Rethinking Public Spaces:

A Study on Redevelopment of Chandni Chowk

Name: Sahil Jain

Roll Number: A/3123/2018

Group Name: Group B

Name of Coordinator: Prof. Dr. Jaya Kumar

Name of Guide: Mr. Ashwani Datta

Title Of Submission: Draft Report

Date of Submission: 9th November 2022

 Title Page
Abstract
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Figures
Abbreviations
Statement of original authorship
Acknowledgement

Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1. Need Identification
1.2. Research Question
1.3. Aim
1.4. Objectives
1.5. Scope
1.6. Limitations
1.7. Research Methodology
Chapter 2. Importance of Chandni Chowk and its Redevelopment
Chapter 3. Identification and Role of Public spaces
3.1. Streets
3.2. Marketplaces
3.3. Nodes
3.4. Parks
3.5. Landmarks
Chapter 4. Parameters impacting the quality of a Public Space
4.1. Accessibility
4.2. Amenities
4.3. Transformability
4.4. Ownership
4.5. Safety
4.6. Placekeeping
4.7. Placemaking
Chapter 5. Secondary Case Study
Chapter 6. Findings
Chapter 7. Conclusion

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Chapter 1: Introduction

Abstract

For an Indian, community is everything. Being in India is about interacting with people and
living with them on every level. In the past, the interaction between individuals from many
cultures and regions of the world took place mostly in the streets and public spaces. These were
places where people did business, ate, rejoiced, argued, fell in love, and performed sports in
addition to being a component of the transit system. People learned to coexist and cooperate with
one another as diversity was permitted to grow. Greater civic participation and understanding
were fostered in these settings. People utilised a location, congregated there, and identified with
its commonalities of meaning and tales. These areas were crucial for the development of any sort
of community. (Merchant, 2013)

In many ways, containment and physical distancing have contributed to an increased

appreciation of the public space and meeting people's basic needs. It is critical to understand the
significance of these spaces as a living environment that is needed for our physical and
psychological well-being. (Nagabhoina Tejendra, 2021)

Chandni Chowk is recognised as one of Delhi's finest marketplaces. Jahanara, the eldest daughter
of Shah Jahan, created the market area surrounding Chandni Chowk, which later served as the
main market of the walled city. It was organised into orderly divisions, with soothing gardens
and opulent structures, as opposed to the congested areas of today. To accommodate the
numerous visitors from Asia and Europe who came as merchants, it also had a caravan serai
(inn). One of Shah Jahan's wives, Fatehpuri Begum, constructed the magnificent Fatehpuri
Mosque in Chandni Chowk. (Cook, 2020)

As the walled city expanded, it drew artists and experts of all stripes from all across India to
serve the royal family. In the various paths of Chandni Chowk, they gathered together according
to their professions. Magnificent Havelis (mansions) were constructed by the wealthier people,
some of which have been retained. (Cook, 2020)

Before the royal family's finances started to fall in the early 18th century, Chandni Chowk
maintained its exclusive position. Important individuals would congregate there and shop for
expensive jewellery, diamonds, and perfumes. In contrast, Chandni Chowk and the walled city
were repeatedly invaded and looted throughout the significant period of instability that followed
Emperor Aurangzeb's death in 1707. (Cook, 2020)

Chandni Chowk saw additional alterations due to the 1857 Indian Rebellion and the subsequent
collapse of the Mughal Empire. During the uprising, several structures were destroyed. After
taking control of and occupying the Red Fort, the British changed the area to suit their needs.

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This includes renovating the grounds and erecting new structures in the colonial style, such as
the Town Hall. Trade flourished once again. Nevertheless, what little elegance Chandni Chowk
had remained, it was overshadowed by uncontrolled commercial expansion when India won its
freedom from the British. (Cook, 2020)

1.1 Need Identification

Chandni Chowk has developed over a period of time and has survived multiple eras. Even now,
Chandni Chowk is recognised as one of Delhi's finest marketplaces. It is now a crowded,
crumbling business area with a baffling variety of vendors fighting for space. The major street
leading to the Red Fort and the Fatehpuri Masjid, however, has undergone renovations that have
made them vehicle-free zones from 9 am to 9 pm (with the exception of cycle rickshaws). Along
with the development of LED lighting, plants, public restrooms, chairs, and a concrete pathway,
the maze of overhead cables has been made underground. (Cook, 2020)

Public places like Chandni Chowk have always been an important part of the city. The pandemic
has shed light on the importance of public places. People are under stress by being confined to
their houses and having restrictions on movement in public areas. In both the current situation
and the post-pandemic city, the public spaces in cities can contribute to making them resilient
and healthy. These spaces undergo transformations with time according to the needs of the
people. Therefore, there is a need to study and evaluate these transformations and developments
and understand their effects on the character of the space. There is a need to critically analyse the
redevelopment of Chandni Chowk and to develop an understanding to reimage and rethink other
public places. (Sengupta & Sen, 2022)

1.2 Research Question:

What are the transformations that a public space go through due to changing needs of users?
How has redevelopment of Chandni Chowk affected it as a public space and different
stakeholders?

Keywords:

Public spaces, Streets, Marketplaces, Placekeeping, Redevelopment

1.3 Aim:

This study aims to look into the importance of different public spaces and in particular Chandni
Chowk and how it has been affected after pedestrianisation, and the possible ways to rethink
existing public spaces. The aim of this dissertation is also to provide findings that help in
reconfiguring and rejuvenating better public spaces.

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1.4 Objectives:

● To identify public spaces within a city and understand their needs with reference to
Chandni Chowk.
● To analyse and understand the development of Chandni Chowk over time and its
influence on the marketplace and consumers.
● To understand the importance of Chandni Chowk as a public place and critically analyse
the transformations after redevelopment and pedestrianisation.
● To derive parameters that determine the importance and functionality of public space.
● To comprehend various theories and models that help in understanding the
transformations and formulate an approach to rethinking the development of present
public spaces.

1.5 Scope:

The dissertation will study public spaces in five major aspects i.e., Streets, Parks/ open spaces,
Marketplaces, Landmarks, and Nodes. The usage of these spaces and the change in the pattern of
footfall and interaction with these spaces will be examined. Case studies and surveys will be
done in Chandni Chowk, New Delhi.

This is a vast topic and caters to cities all around the world. Therefore, it would be a small part of
the bigger process and would contribute in the direction of finding interventions and
neighbourhood rejuvenation.

1.6 Limitations:

The primary study of the dissertation would be done in Chandni Chowk, New Delhi. A different
public place in different urban context would have different geography, history, functionality,
users, etc. associated with that area. Therefore, conclusions and understandings from this study
may or may not apply to another public place.

The history and development of Chandni Chowk would be studied in this dissertation and
primary study of the pre-development stage would not be possible. Since, most of the residents
have moved out of the site, and many havelis and structure have be demolished or modified, it
would not be possible to highlight these factors in the dissertation.

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1.7 Research Methodology:

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Chapter 2: Importance of Chandni Chowk and its Redevelopment

Chandni Chowk is known for its diversity, with stalls and shops offering every kind of
merchandise imaginable, including both completed products and raw materials. Customers can
buy food prepared or raw, commodities for retail or wholesale, assembled garments or basic
textiles, and much more. Smaller marketplaces with specialised merchandise are located on the
side lanes leading off Chandni Chowk. The place to buy saris, silk, and any other kind of fabric
is Katra Neel. Lal Kuan is an expert in hardware, whereas Nai Sarak sells office supplies and
literature. The industrial chemical market in Tilak is distinguished from the sparkling selection of
silver and gold jewellery in Dariba. Books, spices, illegal and legal gadgets, and wholesale
restaurant supplies are available on other side streets and alleys.

Image: Chandini Chowk, 1860s | Wiki Media Commons

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Redevelopment of Chandi Chowk

Need for Transformation

● Increased traffic congestion

● Fire accidents, crime and safety concerns
● Overcrowded streets and pedestrian paths
● Lack of Public Utilities and unhygienic conditions
● Scattered and tangled utilities

Stakeholders-

The major Chandni Chowk road, a 1.3 km long, has become a pedestrian-friendly strip of red
sandstone and granite pavement that runs from the Red Fort side to Fatehpuri Masjid. Chandni
Chowk's central artery, which is now dotted with benches, plants, and CCTVs as part of an
expansive redevelopment project carried out by the Shahjahanabad Redevelopment Corporation
and Delhi Public Works Department, was opened on September 12 by Delhi Chief Minister
Arvind Kejriwal in the hopes of revitalising this area of Old Delhi.

Shah Jahan constructed Shahjahanabad, a walled city with 14 gates, across 1,500 acres in 1639.
It is currently referred to as Old Delhi or Purani Dilli. It was populated under the British Raj by
individuals from distant nations like Portugal and Armenia. Shahjahanabad is still cosmopolitan
today despite becoming a historic area. Over 300,000 individuals of many religions and racial
backgrounds call it their home and place of business, including Sikhs, Muslims, Hindus, Jains,

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and Christians. But it's not the same metropolis that the Mughals created. It is currently
attempting to support itself in every way it can. In 2008, the Shahjahanabad Redevelopment
Corporation was established by the Delhi government in accordance with the Master Plan of
Delhi 2021. But progress has been gradual.

The people of Chandni Chowk have mixed feelings about the project four months after its
opening; some think it's good, some think it's bad, but everyone believes it's not enough.

The foot traffic in the marketplaces here had returned to pre-pandemic levels. New tourists were
lured in to buy, eat, and wander out of curiosity to witness the shift. After September, several
store owners renovated their showrooms to imitate those in swanky, expensive south Delhi
marketplaces in order to give them the cleaner, more contemporary appearance they believed
their consumers would want. The business became good for the shopkeepers, but just for the
main spine. The by-lanes of complete Shahjahanabad are falling apart.

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Section of New Chandni Chowk Road

A leading photographic equipment store owner, not wanting to be identified, pointed out that
while the redevelopment does look and feel good, shopkeepers and their customers are facing
many difficulties.

“It has been completely pedestrianised, no kind of motorised or non-motorised vehicle is allowed
except between 11 pm and 6 am,” says the shop owner, adding, “Most shops in this market are
wholesalers, who will have to unload and use galiwalas to bring supplies from one of the main
roads. That is both inconvenient and costly.”

Their customers who are retailers and buy in bulk too have to spend more to carry their purchase
to their car or tempo. “In this market, people are used to parking their vehicles just outside the
shop. Others hired carts which are not allowed now. It has also become difficult for the very
senior citizens and the handicapped, to visit this place in the absence of rickshaws, e-rickshaws,
buses, etc,” the shop owner added.

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Krishna Guest House

Established in the year 1983, Krishna Guest House in Chandni Chowk, Delhi was a top player in
the category Guest House in the Delhi. Situated in the lane in front of Haldiram’s, it is directly
connected to the redevelopment main spine.

Traffic Congestion on the adjoining streets

Without developing the whole of the old city, developing just one road, Chandni Chowk has
given rise to more problems. Pedestrianising the road has improved the flow of crowd on the
main street. But the problem is pedestrianising one road, has left the whole traffic burden on the
other galis, mohallas and small roads.

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Shopkeepers

The jalebi shop was established by Late Sh. Lala Nem Chand Jain in the year 1884. He was a
native of Agra's Hari Ki Garhi village. He migrated to Delhi with just INR 2 in his pocket that he
got as a dowry in his marriage and opened a shop with that money. He experimented with many
recipes before finally making and selling the jalebis that have such a fan following now. It is his
secret recipe that is followed till date.

Chapter 3: Identification and Role of Public spaces

Streets

The most important yet least used public areas in cities are frequently the streets. Streets should
be planned as public spaces and not just routes for mobility. Cities have learned that streets are
both a functional component and an economic asset. Well-planned streets increase property
values for homeowners and commercial earnings. Within the constraints of a street, engineers in
the field of transportation can work flexibly. This entails relocating curbs, altering alignments,
daylighting corners, and, when needed, diverting traffic. Many city streets need to be redesigned
to accommodate modern demands since they were constructed or modified in a different age.
Additionally, the utilization of street space for parklets, bike sharing, and traffic calming is
possible. (NACTO, 2022)

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The streets that branched from the road that is today known as Chandni Chowk, were known as
kuchas (streets/wings). Each Kucha typically contained a number of katras (cul-de-sacs or guild
houses), each of which had a number of Havelis. In Hindi, the word "Gali" or "street" is
equivalent to the word "Kucha" in Persian. It is a zone or neighbourhood full of homes whose
owners had something in common, generally their line of work. There were usually rows of
Havelis in Kuchas or dead-end marketplaces in "Katras" within them. A separate wing of artisans
and tradesmen from the same trade is referred to as a "Katra." Typically, they cohabited and had
jobs together. (Liddle, 2016)

Figure: Streets adjoining Chandni Chowk Road (Credits: Author)

Marketplace

Marketplaces have acted as significant intermediaries between local consumers and retailers.
Famously known as market halls, market sheds, or market districts - these marketplaces played
an imperative role in the development and radical growth of cities around the world. Markets,
being a site of interaction for buyers and sellers also embodies the community’s unique sense of
attachment to that place.

Depending on the country, the word "bazaar" can be used to refer to a wide variety of items.
Depending on the context in which a word is used, its meaning might vary. The term refers to an
open market that offers a range of things, including meals, spices, household items, etc., whether
used in the Middle East or Asian nations. In western nations like the United States, the phrase is
used to describe a flea market that offers a wide variety of items for sale. In the UK, the term has
a different connotation and is used to describe stores that sell a variety of used or donated goods
to benefit charities. These are associated with churches or organizations that support larger
causes by raising money. (Nikita, 2013)

The word is most frequently used to describe a market, an open or enclosed space with a variety
of street vendors who sell goods and items to the public. People are expected to negotiate and
barter for the goods, requesting price reductions or the inclusion of more products in the same

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purchase. These salespeople bring commodities from all around and have the ability to market
unusual items from other nations. The stall merchants typically have adjacent areas where the
stalls may be secured and covered for the night. Some even hire out facilities nearby to store
their cart and merchandise so that they wouldn't have to waste time moving it. (Nikita, 2013)

Each of the individual marketplaces that form Chandni Chowk is recognised for selling a specific
type of product. This enhances the market's unique charm and increases the convenience of
shopping here. Chandni Chowk is particularly well-liked for wedding season shopping, when it
turns into one of the busiest markets for lehengas, designer sarees, accessories, trustworthy gold
jewellery, as well as decorative goods for the wedding location.

Figure: Marketplaces around Chandni Chowk Road (Credits: Author)

Nodes

Strategically placed across the city, Major (Metropolitan) Nodes act as important mixed-use
attractions for large catchment regions. People may go to them from all over the city or even the
metro area because they are intended to serve as an urban center for a significant portion of the
city. The big institutions of our city may be found here.

District Nodes serve as urban village hubs for their district, offering a range of services. There
are several dwelling types at these nodes. They typically have a medium density, however, there
are some places, such as close to busy transit hubs, where they might have a higher density.

Local Nodes serve as neighborhood-scale hubs for local employment, retail, services, and
community meeting locations. They also provide extra options to cluster housing since they are
key to residential neighborhoods or commercial districts. (Vivian et al., 2019)

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Figure: Marketplaces around Chandni Chowk Road (Credits: Author)

Parks

Everyone is looking at parks from a new perspective as urban areas grow more crowded and
worry about the effects of climate change. Parks can address important urban infrastructure and
public health concerns. Today, parks are acknowledged as effective resources for urban
communities and regional economies.

City parks promote healthy lives and lower medical expenses. Many physical and mental health
issues can be reduced or avoided by engaging in physical activity. City parks boost regional
economies and provide employment. Parks draw people and businesses, boost city revenue,
encourage private investment, and create more jobs. City parks increase a city's resiliency. To
manage rainwater and reduce floods, cities are including parks in their infrastructure designs.
City parks boost civic participation and lower crime. Planning and programming that involves
locals in the design of their parks help to guarantee that the parks reflect community needs and
develop a feeling of community. (Wagoner, 2022)

It has been demonstrated, for instance, that neighbourhood engagement and the re-greening of
unused urban space may lower crime and increase support for programs to build local parks. City
parks help clean the air and improve public health. Additionally, green areas act as a filter for
rain, which lowers water pollution, safeguards drinking water, and lowers the incidence of
waterborne diseases. Additionally, green areas in urban areas assist to cool them down and lessen
the heat island effect. Cities may use city parks to help them accomplish their equitable goals. To
achieve their aims for city-wide fairness, agencies and public authorities are increasingly
utilizing the various advantages of parks. Dynamic parks and green spaces are at the heart of
resilient and equitable communities. (Wagoner, 2022)

Chapter 5: Theories and Models

Before neighbourhood planning and placemaking, we must acknowledge the current community
patterns, public life, and local environment while aiming for positive change. Placekeeping is the
preservation of historic structures, the upkeep of affordable housing, and the upkeep of public
areas. Additionally, it protects one's feeling of locality, belonging, and cultural identity. It's
possible that a community's decision to keep its way of life differs from how we urban planners
envision it for them. To avoid upsetting the norms that inhabitants cherish, placemaking for
communities of color should be an improvement to how a community already utilizes their
neighbourhood and be based on data analysis and research of existing patterns.

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Some communities will gain from more housing to have enough residents to sustain services like
shops, parks, libraries, and public transportation within walking distance. New structures that are
much larger or different from existing ones, however, may spark ferocious local opposition.

People may go outside, exercise, and meet their neighbors in local public spaces. Neighborhood
parks will be crucial and can serve as a venue for activities and community meetings.
Community trust and a sense of belonging are built on access to parks and public places that
bring people together while accepting diversity and inclusion. Well-planned and maintained
parks may foster community conversation, lessen social isolation, and heal the broken social
fabric of neighborhoods brought on by redlining and sprawl. Public places should be planned for
harmony and tolerance so that people from all backgrounds feel included.

With COVID-19, the 15-minute city idea gained fresh traction. A 15-minute city has access to
food and services within bicycling and walking distance of every house, has a range of housing
types and cost levels, has public green areas, and gives structures numerous uses. Cities with a
15-minute commute time can better manage health, financial, and environmental crises, boosting
neighbourhood resilience and fostering social contacts.

The phrase refers to a highly adaptable urban form that ensures all residents can reach essential
services within a 15-minute drive, ending the dominance of the automobile and reinstating old
city characteristics to modern urban design. The idea of a "15-minute city" proposes that all
essential facilities are accessible via short distances on foot, by bike, or by public transportation.
The plan decentralizes the neighbourhood economy by including all facets of urban life—from
workplaces and enterprises to entertainment, green spaces, and housing—in each neighbourhood.
The main components of the approach are constructing multipurpose spaces, generating a
functional variety to prevent commuting, and developing a city rhythm based on human needs.
The approach promotes additional public areas while reducing commuting times and carbon
emissions as a component of sustainable urban design thought.

Small home-based businesses that are visible from the street and interesting to pedestrians, such
as bakeries, juice stores, home-grown gardens, art studios, neighbourhood cafes, and
barbershops, can be accommodated by "Accessory Commercial Units" (ACUs) in residential
zoning areas. ACUs can encourage entrepreneurship in underprivileged areas while also
strengthening and diversifying the social and economic fabric.

Zoning regulations would need to be changed to make the plan feasible. Cities would also need
to take action to streamline the application process for permission to utilize the spaces for small
companies. However, residential districts might profit if more previous ACUs were renovated as
small eateries, coffee shops, or shops—or if new ACUs were constructed. Residents choose
facilities that are close by and are walkable. The structures may contribute to the "15-minute

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city" concept, which holds that all citizens should be able to walk or ride a bike to meet their
daily needs in under 15 minutes. Driving would probably decline. (Peters, 2020)

Neighborhoods without fixed-location eateries and pedestrian main streets might benefit greatly
from the inclusion of mobile dining facilities. They address the issue of food access while
resolving real estate market uncertainty and the costly procedure of establishing fixed sites.
These mega trucks offer a broad range of options, including food trailers, carts, pop-up stores,
awnings, and kiosks, in contrast to typical food trucks.

While many professions and essential employees do not have the option of working from home,
more people may do so in the future. Once the pandemic passes, local amenities like parks will
continue to enjoy high levels of use, and neighbourhood cafés, restaurants, and co-working
spaces will prosper. Not every aspect of how we live and work will alter as a result of the
epidemic. But our highly stressed-out, long commute, and tightly wound world could end up
looking like the peak of homebound living we saw in 2020. This might be the beginning of
something positive if it results in less pollution, less wasted time for traveling, and improved
relationships with our family and neighbors.

Due to the lockdown, people are considering the neighborhood's magnitude and value of
pedestrian movement. Small spaces and green squares that are reachable on foot or by bicycle
serve as spaces for the maintenance of one's physical and mental health. A lot of literature works
say an ltering, redesigning, rerouting, or reassessing our peak-hour travel, but in actuality,
everything seemed too challenging. It is difficult to let go of the freedom that has been realized,
such as avoiding the daily commute or spending more time with family, friends, or roommates.

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Chapter 6: Secondary Case Studies

Stroget, Copenhagen

All of downtown Copenhagen's streets and squares were heavily used for parking and
vehicular traffic up until 1962, and the fleet of private automobiles was expanding
quickly. In 1962, Stroget, the city's major street, was transformed into a pedestrian-only
zone as an experiment, marking the beginning of Copenhagen's pedestrianisation. Prior to
the street's conversion, there was a substantial amount of public discussion over the
pioneering endeavor that was the 1.15 km long main street's conversion to a pedestrian
street. One opinion was that "Pedestrian streets will never function in Scandinavia."
Local business owners stated that "no automobiles means no customers and no customers
means no business."

As soon as companies realised that areas with less traffic generate more money, Stroget
proved to be a huge success. The first two squares to get renovations were Magasin Torv,
the square by Nikolaj Church, and Gråbrødre Torv.

Key Elements-

● Remove all street traffic completely.

● walkways and curbs are removed, and new pavement is added.
● street furniture consolidation to aid with pedestrian flow

Keys to Success

Copenhagen's successful transition to pedestrianised streets can be partly attributed to the

gradual nature of the change, which gave residents time to switch from driving and
parking to cycling and taking public transportation to get to important locations in the
city, as well as time to come up with creative uses for this newly created public space.

Goals

● Increase city centre connection.

● Create a beautiful and high-quality environment.
● Create an environment that fosters business.
● Encourage a wide variety of individuals to reside in and visit the city's core.
● Make the city's abandoned alleys into lively laneways to revitalise them.

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Lessons Learned

Since Danes never had the space or the chance to build a public life in public spaces, the
pedestrianisation of Stroget revealed the possibilities for outdoor public life in Denmark.
Public places were made peaceful yet active due to pedestrianisation. Stroget has shown
how pedestrian-friendly streets may increase revenue for nearby merchants as well.

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Image Source:
https://globaldesigningcities.org/publication/global-street-design-guide/streets/pedestrian-priority-spaces/pedestrian-only-streets/pedestrian-streets
-case-study-stroget-copenhagen/

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 - Wakalat Street in Amman

“It is part of an overall strategy to create urban public spaces within Amman and has
become a popular meeting place for Ammanis and city visitors. Located in Sweifieh,
Wakalat Street is the beginning of a pedestrian-friendly neighbourhood” (GAM, 2008)

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 Image Source:
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340451130_Pedestrianization_as_a_Strategy_for_Placemaking_The_case_of_the_Wakalat_Street_in_A
mman

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Chapter 8: Conclusion

Cities can utilize a variety of techniques and tools known as interim design solutions to quickly
upgrade their streets and public areas. They include new public facilities, low-cost interim
materials, and innovative interactions with local stakeholders. Together, these elements enable
quicker project delivery and more adaptable and responsive design. Cities have the chance and
the duty to make the best use of limited roadway space, whether that means putting a parklet
along a curb, making a small corridor pedestrianized, or rebuilding a tricky crossroads. (NACTO,
2022)

Professionals from several fields, especially planning experts, needs to assist with initiatives that
revitalize local economies and public spaces. People will continue to have a strong demand for
polycentric, transit-oriented city forms that seem extensive while still being sustainable, and
locally dynamic, with safe streets and accessible mobility options for everyone.

As we rebuild our sense of community on all levels, we can use the current period of disruption
to usher in a new era of positive transformation. One that ensures a more inclusive society in
which everyone benefits. We can transform our workplaces, buildings, and ground planes into
hubs for connection and engagement. This can extend beyond walls into the surrounding city and
community by grounding our designs in the human experience. The actions we take now to
rebuild and restore communities at all infrastructural levels will test how we design cities in the
future. (Tranel, 2020)

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