This article was downloaded by: 10.3.98.

80
On: 01 Feb 2023
Access details: subscription number
Publisher: CRC Press
Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: 5 Howick Place, London SW1P 1WG, UK

ENVIRONMENTAL Technology Handbook

Sunggyu Lee, James G. Speight

Prelims

Publication details

Published online on: 01 Apr 2000

How to cite :- 01 Apr 2000, Prelims from: ENVIRONMENTAL Technology Handbook CRC Press
Accessed on: 01 Feb 2023

PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR DOCUMENT

Full terms and conditions of use: https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/legal-notices/terms

This Document PDF may be used for research, teaching and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproductions,
re-distribution, re-selling, loan or sub-licensing, systematic supply or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden.

The publisher does not give any warranty express or implied or make any representation that the contents will be complete or
accurate or up to date. The publisher shall not be liable for an loss, actions, claims, proceedings, demand or costs or damages
whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with or arising out of the use of this material.
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

SECOND
EDI TI ON
Technology Handbook
ENVIRONMENTAL
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

A pplied Energy Technology Series

James G. Speight, Ph. D., Editor

Khan Conversion and Utilization of Waste Materials

Mushrush and Speight Petroleum Products: Instability and Incompatibility
Speight and Lee Environmental Technology Handbook
Lee Alternative Fuels
Wyman Handbook on Bioethanol: Production and Utilization

IN PREPARATION
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

ENVIRONMENTAL
Technology Handbook
S E C O N D E D I T I O N

Sunggyu Lee
University o f Missouri
Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.

James G. Speight, Ph. D.

Consultant, CD&W Inc.
Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY HANDBOOK

First published 2000 by Taylor & Francis

Published 2019 by CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2000 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

ISBN 13: 978-1-56032-892-6(hbk)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if
permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not
been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission
from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access
www. copyright.com (http:/ /www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance
Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a
not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For
organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of
payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered

trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

SPEIGHT,J. G.
Environmental technology handbook I by James g. Speight, Sunngyu Lee. -2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 1-56032-892-4 (alk. paper)
1. Environmental engineering. I. Lee, Sunngyu. lll. Title.
TD146.S67 1999
628-dc21 99-050304
CIP
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

Contents

Preface to the Second Edition xi

Preface to the First Edition xiii

Pa r t O n e
DEFINITIONS AND RESOURCES
Ch apt er 1
HISTORY, DEFINITIONS, AND TERMINOLOGY 1
1.1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2.0 HISTORICAL ASPECTS 3
1.3.0 DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY 8
1.3.1 The Atmosphere 13
1.3.2 Water Systems 16
1.3.3 Land Systems 16
1.4.0 ECOLOGICAL CYCLES 18
1.5.0 SUMMARY 22
1.6.0 PROBLEMS 22
1.7.0 REFERENCES 25

Chapt er 2
RESOURCES AND RESOURCE UTILIZATION 29
2.1.0 INTRODUCTION 29
2.2.0 FOSSIL FUEL RESOURCES 36
2.2.1 Coal 37
2.2.2 Petroleum 39
2.2.3 Natural Gas 40
2.3.0 OTHER ENERGY RESOURCES 43
2.4.0 MINERAL RESOURCES 44
2.5.0 RESOURCE UTILIZATION 48
2.6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS 50

v
 VI CONTENTS
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

2.7.0 SUMMARY 59
2.8.0 PROBLEMS 60
2.9.0 REFERENCES 64

P a r t II
ECOSYSTEMS
Cha pter 3
LAND SYSTEMS 73
3.1.0 INTRODUCTION 73
3.2.0 MINERALS 74
3.3.0 SEDIMENTARY STRATA 77
3.4.0 CLAYS 78
3.5.0 SOIL 80
3.5.1 Inorganic Matter 83
3.5.2 Organic Matter 83
3.5.3 Nutrients 85
3.5.4 Water 88
3.6.0 SUMMARY 89
3.7.0 PROBLEMS 90
3.8.0 REFERENCES 91

Chapt er 4
WATER SYSTEMS 93
4.1.0 INTRODUCTION 93
4.2.0 PROPERTIES 100
4.2.1 Gases 104
4.2.2 Acidity and Alkalinity 106
4.2.3 Chemical Species 107
4.3.0 AQUATIC ORGANISMS 109
4.3.1 Algae 109
4.3.2 Bacteria 110
4.3.3 Fungi 110
4.3.4 General Effects 111
4.4.0 BIODEGRADATION PROCESSES 112
4.5.0 SUMMARY 114
4.6.0 PROBLEMS 114
4.7.0 REFERENCES 116
 CONTENTS vii
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

Chapt er 5
THE ATMOSPHERE 119
5.1.0 INTRODUCTION 119
5.2.0 COMPOSITION AND CHARACTER 120
5.2.1 Structure 121
5.2.2 Oxygen/Ozone 123
5.2.3 Nitrogen 129
5.2.4 Other Gases 129
5.2.5 Particulate Matter 131
5.3.0 DISPERSION EFFECTS 132
5.4.0 SUMMARY 134
5.5.0 PROBLEMS 134
5.6.0 REFERENCES 136

P a r t III
CHEMICAL WASTE AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
Chapt er 6
CHEMICAL WASTE 141
6.1.0 INTRODUCTION 141
6.2.0 CLASSIFICATION 143
6.2.1Hazardous Waste 144
6.2.1.2 Corrosive Materials 148
6.2.1.3 Reactive Materials 149
6.2.1.4 Toxic Materials 150
6.2.1.5 Radioactive Materials 156
6.2.1.6 Other Classifications 158
6.2.2 Nonhazardous Waste 160
6.3.0 SUMMARY 161
6.4.0 PROBLEMS 161
6.5.0 REFERENCES 163

Chapt er 7
CHEMICAL WASTE MANAGEMENT AND
BIODEGRADATION OF WASTE 167
7.1.0 INTRODUCTION 167
7.2.0 CHEMICAL METHODS 174
7.2.1 Neutralization 174
 viii CONTENTS
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

7.2.2 Precipitation 175

7.2.3 Ion exchange 176
7.2.4 Oxidation-reduction 176
7.2.5 Extraction and Leaching 177
7.3.0 BIOREMEDIATION 178
7.3.1 Solid Phase Bioremediation 183
7.3.2 Soil Heaping 184
7.3.3 Composting 184
7.3.4 In Situ Bioremediation 184
7.4.0 SUMMARY 185
7.5.0 PROBLEMS 185
7.6.0 REFERENCES 186

Ch apt er 8
PHYSICAL AND THERMAL METHODS OF
W A STE M AN A G EM EN T 189
8.1.0 INTRODUCTION 189
8.2.0 PHYSICAL METHODS 190
8.2.1 Phase Separation 191
8.2.2 Phase Transfer 192
8.2.3 Phase Transition 195
8.2.4 Phase Conversion 197
8.2.5 Membrane Separations 198
8.3.0 THERMAL METHODS 201
8.3.1 Incineration 202
8.3.2 Thermal Desorption 206
8.3.3 Pyrolysis 206
8.4.0 SOLIDIFICATION AND STABILIZATION 207
8.5.0 SUMMARY 208
8.6.0 PROBLEMS 208
8.7.0 REFERENCES 209

Ch apt er 9
WASTE RECYCLING AND DISPOSAL 213
9.1.0 INTRODUCTION 213
9.2.0 WASTE RECYCLING 213
 CONTENTS IX
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

9.3.0 WASTE DISPOSAL 216

9.3.1 Surface Disposal 217
9.3.2 Underground Disposal 219
9.3.3 In-situ Disposal 220
9.4.0 ABANDONED DISPOSAL SITES 222
9.5.0 RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT 222
9.6.0 SUMMARY 225
9.7.0 PROBLEMS 225
9.8.0 REFERENCES 226

Cha pter 10
SOURCES AND EFFECTS OF GASEOUS EMISSIONS 229
10.1.0 INTRODUCTION 229
10.2.0 FOSSIL FUEL SOURCES 232
10.2.1 Coal 234
10.2.2 Petroleum 240
10.2.3 Natural Gas 243
10.3.0 OTHER SOURCES 244
10.3.1 Industrial Stationary Emission Sources 244
10.3.2 Non-Industrial Stationary Emission Sources 244
10.3.3 Mobile Emission Sources 245
10.4.0 EFFECTS 245
10.4.1 Acid Rain 246
10.4.2 The Greenhouse Effect 249
10.4.3 Smog 252
10.5.0 SUMMARY 253
10.6.0 PROBLEMS 254
10.7.0 REFERENCES 255

C hap ter 11
CONTROL OF GASEOUS EMISSIONS 259
11.1.0 INTRODUCTION 259
11.2.0 METHODS 261
11.2.1 Stationary Sources 262
11.2.2 Mobile Sources 262
11.3.0 EMISSION CONTROL TECHNOLOGIES 265
 X CONTENTS
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

11.3.1 Integrated Technologies 265

11.3.2 Add-on Technologies 267
11.4.0 SUMMARY 277
11.5.0 PROBLEMS 278
11.6.0 REFERENCES 279

P a r t IV
REGULATIONS AND THE FUTURE

Ch a pt e r 12
ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS 285
12.1.0 INTRODUCTION 285
12.2.0 LEGISLATION 286
12.2.1 The Clean Air Act Amendments 286
12.2.2 The Water Pollution Control Act
(The Clean Water Act) 288
12.2.3 Safe Drinking Water Act 289
12.2.4 The Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) 290
12.2.5 The Toxic Substances Control Act 291
12.2.6 The Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) 292
12.2.7 The Occupational Safety and Health Act 293
21.2.8 The National Environmental Policy Act 293
12.2.9 The Oil Pollution Act 294
12.2.10 The Atomic Energy Act and
Other Nuclear Waste Statutes 294
12.2.11 The Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 295
12.3.0 GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE 295
12.4.0 SUMMARY 298
12.5.0 PROBLEMS 298
12.6.0 REFERENCES 299

EPILOGUE 301
GLOSSARY 305
INDEX 323
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

Preface to the Second Edition

The continuing emphasis on environmental issues has dictated that this

Second Edition by written. However, because of increased emphasis on
teaching environmental issues in universities, the Second Edition is focused
on student teaching. Each chapter concludes with a brief summary as well
as a collection of Problems for the student to answer.
This book is a ready-at-hand (one-stop-shopping) guide to the many
issues that are related to ecosystems as well as to pollutant mitigation and
clean-up. It is an introductory overview, with a considerable degree of
detail, of the various aspects of environmental technology. The book focus-
es on the technology of environmental issues; any chemistry in the text is
used as a means of explanation of a particular point but is maintained at an
elementary level.
We believe that this book, written using plain simple language, will
help students to understand these very important aspects of science and
technology.

James G. Speight, Ph.D. Dr. Sunggyu Lee

Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A. Columbia, Missouri, U.S.A.

October 14, 1999

xi
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

Preface to the First Edition

The history of any subject is the means by which the subject is studied,
hopefully so that the errors of the past will not be repeated. In the context
of this text, environmental management and environmental awareness are
not new, both having been practiced in pre-Christian times. What appears
to have been available and known became lost and/or forgotten during the
so-called Dark Ages and remained virtually lost until recent times.
As a result of the rebirth of environmental awareness, governments in
a number of nations have passed legislation to deal with waste materials. In
the United States, which is used as an example throughout this text, such
legislation has included the following: (1) Toxic Substances Control Act of
1976; (2) Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976 (amended
and strengthened by the Hazardous and Solid Wastes Amendments (HSWA)
of 1984; and (3) Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA) of 1980.
It will be a surprise to many, and perhaps no surprise to a few that
environmental regulations are not new to civilization. Few people seriously
discount the need for environmental regulations, but many will debate the
levels at which they are proscribed—citing the cost as an unfair burden in a
highly competitive economy. Regulation is of course a necessary step, but
unfortunately provides no real incentive for proactive improvement.
Regulation is still interpreted as a license to avoid the external costs of envi-
ronmental impact. In contrast to this position, recent experience has
demonstrated that systematic elimination of waste and environmental
impact can provide net economic and strategic benefits: in higher quality
products: more efficient operations; and in the good will of an informed
public who will expect a cleaner and healthier environment. As regulations
become more demanding, and the public more aware and concerned, this
incentive for environmentally conscious actions will become increasingly
apparent.
This book is a ready-at-hand (one-stop-shopping) guide to the many
issues that are related to ecosystems as well as to pollutant mitigation and
clean-up. It is an introductory overview, with a considerable degree of
detail, of the various aspects of environmental technology. The book focus-
es on the technology of environmental issues; any chemistry in the text is
used as a means of explanation of a particular point but is maintained at an
elementary level.

xm
 XIV
Downloaded By: 10.3.98.80 At: 05:31 01 Feb 2023; For: 9780367813390, Prelims, 10.1201/9780367813390

For the purposes of the text a waste is generally referred to as chemical

and is only classed as hazardous when the nature of the text permits. The
all too general use of the descriptor hazardous to classify wastes is often
lacking in specificity and ignores the purpose of the definition. The indis-
criminate use, and twisting, of words to describe a chemical also cannot
escape some criticism.
The initial chapters (Chapters 1 and 2) are an introduction to, and a
description of, the various resources that can pose pollution problems.
Chapters 3, 4, and 5 describe the various ecosystems. The following chap-
ters (Chapters 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11) deal with the various aspects of waste
management and the final chapter (Chapter 12) covers the regulations that
focus on various waste streams.
Where possible selected standard tests, as defined by the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), are referenced in the text. This is
an aid to the reader who may wish to consult the relevant standards and
necessary tests to study their application.
The literature has been reviewed up to October 1995 but to give full ref-
erences for every source used while preparing this book would require a
supplementary volume. The most important sources are listed, with a pref-
erence for the most easily accessible review articles and books. This pro-
vides the reader with sources that s/he can then use to build up a more
comprehensive bibliography of the subject matter.

James G. Speight Ph.D.

Laramie, Wyoming, U.S.A.

June 24, 1995