or struck, they come in a variety of forms
The drums (kettle drums, snare drums, side drums, etc.), glockenspiels, xylophones, marimbas,
gongs, cymbals, triangles, and chimes belong to this group
4. Keyboard instrument – it has keys which are pressed to produce the desired sounds, they
include the piano, the organ, the celesta, the piano accordion, and the harmonium

DANCE

Dance materials are those materials used for costumes, properties, and set design.
Costumes include head gear, the upper garments, the lower garments, and the footwear. Head
gear – hats, caps, fez, bonnets, helmets, crowns, turbans, and hoods
Garments for female – blouses, kimono, kimono, baro’t saya, malong, patadyong, traje, gowns, Maria
Clara dresses, skirts, bloomers
Garments for male – camisa de chino, barong tagalog, shirts, long pants, shorts, trousers, G-strings
Footwear – shoes, slippers, sandals, socks and stockings
Props – glasses with lighted candles (pandanggo sa ilaw), sombreros (pandanggo sa sambalilo), fans
(fan dance), umbrellas (umbrella dance), sticks (sakuting), pots (banga), spears and shields (singkil),
pom-pom (cheer dance), towel, torches and so on

As far as set design is concerned, vintas are placed as backdrop for singkil, a vintahe Spanish- inspired
house for jota, and nipa huts for tinikiling.

4
DRAMA

It is the specific mode of fiction represented in performance. Before when the camera, radio,
and television were not yet invented, the stage was the only venue used for dramatic purposes. With the
advancement of technology, plays have been performed in places other than stage and presented days
or moths after the actor’s performance. Nowadays, drama comes in various media. Aside from stage
plays, radio plays, television plays and movies form part of people’s entertainment fare.
a. Stage Play – a drama performed on stage; the actors perform live before an audience Examples
are “New Yorker in Tondo” and “The world is an Apple”
b. Radio Play – a drama aired over the radio; the actors perform live in the studio but not before an
audience
Examples are “Beinte Cuatro Oras” and “Ito ang Inyong Tiya Dely”.
c. Television Play – a drama shown on television; the play is taped days before it is presented to
the public
Examples are “Kadenang Ginto” and “Maalaala Mo Kaya”.
d. Movie – a drama shown on the wide screen; the film is shot months before it is presented to the
public
Examples are “The Notebook” and “Titanic”.

LITERATURE

The medium of literature is language. A poet, fictionist, novelist, dramatist, or essayist, makes
use of words to compose a poem, short story, novel, drama, or essay, respectively. More often that not,
men of letters exploit the suggestive power of language and use words connotatively. Poets and prose
writers make use of idioms, figures of speech, and literary devices to express their ideas and sentiments
regarding a certain subject. Subjects in literature may be as ordinary as everyday experiences or
extraordinary such as an encounter with aliens, for examples, Martians.

5
 PAINTING

The choice of the medium is a crucial aspect in art production. Mediums differ not only in their
inherent qualities but also in the effects they produce. Painting, the expression of ideas and emotions,
with the creation of certain aesthetic qualities, in a two-dimensional visual language.

a. Oil painting –It is done with the use of ground pigments (from minerals, coal tar, vegetable
matter, etc.) mixed with linseed oil and turpentine or thinner. Oil paints are applied in either of
two ways: the direct method, in which the paints are opaque and once they are applied on the
surface, they dry up and give the finished product its final appearance; and the indirect method,
in which the paints are transparent and they are applied in many thin layers or coatings.

b. Fresco (Italian for fresh) painting –It is done with the use of earth pigments mixed with water
and applied to fresh plaster or glue which attaches the color to the surface like a wall. When the
plaster is wet, the painting is described as buon fresco or true fesco. On the other hand, when
the plaster is dry, the painting is described as fresco secco or dry fesco. The biggest advantage
of fresco paintings is their durability. Fresco paintings are not movable because they are
permanently attached to the walls.

c. Watercolor painting –It is done with the use of pigments mixed with water and applied to fine
white paper. Besides white paper, cambric, parchment, ivory, and silk can be used as surface or
ground. The colors are applied in very thin layers and all the light comes from the ground,
which gives it brilliance. A painter can also use opaque watercolor called gouache.

d. Tempera painting –It is done with the use of ground pigments mixed with an albuminous or
colloidal vehicle (egg yolk, gum, glue, or casein). Being an emulsion, tempera readily dries with
the evaporation of water and this characteristic is one its advantages. Another advantage is its
effect on the wooden panel, its ground or surface – luminosity of tone. Its quick drying is also a
disadvantage; it allows little blending or fusing colors.

e. Pastel painting –It is done with the use of pastel colors closely resembling dry pigments bound
to form crayons, which are directly applied to the surface, oftentimes paper.

6
 f. Acrylic painting –It is done with the use of synthetic paints called acrylics mixed with vehicle
capable of being thinned with water. Acrylic emulsion or polymer serves as its binding agent.
Moreover, it is soluble in water, it can be applied on almost all surfaces, and it has no tendency
to crack and to darken or yellow with age.
g. Encaustic painting –It is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a
wooden panel or a wall.

Subject as Materials for Painting

The early Egyptians painted fragments of life stories of the pharaohs. The ancient Greeks and
Romans were so fond of their female and male deities. The Renaissance painters did portraits of Mary
and Jesus and depicted biblical stories.

Many realist and impressionist painters are found of country life. country life is the subject of
most of Amorsolo’s works, “Farmer”, “Barrio Fiesta”, “Tinikling Dance”, “The Bathers”, “Mother and
Child”, and “Countryside Scene”.

Any of the land forms, water forms, can be the subject of a painting. These include the volcano,
the mountain, the hill, the valley, the plain, the plateau, the cliff, ocean, sea, river, brook, pond, falls,
the lake and also an aerial view of a city or a portion of it.

Events are among the favorite subjects of painters. The “Spoliarium” and the “Blood Compact”
of Juan Luna. The “Christian Virgins Exposed to the Populace” of Felix Resureccion Hidalgo and
“Moses Commanding the Red Sea to Divide” are examples of such subjects.

Religious items such as the Holy Family, Madonna and Child, Jesus Christ, angels, saints, and
religious objects are as commonly used subjects today as they were during Medieval and Renaissance
Periods. Raphael Sanzio’s paintings were mostly Madonna; one of the famous paintings of Leonardo da
Vinci is “Madonna of the Rocks”.

Mythological, fictional, and cartoon characters are also favorite subjects for painting. An example
of such paintings is Raphael Sanzio’s “Galatea”.

Tools used in Painting

A painter makes use of several tools in completing his work. These include the brush or brushes,
the palette, the palette knife or spatula, and the easel. Assorted brushes are used to have a variety of
strokes. The palette is the one that contains or holds the painting medium. The palette knife is used to
mix colors on the palette and sometimes to add colors to and to scrape or remove colors from the
painting surface. The easel is the frame that supports the painting; it usually has three legs.

7
SCULPTURE

Anything that can be used to form a three-dimensional

figure is a likely medium for sculpture. Wood, stone, paper, cloth,
glass, cement, and plastic are some of the common mediums used
by the sculptors. Other permanent materials such as shells, amber,
ad brick, and even ephemeral ones such as feather, dough used in
baking, sugar, bird seed, leaves, ice or snow, and cake icing have
become sculptural materials.
Sometimes, a combination of these materials is employed
by an artist to create a masterpiece. Take the case of Guillermo
Tolentino who used bronze and stone to complete the “Oblation”.
More often that not, the mediums used depend on the sculptural
process to be undertaken. Hence, the mediums are grouped into
two: those applicable to additive sculpture and those applicable
subtractive sculpture.

a. Additive sculpture – The sculptor simply puts together the materials to come up with the
desired figure. For example, to produce a papier mache animal, the sculptor glues together wet
strips of old newspaper and magazines on the mold and removes the dried bound paper from
the mold by cutting the formed thing in the middle; the he puts together the cuts end by gluing
them. In short, he just adds and adds paper until he has reached satisfactory level. The sand
castle in Boracay Island is good illustration.
b. Subtractive sculpture – The sculptor removes unnecessary parts of the medium he uses to form
the desired figure. For example, to produce a wooden horse, the sculptor marks the areas to be
removed from the entire wood, takes away the excess parts by using tools such chisels and
saws, and does the finishing touches. Aside from wood, stone, ivory, glass, ice, fruits, plants,
and plastics are materials for subtractive sculpture. The ice sculpture in Star City came into
being through this sculptural process.

8
 Did you know! The Philippine archipelago comprises about 7,641 islands,
of which only about 2,000 are inhabited.

Subjects Used as Materials in Sculpture

The subjects of sculpture range from living organisms (people, animals, and plants) to
nonliving things, places, events, etc.

People – Important personages such as heroes and saints are most common subjects of
sculpture. Examples are St. Lorenzo Ruiz, St. Pedro Calungsod, St. Nicolas or Santa Claus, and
Lapu-Lapu.
Animals and Plants – Animals and plants are among the sculptor’s favorite subjects. The
Philippine Eagle, the Tamaraw, and the Parrot are examples of animal sculptures. Paper mache
is a popular method of producing such sculptures.
Places – Sculptures of places are rare. An example of these is the Philippine map in Rizal Park.
The defunct Nayong Pilipino used to house the replicas of the Philippine tourist spots, namely:
the Mayon Volcano in Albay, the Chocolate Hills in Bohol, and the Rice Terraces in Banaue.
Events – Historical, biblical, and other events are also subject of sculptural works. The “Cry of
Pugad Lawin” is found in Caloocan City; the dioramas of major events in Philippine history are
found in Ayala Museum in Makati City; and the sculptures of geological events are located in
the National Museum at the Rizal Park. The return of Gen. Douglas McArthur in Intramuros,
“The Last Supper of Christ”, and the “Three Kings’ Visit to Christ” illustrate events as
sculptural pieces.
Religious Items – Besides the images of martyrs and saints, sculptures of a religious nature
abound. The Ifugao bulol, the Christ’s relief, Michelangelo’s “Pieta” in Italy, and the Philippine
“Pieta” in Malate Church are examples.
Others – Mythological beings such as deities and centaurs and strange objects are subjects of
sculpture, just are symbolic scenes.

ARCHITECTURE

9
 The mediums used in architecture are classified into light and heavy materials. Light materials
include paper, nipa, bamboo, and other light wood. All, except paper, form part of nipa huts and similar
dwellings in tropical countries. The advantage of these materials is that they allow for good ventilation,
but their disadvantage is that they are not resistant to fire and other natural elements. Thus, houses
made of light materials, especially those in squatter or slum areas, are described as fire hazards. The
trend now is toward the use of heavy materials which are not only fire-resistant but also durable and
able to withstand natural forces such as earthquakes, landslides, storms and floods. Theses materials are
hardwood, stone, concrete (combination of cement, gravel, and sand), cob, mortar, brick, steel, and cast
iron. They always form part of high-rise buildings for example, condominiums.

Task 2: Paper and Pen!

Identify the following:

1. What is the medium of literature?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. It is a drama performed on stage?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. It is done with the use of ground pigments mixed with linseed oil and turpentine or thinner.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. It is done with the use of hot wax as a vehicle to bind pigments to a wooden or a wall.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

10
 _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

5. What are the two mediums used in architecture?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

6. What is the advantage of light materials?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

7. It is classified instrument, wherein it requires wind to produce sound.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

8. What is the lowest vocal of the female?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

9. What is the middle vocal of the female?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

10. It is a drama shown on the wide screen.

11
 _____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

Enumerate the following:

11-13 Enumerate the three male voices. (lowest to highest)

11. 12.
13.

14-16 Give at least three examples of props that can be used in Dance and indicate the particular
dance name.
14.
15.
16.

17-18 Give the two painting of Juan Luna.

17.
18.
19-20 Give the two materials used to complete the “Oblation”.
19.
20.

Did you know! Pandaka pygmaea, also found only in the Philippines, is the
smallest known vertebrate and may be endangered.

Task 3: Let’s Interpret!

Here’s a watercolor painting of little girl on swing. Answer the following questions based on the
painting below.

12
 1. Do the materials used have any meaning or associations? Justify your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

2. Are there any hidden message/s in the work? What are those?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. Based on your perception, what does the painting wanted to express?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

TRADITIONAL TECHNIQUES APPLIED TO CONTEMPORARY

CREATION MUSIC

According to Boethius, the most eloquent music writer of the Middle Ages, there are three types
of music. These are musica mundana, musica humana, and musica intrumentalis.
a. Musica Mundana – music created by the orderly relationships found among the planets and the
changing seasons of the worlds
13
b. Musica Humana – music created by human beings, by the unity of the body and the soul
c. Musica Instrumentalis – music created by musical instruments

Moreover, music is classified into vocal music, instrumental music, and a combination of two.
a. Vocal music – music produced by the voice of singers, the singing is done without the
accompaniment of musical instruments and vocal music is rendered a cappella
b. Instrumental music – music produced by musical instruments
It is exemplified by a pianist doing a piano recital or an orchestra performing without a soloist
or a group of singers.
c. Vocal music and instrumental music – combined to form mixed music or mixed ensemble;
mixed ensembles usually perform in Mass, requiem Mass, opera, oratorio, and cantata and even
a symphony orchestra may employ a vocal soloist or a chorus

Ensemble music is music rendered by a group of performers – singers and/or players of musical
instruments; based on the number of the performers and the types of musical instruments used,
ensembles are classified into the following: orchestra, symphony, orchestra, chamber orchestra,
concerto, band or rondalla

Did you know! The largest Philippine wild animal, the tamaraw, is a species of the
buffalo that is similar to the carabao. It is found only in the island of Mindoro.

a. Orchestra – The most spectacular of the

ensembles because of its large size. Usually performing
under the direction of a conductor, the musicians
playing several instruments of the same kind are given a
part. It is divided into four sections: the string, the
woodwind, the brass, and the percussion.

14
 b. Symphony Orchestra – A large ensemble
composed of about 100 players; it includes
all the principal instrumental types divided
into four sections, each of which has at least
one instrument which falls under each of the
four basic ranges (soprano, alto, tenor, and
bass).

The Chicago Symphony

Orchestra

c. Chamber Orchestra – An ensemble

larger than a chamber ensemble and smaller
than a full orchestra. A chamber ensemble is
a small group of musicians playing from one
to nine musical instruments. Chamber music
written for only one instrument (violin,
cello, flute, oboe, horn, etc.) is called solo
sonata; for two, duo; for three, trio, for four,
quartet (for example, a piano quartet or a
string quartet); for five, quintet; for six,
sextet; for seven, septet; for eight, octet; and for nine, nonet.

d. Concerto – A form written for an

orchestra in which one solo instrument, for
example, a piano or a violin, is given
prominence.

Beethoven: Piano Concerto No. 4 (Elisabeth Leonskaja)

15
 e. Band – An instrumental ensemble having the
size of an orchestra but consisting mainly or
exclusively of wind and percussion instruments. It
usually performs in concert halls and outdoor events
such as parades, funerals, football games, and the like.
Nowadays, a band is used to mean a small group of
performers, consisting of a soloist, a drummer,
guitarist/s, and keyboardist, or a small group of singers
(for example, A-1, Backstreet Boys, N Sync, and Boyz
to men).

f. Rondalla – A band usually composed of

stringed instruments (banduria, laud, octavina,
piccolo, guitara, and bajo). It is the best known
instrumental group in Philippines today.

g. Did you know! Long before Skype and Facetime, there was the ‘’videophone’’
invented by a Filipino engineer in the 1950s.

h. Pangkat Kawayan or Bandang Kawayan –

whose members play instruments made of bamboo
is also considered a special ensemble

A player of a stringed instrument must learn

such techniques as double stops, pizzicato, vibrato,
tremolo, dynamics (crescendo and decrescendo),
muting, and so on.

DANCE

16
 Dances are classified in many ways. According to the number of performers, they are performed
alone, by a pair, or by a group. Based on subject or content or content, there are the war dance,
courtship dance, harvest dance, ritual dance, etc. according to the nature of the dance, they may be
imitative (tinikling, itik-itik, and maglalatik), religious, interpretative, and so forth. Based on purpose,
they are grouped into folk or ethnic, social or ballroom, and spectacular or theatrical.
Folk or ethnic dances are those performed by members of a tribe or ethnic group to conduct their
day-to-day activities. Examples are the Ifugao dance, Mangyan dance, Muslim dance, and so on. Social
or ballroom dances are those performed by pairs or groups in ballrooms or dance halls to socialize.
Examples are cha-cha-cha, boogie, samba, mambo, salsa, tango, swing, waltz, fox trot, and other paired
dances, as well as cotillion, rigodon de honor, and other group dances. Spectacular or theatrical dances
are those performed on stage as a spectacle to entertain the audience, examples are ballet, interpretative
dances, and modern dances.

DRAMA

PETA “The Quest for the Adarna”

Akapela: Philippines' First Full Contemporary A Cappella Concert

To create an outstanding drama, a playwright uses one or a combination of the following dramatic techniques.

Confession – a character tells his true desire or feelings to another character; his confession can help
guide the audience as regards the secrets and repressed emotions of the characters and it can even lead
to a dramatic and emotionally moving result

17
Dramatic irony – similar to comedic irony, dramatic irony occurs when the audience or character
expects one event to happen, but the opposite happens or when something happens as a result of
character trying to prevent that something from happening

Music – music sets the mood of a scene better than any other technique

Narration – narration done through voice-over otherwise helps explain the multiples dillemas of
character, makes the audience laugh or cry, and directs or shapes the story to convey certain emotions

Surprise – often used as comedic technique, surprise easily catches a character or the audience off
guard. It elicits several emotions, including anger, sadness, and shock

Cliffhanger - the cliffhanger was popularized with serialized fiction and occurs when characters are left
in precipitous situations, or have a revelation, as an episode of the serial ends; for example, at the end
of an episode of Thomas Hardy's 1873 serial novel "A Pair of Blue Eyes," a main character is left
literally hanging off a cliff

Suspense – a cousin of surprise, suspense occurs when a character or the audience is expecting
something to happen
The anticipation and waiting for something (either good or bad) to happen can cause some kind of
discomfort.

Foreshadowing - also referred to as Chekhov's gun or formal patterning, is a literary technique in which
a reference is made to something that will play an important role in future events of the story;
foreshadowing can be as subtle as an unrelated reference to a loaded gun on the wall or occur through
the use of an oracle, as in Sophocles' oracles in "Oedipus the King"

Conflict – is a clash between people, values, or ideas

Soliloquy – is a speech rendered by a character who thinks aloud rather than speaks to any other
character on stage

Pathos - is a literary technique in which the author directly appeals to the emotion and imagination of
the reader to elicit sympathy for a character in the story or the writer's perspective; for instance,
Charlotte Bronte uses pathos in "Jane Eyre" when the protagonist must leave her lover for moral
reasons as soon as their affair begins

Dialogue – is a speech done by one character who speaks to another character on stage

Aside – is a comment made by a character to the audience in a way that implies no one on stage has
heard it

Did you know! The Philippines was named after King Philip II of Spain.

18
Plot twist - it occurs when a sudden, unexpected change happens that has a direct impact on the
outcome of the story; a plot twist can occur during any portion of the narrative, but it also frequently
happens as a surprise ending

Tableau – is a still picture created on stage

Theatrical secret – the audience knows something that one or more of the characters in a play does not
know

Ticking Clock Scenario – its scenario elicits dramatic tension by placing a character in a dangerous, or
otherwise intense situation, in which time is of the essence, as time passes, the stakes of the outcome of
the story are raised, increasing dramatic tension

Chorus – a group of actors speaks in unison, usually by commenting on the action of the play

Disguise – is a technique by which a character deliberately appears to be someone else

Red herring – is employed by a writer who deliberately misleads or distracts the audience in its
expectations

LITERATURE
To make their writings effective, writers make use of literary devices which includes figures of
speech.

What is figure of speech?

A figure of speech is a phrase or word having different meanings than its literal meanings. It
conveys meaning by identifying or comparing one thing to another, which has connotation or meaning
familiar to the audience. That is why it is helpful in creating vivid rhetorical effect.

Alliteration – the repetition of similar sounds, usually consonants, at the beginning of words
Example: Robert’s Frost poem “Out, out –“contains the alliterative phrase
“Sweet-scented stuff.”
Allusion – a reference within a literary work to a historical, literary, mythological, or biblical
character, place, or event
Example: the title if William Faulkner’s novel The Sound and the Fury alludes to a
line from Shakespeare’s Macbeth
Assonance – The repetition of vowel sounds in a sequence of nearby words.
Example: the line “The monster spoke in a low mellow tone” (from Alfred, Lord
Tennyson’s poem “The Lotus-Eaters”) contains assonance in repetition of the “o”
sound.
Caricature – a description or characterization that exaggerates or distorts a character’s prominent
features, usually for purpose of mockery
Example: a cartoon of a gaunt Abraham Lincoln with a giant top hat, a very
scraggly beard, and sunken eyes could be considered a caricature
19
Clichѐ – an expression, such as “turn over a new leaf,” that has been used and reused so many
times that it has lost its expressive power
Epiphany – a sudden, powerful, and often spiritual or life changing realization that a character
experiences in any otherwise ordinary moment
Example: the main character in James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young
Man has an epiphany during a walk by the sea.
Foreshadowing - a writer gives an advance hint of what is to come later in the story
Foreshadowing often appears at the beginning of a story, or a chapter, and helps the
reader develop expectations about the coming events in a story. Images such as a
storm brewing or a crow landing on a fence post often foreshadow ominous
developments in a story.
Hyperbole – an excessive overstatement or conscious exaggeration of fact
“I’ve told you that a million times already.” Is a hyperbolic statement.
Idiom – a common expression that has acquired a meaning that differs from its literal meaning,
such as “It’s raining cats and dogs” or “That cost me an arm and a leg.”
Imagery – language that brings to mind sensory impressions
Example: in the Odyssey, Homer creates a powerful image with his description of
“rosy-fingered dawn”.
Irony - words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual
meaning of the words; it may also be a situation that ends up in quite a different way
than what is generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between appearance
and reality
Metaphor – the comparison of one thing to another that does not use the terms “like” or “as”
A metaphor from Shakespeare’s Macbeth: “Life is but a walking shadow”.
Motif – a recurring structure, contrast, or other device that develops a literary work’s major
themes
Example: shadows and darkness are a motif in Charles Dickens’s A Tale of Two Cities, a
novel that contains many gloomy scenes and settings
Onomatopoeia – the use of words like pop, hiss, or booing, in which the spoken sound resembles
the actual sound
Oxymoron – the association of two terms that seem to contradict each other, such as “same
difference” or “wise fool”
Paradox – a statement that seems contradictory on the surface but often expresses a deeper truth
One example is the “All men destroy the things they love” from Oscar Wilde’s “The
Ballad of Reading Gaol.”
Personification – the use of human characteristics to describe animals, things, or ideas
Carl Sandburg’s poem “Chicago” describes the city as “Stormy, husky, brawling/ City of the
Big Shoulders”

Pun – a play on words that uses the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly
different meanings
Example: the title of Oscar Wilde’s play “The Importance of Being Earnest”; earnest
which means serious or sober, and the name “Ernest”
Rhetorical question – a question asked not to elicit an actual response but to make an impact or
call attention to something

20
 “Will the world ever see the end of war?” is an example of rhetorical question.
Sarcasm – a form of verbal irony in which it is obvious from context and tone that the speaker
means opposite of what he or she says
Saying “that was graceful” when someone trips and falls is an example of sarcasm.
Simile – a comparison of two things through the use of the words “like” or “as”
Symbol – an object, character, figure, place, or color used to represent an abstract idea or
concept
Theme – a fundamental, universal idea explored in a literary work
Thesis – the central argument that an author makes in a work
Tone – the general atmosphere created in a story, or the author’s or narrator’s attitude toward the
story or the subject

Task 4: Paper and Pen!

Identify the following:

1. words are used in such a way that their intended meaning is different from the actual meaning
of the words; it may also be a situation that ends up in quite a different way than what is
generally anticipated. In simple words, it is a difference between appearance and reality

2. it is the central argument that an author makes in a work

3. it is the association of two terms that seem to contradict each other, such as “same difference”
or “wise fool”

4. it is a play on words that uses the similarity in sound between two words with distinctly
different meanings

5. it is an object, character, figure, place, or color used to represent an abstract idea or concept

6. it is the general atmosphere created in a story, or the author’s or narrator’s attitude toward the
story or the subject

7. it is a form of verbal irony in which it is obvious from context and tone that the speaker means
opposite of what he or she says

8. the use of human characteristics to describe animals, things, or ideas

9. it is an excessive overstatement or conscious exaggeration of fact

10. it is a sudden, powerful, and often spiritual or life changing realization that a character
experiences in any otherwise ordinary moment

21
 PAINTING

Philippine Flag 2006 is a painting by Glenn Bautista Worldly Rise by Fernando Amorsolo

To create the desired visual effect, a painter may employ any of the following techniques: acrylic
painting, action painting, aerial perspective, anamorphosis, camaieu, casein painting, chiaroscuro,
divisionism, easel painting, encaustic painting, foreshortening, fresco painting, gouche, graffiti,
grisaille, impasto, miniature painting, mural, oil painting, panel painting, panorama, perspective,
pleinair painting, sand painting, scroll painting, sfumato, sgraffito, sotto in su, tachism, tempera
painting, tenebrism, and tromp l’oeil.

Methods of Presenting the Subjects

Every artist has his individual style of doing his artwork. This style is almost always governed by
his choice of the method of presenting his subject.

Realism - Undistorted by personal bias, realism believed in the ideology of objective reality and
revolted against exaggerated emotionalism. Simply speaking, it is a method of portraying an art subject
according to the objective reality. It depicts what the eyes can see, what the ear can hear, what the sense
faculty may receive. Example was the painting of Zeuxis, 5th century painter. The subject of his
painting was a grape. When he unveiled his painting of grapes, they appeared so real, luscious and
inviting that the birds flew down from the sky to peck at them.

Abstraction - Its etymology is derived from Latin “abstractus "drawn away," or Latin past participle
“abstrahere:” from ab(s)- "away" + trahere "draw," which means "withdrawn or separated from
material objects or practical matters." It is totally the opposite of realism. In abstract art, the artist does
not show the subject at all as an objectively reality, but only his idea, or his feeling about it
(exaggerated emotionalism). It is all about what the artists feel and what mood they might want to
portray. Abstract art is all shapes, no real-life images, scenery, or objects.

22
 Example is the painting of Constantin Brancusi’s “Bird in Space.” He
was so impressed by the grace of a bird in flight, by the sweep of its body
as it flew through the air. His sculptural work does not look like a bird for
it is supposed to convey an impression of a bird’s grace and speed.

Constantin Brancusi’s Bird in Space

Distortion - This is clearly manifested when the subject is in misshapen condition, or the regular shape
is twisted out. It is a form of emphasizing detail to the point that something is no longer “correctly”
depicted. Example is Pablo Picasso’s The Old Guitarist. See how the left shoulder is hitched up so high
and the other shoulder barely exists; how spidery his hands are; and how his head is twisted around
unnaturally. Another is Henry Moore’s sculptural works and the ancient Egyptian paintings and
sculptural works are good examples of this kind.

Pablo Picasso’s “The Old Guitarist” Henry Moore’s “Distortion”

Elongation - It refers to that which is being lengthened, a protraction or an extension.

23
 El Greco "Christ Crucified," a sculpture by Giambologna from around
1588, an elegant but somewhat formulaic work in which the elongated
body of Christ seems to float almost birdlike off the cross, is an
example of this.

Mangling - This may not be a commonly used way of presenting an abstract subject, but there are few
artists who show subject or objects which are cut, lacerated, mutilated, torn, hacked or disfigured .

Cubism – It began in the early 1900s when artists such as Georges Braque (French) and Pablo Picasso
(Spanish) began painting in such a way that was far removed from traditional art styles. The Cubists
tried to create a new way of seeing things in art. Many of their subjects, be they people or landscapes,
were represented as combinations of basic geometric shapes – sometimes showing multiple viewpoints
of a particular image. Cubist pictures are therefore often described as looking like pieces of fractured
glass.

Violin and Candlestick by Braque Three Musicians by Picasso

Abstract Expressionism - is a modern art movement that flowered in America after the Second World
War and held sway until the dawn of Pop Art in the 1960's. With this movement New York replaced
Paris as the center of the art world. In a painting, the artists applied paint rapidly, and with force to their
huge canvases in an effort to show feelings and emotions, painting gesturally, non-geometrically,
sometimes applying paint with large brushes, sometimes dripping or even throwing it into the canvas.
Abstract Expressionism was influenced by the Existentialist philosophy, which emphasized the
importance of the act of creating, not of the finished object. What matters for the artist are the qualities
of the paint itself and the act of painting itself.

24
 Abstract expressionism by Jose T. Joya The Gay, Lesbian and Female by Shannon Lee

Symbolism - A symbol is a visible sign of something invisible such as an idea or quality. Symbolism
systematically uses symbols to concentrate or intensify meaning, making the work of art more
subjective (rather than objective) and conventional. For example, a flag is a symbol of a country and it
depicts the value of nationalism; a lion to represent courage and a lamb to represent meekness. The
logos and emblems of business firms and the coat of arms of bishops are also examples of symbolism.
Lucerne’s Lion Monument, a famous masterpiece of the early 19th century, is dedicated to the memory
of the heroic fight and final defeat of the Swiss Guards in Paris in 1792. In the Philippines, we have the
“Spolarium” of Juan Luna. The painting shows fallen gladiators being dragged to an unseen pile of
corpses in a chamber beneath the Roman arena. It expresses his anger over the abuses and cruelties of
the colonial rule of the Spanish authorities over the people of his native country. The sculpture in the
EDSA Shrine depicts the brave-ness and courage of the Filipinos against the tyrant dictator, Ferdinand
Marcos.

Lucerne’s Lion Monument Juan Luna “Spoliarium”

25
Fauvism - It is derived from the French “les fauves,” which means “the wild beasts.” It is an artistic
movement of the last part of the 19th century which emphasized spontaneity and use of extremely
bright colors. To a fauvist, for example, a tree trunk need not be brown. It could be bright red, purple or
any other color.

Henri Matisse, French artist, was known for his use of color and his
fluid, brilliant and original draughtmanship. As a draughtsman,
printmaker, and sculptor, but principally as a painter, Matisse is one
of the best-known artists of the 20th century. He was initially labeled
as a Fauve (wild beast).

Henri Matisse “Gold fish estate”

Dadaism - The term “dada” is a French word, which means a “hobby-horse.” A hobby-horse is a
child’s toy consisting of a wooden horse mounted on a stick. With this etymology, we could say that
Dadaism is system of art which is per se “nonsensical.” Some would say it is not an art because it
strives to have no meaning at all. It started as a post-World War cultural movement against the
barbarism of the war. It is a reaction to what they believed were outworn traditions in art, and the evils
they saw in society. It tried to shock and provoke the public with outrageous pieces of writing, poetry
recitals and art exhibitions

Marcel Duchamp’s “The Large Glass” Marcel Duchamps’ Fake Urinal Turned into Fountain

Futurism - came into being with the appearance of a manifesto published by the poet Filippo Tommaso
Marinetti on the front page of the February 20, 1909, issue of Le Figaro. It was the very first manifesto
of this kind. Marinetti summed up the major principles of the Futurists. He and others espoused a love
of speed, technology and violence. Futurism was presented as a modernist movement celebrating the

26
technological, future era. The car, the plane, the industrial town were representing the motion in
modern life and the technological triumph of man over nature.

Donald Davis “Shaped Space Colony” Klaus Burgle “Retro Futurismus”

Surrealism - It is an offshoot or a child of dada. It is also known as “super realism,” which revolves on
the method of making ordinary things look extraordinary. It focuses on real things found in the
imagination or fantasy or it has realistic subjects that are found in the unconscious mind; depicting
dreamlike images of the inner mind. This method was influenced by Sigmund Freud, the father of
Psychoanalysis.

Impressionism - It is also sometimes referred to as optical realism due to its interest in the actual
viewing experience, including such things as the effect of color, light and movement on the appearance
of the objects depicted in the artworks. Impressionism focused on directly describing the visual
sensations derived from nature. Devotees of Impressionism were not concerned with the actual
depiction of the objects they painted. Instead they were concerned with the visual impressions aroused
by those objects.

The Impressionists created one of the most important artistic movements of the nineteenth century and
it got its start in France. The theme of the Impressionism movement teaches, “the human eye is a
marvelous instrument”. The worldwide impact of Impressionism was large and lasting.

Claude Monet is widely recognized as the father of the Impressionist movement, and his work
Impression: Sunrise is widely recognized as the first work of this new movement. Fascination with
color, light and movement formed the core of the Impressionism movement.

27
Expressionism - artistic style in which the artist seeks to depict not objective reality but rather the
subjective emotions and responses that objects and events arouse within a person. The artist
accomplishes this aim through distortion, exaggeration, primitivism, and fantasy and through the vivid,
jarring, violent, or dynamic application of formal elements.

SCULPTURE

Sculptures are found everywhere. In the Philippines, one can find the “Oblation” in the University
of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Jose Rizal’s monument in Luneta, Andre’s Bonifacio’s
monument in Liwasang Bonifacio, the Katipunan relief sculpture near Manila City Hall, and the busts
of the Filipino heroes in Rizal Park. These sculptures are classified into round sculpture and relief
sculpture.

a. Round sculpture – it stands on its own and is capable of being viewed at all sides (front, rear,
left, and right sides). All, except the Katipunan relief sculpture, are examples of round
sculpture.
b. Relief sculpture – does not stand on its own because it is attached. It is either a high relief or a
low relief. A high relief is a relief sculpture that is almost the same as a free-standing sculpture
but differs from the latter because it is attached so that the back part cannot be seen by an
onlooker. The front part as well as the left and the right sides, can be viewed. A low relief is
almost the same as a painting because it is somewhat flat and attached to a surface but differs
from the mediums used in painting. The sculpture of the Philippine flag and the Katipunan flag
in Intramuros are examples of low relief.

ARCHITECTURE

Primitive men used to live in caves primarily because they did not have the tools fir buildings
houses and were not equipped with the knowledge of construction. Through the years, the structures
that house men have continuously improved. With the Industrial Revolution and the introduction of
steel and other construction materials, the mushrooming of high-rise buildings is inevitable. Architects
see to it that the basic types of architectural construction form part of the sky-reaching buildings.

a. Post and lintel – consist of horizontal beam called lintel two vertical posts to support it. It
usually found in doors and entrances.
28
 b. Cantilever – has two vertical posts for support and a horizontal beam with one end more
extended than the other. Oftentimes, steel is used for this type of architectural construction
because of its tensile strength.
c. Arch – consist of several wedge-shaped blocks of stone called voussoirs held together by a key
tone. It serves to support other structures such as roofs and to be a symbolic gateway.
d. Dome – a large hemispherical roof or ceiling that looks like an invented cup. It is an extension
of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing a wide area.
e. Vault – an arched structure of masonry usually forming a roof or ceiling. Similar to the dome, it
is an extension of the principle of the arch capable of enclosing a vast expense of space.
f. Truss – consists of a braced framework of beams or bars forming one or more triangles. An
assemblage of beams forming a rigid framework, it is usually used to support the roof.

Task 5: Paper and Pen!

Instruction: Identify the following questions below.

1. it is music produced by musical instruments

2. a form written for an orchestra in which one solo instrument is given prominence
3. it is performed on stage as a spectacle to entertain the audience
4. t is performed by members of a tribe or ethnic
5. it is a clash between people, values, or ideas
6. the association of two terms that seems to contradict to each other
7. it is optimistic realism. It is presenting real-life subject with the use of bright colors
8. it is used for architectural construction because of its tensile strength
9. it is a sculpture that doesn’t stand on its own because it is attached
10. it is presenting the real-life subject with the intention to shock the audience
through the exposition of the evils in society

29
Task 6: Let’s Interpret!
Instruction: Here’s a painting below. Answer the following questions based on it. Be ready to share
your answers with the class.

1. What style did the artist applied in the painting? Justify your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________

2. How do you think the artist was feeling when he created this artwork?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________

3. How can you connect this artwork to your own life?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
30
 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________

4. What title would you give to this artwork? Explain your answer.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

Task 7: Collaborative Work!

Instruction: The teacher will group the class into four groups. Each group has differentiated task. They
will show the different traditional techniques applied to contemporary creation by doing the given task.
They will perform it in front of the class afterwards.

Group 1: Music and Dance (Contemporary Dance)

Group 2: Drama and Literature (Role play)
Group 3: Painting (Choose any of the methods)
Group 4: Architecture (Illustrate your ideal house)

Task 8: Let’s Write!

Instruction: Construct a reaction paper by answering this particular question. Write it on a sheet of
paper. Maximum of 500 words.

“What are the significance and importance of learning the different Contemporary Art
Techniques and Performance Practices to your generation (21st century)?”

31