Senior High School

General
Chemistry 1
Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3
The Mole, Percent Composition
and Empirical Formula
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 1 Week 3 Module 3: The Mole, Percent Composition and Empirical Formula
2nd Edition 2021

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 What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the nature of Chemistry. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard
sequence of the course. This module includes three major concepts, namely:
• Mole Calculations, Percent Composition and Empirical Formula.
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. define a mole (STEM_GC11S-Ie-26);
2. illustrate Avogadro’s number with examples (STEM_GC11S-Ie-27);
3. determine the molar mass of elements and compounds (STEM_GC11S-Ie-28);
4. calculate the mass of a given number of moles an element or compound or
vice versa (STEM_GC11S-Ie-29);
5. calculate the mass of a given number of particles of an element or compound
or vice versa (STEM_GC11S-Ie-30);
6. calculate the percent composition of a compound from its formula
(STEM_GC11PC-If-31);
7. calculate the empirical formula from the percent composition of a compound
(STEM_GC11PC-If-32).

What I Know
I. Write down your answer on another sheet of paper.
1. How many formula units (particles) of Cr(NO2)3 are in 2.34 mol of Cr(NO2)3?
A. 7.02 B. 1.41 x 1024 C. 3.88 x 1024 D. 4.20 x 1024
2. What is the mass in grams of 2.4 moles of sulfur atoms?
A. 0.038 B. 0.075 C. 77 g D. 150 g
3. An unknown gas is found to consist of 10.48 g of nitrogen and 11.96 g of oxygen.
What is the percent composition of this gas?
A. 28.6 % N, 71.4% O C. 53.3 % N, 46.7 % O
B. 46.7 % N, 53.3 % O D. 74.5% N, 25.5 % O
4. What is the empirical formula of the substance in item number 3?
A. NO B. N2O C. N2O2 D. N3O3
5. Which of the following is NOT equal to Avogadro’s number?
A. atoms of gold in 1 mol of Au
B. atoms of bromine in 1 mol of Br2
C. molecules of carbon monoxide in 1 mol of CO
D. formula units of sodium phosphate in 1 mol of Na 3PO4
6. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 36.1% Ca and 63.9% Cl?
A. CaCl B. Ca2Cl C. CaCl2 D. Ca2Cl2
7. The percentage of sulfur in SO2 is about 50%. What is the percentage of oxygen in
this compound?
A.25% B. 50% C. 75% D. 90%
8) How many molecules of tetrahydrofuran (C 4H8O) are present in 2.00 x 10-9 mol of
tetrahydrofuran?
A. 1.67 x 1013 B. 3.01 x 1014 C. 1.20 x 1015 D. 2.17 x 1016
9. A 50.00 g sample of a compound was analyzed and found to contain 21.85 g of
phosphorus and 28.15 g oxygen. What is the empirical formula for this compound?
A. PO3 B. P2O C. P2O5 D. P3O2
10. What is the molar mass of water, H2O, in g/mol?
A. 2.02 B.16.00 C. 17.02 D. 18.02
11. The atomic mass of element A is 100.0 g/mole, while element D’s atomic mass is
16.0 g/mole. 50.0 g of element A combines with 32.0 g of element D. What is the
empirical formula of the resulting compound?
A. AD B. AD2 C. A5D D. AD5
12. Which of the following has a number of molecules equal to the number of
molecules present in 85.0 g of ammonia?
A. 342.0 g of sucrose C. 220.0 g of carbon dioxide
B. 4.75 moles of water D. 10.0 moles of chlorine gas
13. An atom of element Z weighs 4.0 x 10-23 g. What substance is element Z
A. calcium B. helium C. magnesium D. uranium
14. Which of the following has the greatest mass?
A. 6.0 moles of water C. 2.4 x 1023 iodine molecules
B. 10 copper atoms
24 D. 100.0 g of samarium sulfate
15. Lead occurs in several minerals. Which mineral contains the largest mass of
metallic lead per tonne?
A. anglesite (PbSO4) C. cotunite (PbCl2)
B. cerussite (PbCO3) D. galena (PbS)

The Mole, % Composition, and

Lesson
Empirical Formula
What’s In
Some hardware stores sell nails by the kilogram or pound, which is easier
than selling them by the nail because customers often need hundreds of nails and
counting them takes too long. However, a customer may still want to know the
number of nails contained in a given weight of nails. This problem is like asking how
many atoms are in a given mass of an element. With atoms, however, we must use
their mass to count them because atoms are too small and too numerous to
count individually. Even if you could see atoms and counted them 24 hours a day
for as long as you lived, you would barely begin to count the number of atoms in
something as small as a grain of sand. However, just as the hardware store customer
wants to know the number of nails in a given weight, we want to know the
number of atoms in a given mass. How do we do that? Read further into this module
to learn how.

What’s New
I. Copy the terms and quantities found below on a sheet of paper. Match
the terms found in the first column with its corresponding quantity in the second
column, then answer the questions that follow.

TERM QUANTITY

Pair 100 (years)

Gross 2 (dice, people)
Ream 12 (eggs, donuts, etc.)
Dozen 1 billion (bytes)
Giga/ Gig 144 (pencils, straws, etc.)
Century 500 (paper)
Questions:
1. What is the importance of the terms written above?
2. Can we measure or handle a pair, dozen, or gross of atoms? Explain why?
3. How can we determine the number of atoms in a given sample of a substance?

What Is It
Is it possible to keep track of atoms by counting them? The answer is “yes”, but
it is impractical to count them directly. We can, however, keep track of atoms by
counting large groups of atoms. We count atoms in the same way we count eggs
by the dozen (12), pencils by the gross (144), and sheets of paper by the ream (500).
Because atoms are so tiny, we must consider a very large group of atoms.
When considering a very large number, it may be difficult to comprehend
its magnitude. In this chapter, we will encounter an extremely large number—
602,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (6.02 x 1023). This number refers to a group of
atoms and is called Avogadro’s number. To appreciate the enormity of this number,
consider the following analogy. If you had Avogadro’s number of marbles, the
volume of the group of marbles would be the size of the Moon.

Mole Calculations I
The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of measure for an amount of a chemical
substance. We define a mole as the amount of substance that contains Avogadro’s
number of particles, that is, 6.02 x 1023 particles. The individual particles may be
atoms, molecules, formula units, or any other particles. Thus,

1 mol = Avogadro’s number (N) = 6.02 x 1023 atoms, molecules, or formula units

The mole relationship allows us to convert between the number of particles

and the mass of substance. Now we are ready to try some mole calculations.
Remember to apply the following three steps in the unit analysis method of problem
solving.

We can perform calculations that relate number of moles and number of

particles. For instance, we can determine how many molecules of chlorine are in
0.250 mol of the yellow gas. By applying the unit analysis method of problem solving,
we have

The following example will help to reinforce the unit analysis method of
problem solving for calculations involving the mole concept:
 Calculate the number of sodium atoms in 0.120 mol Na.
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer? atoms Na
Step 2: What given value is related to the answer? 0.120 mol Na
Step 3: What unit factor should we apply?
Since 1 mol Na = 6.02 x 1023 atoms Na, the two unit factors are
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎
and its reciprocal
6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎
Given value Unit factor Unit in answer
Unit Analysis Map 0.120 mol Na 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑁𝑎 = ? atoms Na
Solution: 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎
We apply the unit factor 6.02 x 1023 atoms Na/1 mol Na to cancel moles Na (mol Na)
which appears

We can also perform the reverse procedure and determine the number of
moles of substance given the number of particles. For instance, we can calculate the
number of moles of violet iodine crystals corresponding to 2.50 x 1023 molecules of
I2. Applying the unit analysis method of problem solving, we have

Molar Mass
A mole is an amount of substance that indicates the number of particles in a
sample. That is, 1 mol of an element contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms. Since the atomic
mass of carbon is 12.01 amu, we know that 1 mol of carbon has a mass of 12.01 g.
In fact, the atomic mass of any substance expressed in grams corresponds to 1 mol
of the substance. We will refer to the atomic mass of a substance expressed in grams
as the molar mass (symbol MM). The molar mass of an element is equal to its atomic
mass expressed in grams. By referring to the periodic table, we find that the atomic
mass of iron is 55.85 amu. Thus, the molar mass of iron is 55.85 g/mol. Naturally
occurring oxygen is O2, so the molecular mass is 32.00 amu, and the molar mass is
32.00 g/mol. We can calculate the molar mass of a compound by adding the molar
masses of each element. For example, we can find the molar mass of iron (III) oxide,
Fe2O3, by summing the masses as follows:

The calculated molar mass of Fe 2O3 is 159.70 g/mol. Notice that we used
16.00 g as the molar mass of oxygen. Even though the element occurs naturally as
molecules of oxygen, it is atoms of oxygen that are combined in compounds.

Mole Calculations II
The mole is the central unit in chemistry. It is an amount of a substance and
relates the number of particles to the mass of the substance, that is,
6.02 x 1023 particles = 1 mol = molar mass of substance
We can perform calculations that relate mass to the number of particles. For
instance, we can find the mass of 2.55 x 1023 atoms of lead. By applying the unit
analysis method of problem solving, we first find the number of moles:

To calculate the mass of lead, we multiply the number of moles of lead by its
molar mass. From the periodic table we find that the molar mass of Pb is 207.2
g/mol:
The following example reinforce mole calculations involving Avogadro’s number and
molar mass.

What is the mass in grams of 2.01 x 1022 atoms of sulfur?

Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer? gS
Step 2: What given value is related to the answer? 2.01 x 1022 atoms S
Step 3: What unit factor should we apply?
By definition, 1 mol S = 6.02 x 1023 atoms S, and the molar mass from the periodic table
is 32.07 g S = 1 mol S; the two pairs of unit factors are shown

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑆

or
6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑆 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 32.07 𝑔 𝑆
or
32.07 𝑔 𝑆 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆

Unit Analysis Map

Given value Unit factor 1 Unit factor 2 Unit in answer

2.01 x 1022 atoms S 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆 32.07 𝑔 𝑆 =?gS

6.02 𝑥 1023 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑠 𝑆 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆

Solution
We apply the unit factor 1 mol S/6.02 x 1023 atoms S to cancel atoms S, and 32.07 g S/1
mol S to cancel mol S:

How many CO2 molecules are present in 0.470 g of carbon dioxide gas?
Step 1: What unit is asked for in the answer? molecules CO2
Step 2: What given value is related to the answer? 0.470 g CO2
Step 3: What unit factor should we apply?
The molar mass from the periodic table is 44.01 g CO2 = 1 mol CO2; and by definition, 1
mol CO2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules CO2. Thus, the two pairs of unit factors are shown as

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 44.01 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2

or
44.01 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 6.02 ×1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂2

or
6.02 × 1023𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

Unit Analysis Map

Given Value Unit factor 1 Unit factor 2 Unit in answer
0.470 g CO2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂2 = ? molecules CO2
44.01 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2

Solution
We apply the unit factor 1 mol CO2/44.01 g CO2 to cancel g CO2, and 6.02 x 1023 molecules
CO2/1 mol CO2 to cancel moles CO2. Thus,

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2 6.02 × 1023 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂2

0.470 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2 × × = 6.43 × 1021 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑂2
44.01 𝑔 𝐶𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑂2
Percent Composition

Percent is defined as parts per 100 parts. Another way to define percent
is to say that it is the amount of a given quantity compared to an entire sample. Now,
let’s apply the percent concept to the composition of a compound.

The percent composition of a compound lists the mass percent of each

element. The percent composition of water, H2O, for example, is 11% hydrogen and
89% oxygen. According to the law of definite composition, the elements in a
compound are always present in the same proportion by mass. Therefore, water
always contains 11% hydrogen and 89% oxygen regardless of the amount. A drop of
water, a milliliter of water, and a pool of water all contain 11% hydrogen and 89%
oxygen.
The percent of each element in water is given, but how are the values
obtained? We can calculate the percent composition of water as follows. Let’s begin
by assuming that we have 1 mol of H2O. A mole of H2O contains 2 mol of hydrogen
and 1 mol of oxygen. Thus,

Next, we find the percent composition of water by comparing the molar masses
of hydrogen and oxygen to the molar mass of the whole compound:

The following example further illustrates the calculation of the percent

composition of a compound.

TNT (trinitrotoluene) is a white crystalline substance that explodes at 240 °C.

Calculate the percent composition of TNT, C7H5(NO2)3

Solution

Let’s calculate the percent composition assuming there is 1 mol of TNT. For
compounds with parentheses, it is necessary to count the number of atoms of
each element carefully. That is, 1 mol of C7H5(NO2)3 contains 7 mol of C atoms, 5
mol of H atoms, 3 mol of NO2 (that is, 3 mol N atoms and 6 mol of O atoms).
We begin the calculation by finding the molar mass of C 7H5(NO2)3 as follows:
 Now, let’s compare the mass of each element to the total molar mass of the
compound, that is, 227.15 g.

The percent composition of TNT reveals that the explosive is mostly oxygen by
mass. When we sum the individual percentages (37.01 + 2.22 + 18.50 + 42.26 =
99.99%), we verify our calculation and find that the total is approximately
100%.

Empirical Formula
During the late 1700s, chemists experimented to see how elements reacted to
form compounds. In particular, they were interested in the reactions of elements with
oxygen to form oxides. By measuring the mass of an element and the mass of the
oxide after reaction, chemists could determine the formula of the compound. The
empirical formula of a compound corresponds to the simplest whole-number ratio of
atoms of each element in a molecule, or ions in an ionic compound. The following
example illustrates the determination of an empirical formula. A 1.640 g sample of
radioactive radium was heated with oxygen to produce 1.755 g of radium oxide. By
subtracting the mass of radium from the mass of the oxide (1.755 g - 1.640 g), we
find that the mass gain was 0.115 g. Thus, the radium reacted with 0.115 g of oxygen
gas.

Now, let’s find the empirical formula for radium oxide, Ra?O?. The empirical
formula is the simplest whole-number ratio of radium and oxide ions in an ionic
compound. We can determine this ratio from the moles of each reactant. If the molar
mass of radium is given as 226.03 g/mol, we can proceed as follows:

We can calculate the moles of oxygen (16.00 g/mol) as follows:

The mole ratio of the elements in radium oxide is Ra 0.00726O0.00719. We can

simplify the mole ratio by dividing by the smaller number:
 Because the empirical formula must be a small whole-number ratio, we will
round the calculated chemical formula of radium oxide from Ra 1.01O1.00 to RaO.
Notice that the empirical formula for radium oxide is similar to other Group IIA/2
elements. Magnesium, calcium, and barium are in Group IIA/2 because their
compounds have similar empirical formulas. The empirical formulas of the metal
oxides all have a metal-to-oxygen ratio of 1:1, that is, MgO, CaO, and BaO.
Accordingly, the empirical formula of radium oxide, which has a Group IIA/2 metal,
is RaO.
Empirical Formula from Percent Composition

Benzene was a common liquid solvent until the Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) discovered that it was a carcinogen. Let us calculate the formula for
benzene if its percent composition is 92.2% carbon and 7.83% hydrogen.
The empirical formula expresses the simplest whole-number ratio of carbon to
hydrogen atoms in a molecule of benzene. To calculate the moles of each element,
let’s assume we have 100 g of sample. In 100 g of benzene there are 92.2 g of carbon
and 7.83 g of hydrogen. That is, the percentage of each element corresponds to its
mass in 100 g of the compound. We find the moles of C and H as we did in the
previous examples:

The mole ratio of the elements in benzene is C 7.68H7.75. We can simplify the
mole ratio by dividing both values by the smaller number, 7.68:

Because the ratio C1.00H1.01 is close to whole numbers, we can round off to CH
to obtain the empirical formula for benzene.

Steps in obtaining an Empirical Formula from Experimental Data

1. Write down (or calculate) as given the masses of each element presenting a
sample of the compound. If you are given mass percent composition, assume a
100-g sample and calculate the masses of each element from the given
percentages.

2. Convert each of the masses in Step 1 to moles by using the appropriate molar
mass for each element as a conversion factor.

3. Write down a pseudoformula for the compound, using the moles of each
element (from Step 2) as subscripts.

4. Divide all the subscripts in the formula by the smallest subscript.

5. If the subscripts are not whole numbers, multiply all the subscripts by a small
whole number to arrive at whole-number subscripts.
 What’s More

I. Read and solve the following problems. Put your answers on a separate sheet of
paper. Show your solutions.

1. Calculate the number of molecules in 0.0763 mol of chlorine gas, Cl 2.

2. What is the number of atoms in 3.75 mol of a metallic element?
3. Determine the number of moles of potassium in 1.25 x 10 21 atoms K.
4. How many moles of iodine are there in 5.34 x 10 25 molecules of I2?
5. Calculate the molar mass of the following substances:
5.1) silver metal, Ag
5.2) ammonia gas, NH3
5.3) magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2
5.4) strontium acetate, Sr(C2H3O2)2
6. What is the mass of 7.75 x 1022 formula units of lead (II) sulfide, PbS?
7. How many molecules are found in 0.175 g of fluorine gas. F2?
8. EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is used as a food preservative and
in the treatment of lead poisoning. Calculate the percent composition of EDTA,
C10H16N2O8.
9. What is the empirical formula for caffeine given the following percent
composition: 49.5% C, 5.15% H, 28.9% N, and 16.5% O.
10. In an experiment, 0.500 g of tin reacted with nitric acid to give tin oxide.
If the oxide had a mass of 0.635 g, what is the empirical formula of the tin
oxide?

What I Have Learned

Select the term from the box below that corresponds to each definition given. Write
your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

Molecular Formula Avogadro’s number Avogadro’s theory

Molar mass mole (mol) percent composition

Structural formula Empirical Formula

1. It is the value that corresponds to the number of atoms in 12.01 g of carbon,

that is, 6.02 x 1023 particles.
2. This is the amount of substance that contains 6.02 x 10 23 particles.
3. It is the mass of 1 mole of pure substance expressed in grams.
4. What do you call the list of the mass percent of each element in a
compound?
5. This refers to a chemical formula that expresses the simplest whole-number
ratio of atoms of each element in a molecule, or ions in an ionic compound.
 What I Can Do
Look for at least 3 products at home that have nutrition label printed on its container.
An example of a nutrition label is given below. Make a table like the one at the bottom.
Fill the table by writing down the products’ percent composition, and then answer
the questions that follow.

Nutrition Label
(chem.libretexts.org)
Product Percent Composition

Questions:
1. What is the importance in knowing the percent composition of a substance or
product?
2. How will our knowledge of a product’s content affect our buying behavior and
the industries?
3. What necessary actions are you going to take based on your answers in
question number 2?

Assessment
Multiple Choice: Read each question carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
on another sheet of paper.
1. What is the molar mass of barium perchlorate, Ba(ClO 4)2?
A. 272.24 g/mol B. 304.24 g/mol C. 336.20 g/mol D. 473.37 g/mol
2. A sample of copper weighing 6.93 g contains how many moles of copper atoms?
A. 0.109 mol B. 0.917 mol C. 1.09 mol D. 9.17 mol
3. What is the mass of potassium in 12.5 g of K 2Cr2O7 (molar mass = 294.4 g/mol)?
A. 1.66 g B. 3.32 g C. 8.80 g D. 78.2 g
4. What is the mass percent nitrogen in (NH4)2CO3 (molar mass = 96.09 g/mol)?
A. 0.292 % B. 17.9 % C. 29.1 % D. 35.9 %
5. What is the SI unit for measurement of number of particles in a substance?
A. ampere B. candela C. Kilogram D. mole
6. How many moles are there in 4.8 x 1025 atoms of tungsten?
A. 1.3 x 10-2 B. 1.3 x 10-1 C. 8.0 x 10-1 D. 80
7. How many atoms are there in 5.7 mol of titanium?
A. 1.06 x 1022 B. 1.06 x 1023 C. 3.43 x 1023 D. 3.43 x 1024
8. How many molecules are there in 2.1 mol CO2?
A. 3.49 x 10-24 B. 1.26 x 1024 C. 2.53 x 1024 D. 3.79 x 1024
9. How many moles of SO3 are in 2.4 x 1024 molecules of SO3?
A. 2.9 x 10-23 B. 0.25 C. 4.0 D. 3.4 x 1022
10. Which is equal to Avogadro’s number?
A. a mole B. a dozen C. 6.02 x 1023 D. the weight of a carbon atom
11. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is 40% sulfur and 60% oxygen
by weight?
A. S2O3 B. SO2 C. S6O4 D. SO3
12. A compound contains 6.0 g of carbon and 1.0 g of hydrogen. What is the percent
composition of the compound?
A. 14% H, 86% C B. 17% H, 83% C C. 83% H, 17% C D. 86% H, 14% C
13. What is the molar mass of AuCl 3?
A. 96 g B. 130 g C. 303.6 g D. 626.5 g
14. What is the percent composition of chromium in BaCrO 4?
A. 9.47% B. 20.50% C. 25.20% D. 54.20%
15. Which one is NOT an empirical formula?
A. C6H5Cl B. Na2SO4 C. N2O4 D. Sn3(PO4)4

References
Brown, Theodore L. et al. Chemistry the Central Science 11 ed., Prentice Hall Inc.,
2009
De Guzman, Dino F. et al. Discover Science: Chemistry. Diwa Learning Systems,
Inc. 2012
Corwin, Charles H. Introductory Chemistry 8th ed., Pearson Education, Inc., 2018
Tro, Nivaldo J. Introductory Chemistry 4th ed.,Prentice Hall Inc., 2012
UNSW Foundation Studies Australia
http://www.columbia.edu/itc/chemistry/c1403_1404/images/PracticeExamSelect
edAns.pdf
http://simeonca.org/ourpages/auto/2008/4/9/1207747510935/chem3rdqter.doc
http://www.umanitoba.ca/outreach/crystal/resources%20for%20teachers/Chemi
cal%20Reactions%20-%20Unit%20Test%202.doc
http://content.sandbox-njctl.org/courses/science/chemistry/mole-
calculations/mole-calculations-multiple-choice/mole-calculations-multiple-
choice-2013-04-03.pdf
http://www2.onu.edu/~s-bates/chem172/FinalRevMC.pdf
https://www.sheffieldschools.org/Downloads/MolestoGrmasandgramstomolesconv
ersionsws-WITHANS.pdf
http://ths.sps.lane.edu/chemweb/unit2/problems/comp/index.htm
https://www.flinnsci.com/api/library/Download/771632d05e8c40649449fe5126c
41386
https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/University_of_Arkansas_Little_Rock/Chem_1
402%3A_General_Chemistry_1_(Kattoum)/Text/2%3A_Atoms%2C_Molecules
%2C_and_Ions/5.13%3A_Percent_Composition
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