St. Peter’s College of Misamis Oriental Inc.

Balingasag, Misamis Oriental

HIGHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
MODULE 1
Subject Code: Math 7
Course Title: Calculus 1 and Analytic Geometry
Credit Units: 3 units
Course Description: Mathematics 106 offers the students to expand their ideas in
differential calculus. The students will learn the concepts of lines, solving equations, and
sketching the graph of conics section . This course will integrate mathematical theories t o
realities. Problem solving is the main course of this subject.
Course Outcomes:
CO 1. Understand and apply the main concepts of linear equations
CO 2. Sketch and determine the properties of conics
CO 3. Find the derivatives of functions
CO 4. Apply and solve problems related to differential calculus
Course Outline:
Unit 1: Coordinates and linear equations
Unit 2: Circles, Ellipse , Parabola and Hyperbola
Unit 3: Limits and Continuity of Functions
Unit 4: Derivatives of polynomial, trigonometric functions, exponential function
Unit 5: Implicit differentiation, Derivatives of Inverse functions, Normal lines,
Unit 6: Rate of Change, differentials, problem solving
Unit 7. Critical numbers, Minima and maxima Minima and maxima
Unit 8 : Sketching the graph, increasing functions and decreasing functions, points of inflections
Grading System:
See Revised Handbook

Learning Objectives
At the end of this module, the students are expected to;
(i) Define coordinates, line segment, midpoint, parallel lines, perpendicular lines
(ii) Determine the slope, the equation of the line, angle between two lines
Introduction
It is possible to determine the location of the xy coordinates. In today’s situation the
coordinates are most popular. The parallel lines and perpendicular lines are now used in
today’s construction of highways and bridges. The shortest distance will give the minimum
distance between two places.
Time Allotment: 6 hours (1 week)

1.1 RECTANGULAR COORDINATES

1.2 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Example 1. Find the distance of points A(3,1) to B(-1,-2)

Solution : D(AB) = sqrt[ (X2 -X1)2 + (Y2 – Y1)2 ]
= sqrt[ (-1 -3) 2 + (-2 – 1)2 ]
= sqrt[ (-4)2 + (-3)2 ] = sqrt[ (16 + 9 ] = sqrt (25) = 5
Example 2 . Find the distance of points A(6,1) to B(12,9)
Solution : D(AB) = sqrt[ (X2 -X1)2 + (Y2 – Y1)2 ]
= sqrt[ (12 -6) 2 + (9 – 1)2 ]
= sqrt[ (6)2 + (8)2 ] = sqrt[ (36 + 64 ] = sqrt (100) = 10

1.3 MIDPOINTS BETWEEN TWO POINTS

Example 3. Find the midpoint between A(3,1) to B(-1,-2)

x1 + x 2 y 1+ y2
x= y=
2 2
3+(−1) 1+(−2)
x= y=
2 2
2 −1
x=
2 =1 y=
2 => M( x , y ) = ( 1, -1/2 )

Example 4. Find the midpoint between A(6,1) to B(12,9)

x1 + x 2 y 1+ y2
x= y=
2 2
6+12 1+ 9
x= y=
2 2
18 10
x=
2 =9 y=
2 = 5 => M( x , y ) = ( 9, 5)

1.4 Division of Line Segment

1.4 a Internal Division of Line Segment
A__________m___________P____n_______B
Let A ( X1 , Y1) and B (X2 , Y2) m and n are ratio. P(X ,Y ) is located between A
and B then
n x1 +m x2 n y 1+ m y 2
X=
m+ n
Y= m+n
Example 5. Find the coordinate of P when it is ¾ on the way from A(3,1) to B(-1,-2).
Solution :
A(3,1)__________3___________P(x,y)____1_______B(-1,-2)
4
n x1 +m x2 ny 1+ m y 2
X=
m+ n
Y= m+n
1(3)+3 (−1) 1(1)+3(−2)
X=
3+ 1
Y= 3+ 1
3−3 0 1−6 −5
= 4 = 4 =0 = 4
== 4
=> P ( 0 , -5/4)

Example 6. A point divides internally the line segment joining the points (6,1)
and (12,9) into the ratio 2:3. Find the coordinate of the point.
Solution :
A(6,1)__________2___________P(x,y)___________3_______________B(12,9)
n=3 , m=2
n x1 +m x2 ny 1+ m y 2
X=
m+ n
Y= m+n
3(6)+2(12) 3(1)+2(9)
X=
2+ 3
Y= 2+3
18+24 42 3+18 21
= 5
= 5
= 5
== 5 => P ( 42/5 , 21/5)

1.5 General and standard form of the equation of the line

General form: ax +by + c =0
Standard form: y = mx + b
1.6 EQUATION OF THE LINE

In geometry, two points determines a line.

There are three forms of the equation of the line
y− y 1 y 2− y 1
Two points form : x−x 1
= x −x
2 1

Slope -point form : y – y1 = m ( x – x1) where m is the slope

Slope -intercept form: y = mx +b where b is the y intercept
Example 7. Find the equation of the line in general form joining the points (3,1) and (-1,-2)
using two point form.
Solution: X1 = 3 , Y =1, X2 = -1 and Y2 = -2
y− y 1 y 2− y 1 y−1 −2−1 y−1 −3
x−x 1 = x −x => x−3 = −1−3 => x−3 = 4 => -3(x-3) = 4(y -1)
2 1

-3x+9 = 4y-4 => 3x+4y- 13 =0 (general form)

Example 8. Find the equation of the line in standard form with the slope of 4 and passing
through the point (1,6) .
Solution: m=4 P(1,6) => x1 = 1 and y1 = 6
y – y 1 = m ( x – x 1)
y – 6 = 4 ( x – 1) => y – 6 = 4x -4 => y = 4x -4 +6 => y = 4x +2 (standard form)
1.7 SLOPE OF A LINE
Forms of a line according to slope :
a. m> 0 , the graph is increasing x increases then y increases
x decreases then y decreases
b. m < 0 , the graph is decreasing x increases then y decreases
x decreases then y increases
c. m = 0 the graph is a horizontal line
d. m is undefined , the graph is a vertical line

y 2− y 1
Given two points we can find the slope as m = x −x
2 1

Example 9. Find the slope of the line joining the points (3,1) and (-1,-2) and sketch the
graph.
y 2− y 1 −2−1 −3
Solution: First find the slope : m = x −x =>m= −1−3 => m = −4 => m = ¾ >0
2 1

The graph is increasing. To show this, plot the points in the xy plane.

(3,1)

(-1,-2)

Example 10. Find the slope of the line joining the points (3,1) and (-2 , 1) and sketch the
graph
y 2− y 1 1−1 0
Solution: First ,find the slope : m = x −x =>m= −2−3 => m = −5 => m = 0
2 1
The graph is a horizontal line. To show this, plot the points in the xy plane

(-2,1) (3,1)

1.9 DISTANCE OF A POINT FROM THE LINE

Example 11. Find the distance of the point P( 2,3) from the line 3x +4y = 8.
|a x 0 +b y 0 +c|
Solution: d = , we substitute the value of xo= 2 , yo = 3 , a= 3 , b = 4 and c= -8
√ a2 +b 2
|3 ( 2 ) +4 ( 3 )−8| |6+ 12−8| |10| |10|
So, d = = +√ 9+16 = + √25 = +5 =2
± √3 + 4
2 2

Let us graph the line

(2,3)
d=2

Note: when d>0 , the point is above the line , when d<0 , the point is below the line.
1.10 Parallel lines

Example 12. Determine the equation of the line that passes through the point (-1,1)
and is parallel to the line y -2x +1 =0.
Solution: We are going to find the slope of L1 : y -2x +1 =0
y -2x +1 =0 => y = 2x -1 by slope intercept form : m 1 = 2 therefore m2 = 2
that m1= m2 so that the line be parallel. Using the slope -point form
y – y1 = m2( x – x1) => y – 1 = 2( x- (-1)) => y -1 = 2x + 2 => y = 2x + 3 (ans)
We are going to sketch the graph of the two lines L1 and L2

1.11 PERPENDICULAR LINES

Example 13. Determine the equation of the line passing through the point T(2,2) and
perpendicular to the line 3y +2x -6 =0.
Solution: We are going to find the slope of L1 : 3y +2x -6 =0
3y +2x -6 =0 => 3y = -2x +6 => y = -2/3 x + 2 by slope intercept form : m 1 = -2/3
therefore m2 = 3/2 ( negative reciprocal of m1)
that m2 = -1/m1 so that the line be perpendicular. Using the slope -point form
y – y1 = m2( x – x1) => y – 2= 3/2( x- 2) => y -2 = 3/2 x - 3 => y =3/2 x -1 (ans)
We are going to sketch the graph of the two lines L1 and L2

1.12 DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO PARALLEL LINES

|c 2−c 1|
d = √ a +b
2 2
Example 14 . Find the distance of 3x + 4y = 5 to 3x + 4y = 25.
Solution :
Transform 3x + 4y =5 to general form => 3x + 4y - 5 = 0
Also 3x +4y =25 to general form => 3x +4y -25 =0 ,
C2 = -5 and c1 = -25
|−5−(−25)| |−5+ 25¿| |20|
d= √ 3 +4
2 2 = √9+16 = √25 = 20/5 = 4

1.14 Angle Between Two Lines

Example 15. Find the angle between the lines 3x + 4y -1 =0 and 4x - 3y +4 =0

Solution: We are to going to solve for y and find the slope of each line that is
L1 : 3x + 4y -1 =0 => 4y = -3x +1 => y = -3/4 x + 1/4 => m 1 = -3/4
L2 : 4x -3y +4 =0 => 3y = 4x +4 => y= 4/3 x + 4/3 => m 2 = 4/3
Using the formula ,we have
−3
4 /3−( ) 4 3 25
m2−m 1 +
Tan Θ = 1+ m m = 4
−3 4 = 3 4 = = undefined
12
1 2
1+( )( ) 1+(−1) 0
4 3

Tan Θ = undefined => Θ=90o

The lines are perpendicular.

TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES

TLA 1. (112 pts)
Given: A( 5,9) , B (-3, -3), C(0, -6) , D( -4, 0) , E(-6,1)

1. Sketch the graph of each point in one plane ( 10 pts)

2. Find the distance between

a. A to B , ( 4pts)
b. B to C , ( 4pts)
c. C to D , ( 4pts)
d. D to E ( 4pts)
3. Find the midpoint from
a. A to B , ( 3pts)
b. B to C , ( 3pts)
c. C to D , ( 3pts)
d. D to E ( 3pts)

4. Find the coordinate P and Q which trisect the line AB. ( 10 pts)

5. The line joining (-5,-3) and (3,4) is divided into 5 equal parts. Find the
coordinate closest to (-5,-3). ( 8 pts)

6. Three consecutive vertices of a paralleogram are A(6,1) B(-2,3) C(-6,0). Find the
fourth vertex. ( 8 pts)

7. Find the line joining A and C ( 6 pts)

8. Find the line joining D and B ( 6 pts)

9. Find the distance of point A to the line joining B and C ( 8 pts)

10. Find the distance of point D to the line joining A and B ( 8 pts)

11. Find the equation of the line parallel to the line joining A and D that passes
through (-2, 3) ( 6 pts)
12. Find the equation of the line perpendicular to the line joining C and D that
passes through (-3, -3) ( 6 pts)
13. Find the angle between the lines joining A and D to the line joining B and C
( 8 pts)