it s! a area by analyzing the known properties of Lecture No. 24 8.7 Architectural models Like analysis models, many different kinds of architectural models are developed duri the architectural design process. Se eed arn fbie Cowling. process and 10 i 2 cone and improving es relatively uniform code throughout the application or project. As a number of programmers participate in developing a large piece of code, it is important that a ‘consistent style is adopted and used by all. Therefore, each organization should develop a style guide to be adopted by its entire team. This coding style guide emphasizes on C++ and Java but the concepts are applicable to other languages as well 10,3 Naming Conventions is ‘convention that includes information about the variable in its name (su type, whether itis a reference variable or a constant variable, et). Every compared programmer seems to have their own flavor of Hungarian Notation. The advantage of Hungarian notation is that by just looking at the variable name, one gets all the information needed about that variable. Bicapitalization or camel case (frequently written CamelCase) isthe practice of writing ‘compound words or phrases where the terms are joined without spaces, and every term is, capitalized, The name comes from a supposed resemblance between the bumpy outline ofte comet option STs - Indentation I ‘than 4 makes deeply nested code difficult to read and inerease the chance tht the lines must be spit. Choosing between indentation of 2,3 and 4,2 and 4are the more common, and 2 chosen to reduce the chance of spliting code lines, Natural form for expression Expression should be written as if they ate written as comments oF spoken out aloud Conditional expression with negation ate always difficult to understand, AS an example consider the following code: (4 (bloske~ unblocks)) n((bloek>sactiveBIoek) | (blockId < unblocks)) Parenthesize to remove ambiguity‘system, This 15 done in terms of a Set of messages exchanged among a set of objects ‘within a context to accomplish a purpose, This is often used to model the way a use case is realized through a sequence of messages between objects, The purpose of Interaction diagrams i to ‘© Model interactions between objects Assist in understanding how a system (a use ease) actually works ‘© Verify that a use ease description can be supported by the existing classes Identify responsibilities/operations and assign them to classes UML provides two different mechanisms to document the dynamic behaviour of the system, These are sequenee diagrams which’ provide'ta “time-based view! and Collaboration Diagrams which provide an organization-based view of the system's dynamics. The Sequence Diagram Lotus frst lok at Sequence Diagrams. These diagrams iustrate how objects imercts with each ote and emphasize ime ordering of messages by showing objet infractions ranged in time sequence, These ean be used model simple sequential ow, bracing tration, resin and congue, The fous af sequecedlagans on Tuebonaiy. The objec are organized m4 honionial line and the evens ta ver=\fess NeMea se (C8504-Software En Lecture No. 32 10.9 Clarity through modularity As mentioned earlier, abstraction and encapsulation are two important tools that ean help -omplexity of a program. We also discussed that these! ‘zeneral, as the function becomes longer in to understand. Modularity is a too! that ean help us in reducing the size of individual functions, making them more readable. As an example, consider the following selection sont funetion(€$504-Software Engineering Lecture No. 34 1013 Portability Many applications noed tobe ported on to many different platforms. AS we have seen, i is prety hard to write error fee, efficient, and maintainable software. So, #iaimgjOn Drobably nor come ats low" eost So, we ought to find ways and means by which we can port applications to other platforms with minimum effort, The key to this les in how we ‘write our program. If we re careful during writing code, we can make it portable. On the other hand if we write code without portability in mind, we may end-up with a code that {s extremely hard to port wo other environment Following is bret guideline that ean help1g vendor specific language extensions, use STL. as much as standard docs not require function prototypes, one should always write hole saroubey,—_/ ANSL—the pt approach vary ffom one machine totheSoftware Verification and Validation 11.1 Software Testing To understand the concept of software testing correctly, we need to understand a few related concep Software verification and validation ‘Verification and validation ae the processes in which we check a product against its specications andthe expectations of the users who will be using it, According toa known software engineering expert Berry Boehm, verification and validation are Verification * Does the product meet system specifications? «Have you bul the product righ? Validation «Does the product meet user expectations? «Haye you bul the right product? Ivis possible that a software application may fulfil its specifications but it may deviate fiom users expectations or thei desired behavior, That means, soware i verified but not validated. How iit posible? It's possible because during the requirements engineering Phase, user needs might not have been eaprred precisely or the analyst might have Iugsed a major sakeholer inthe analysis, Therefore ii potato verify as well asON Eo EN Re Reena oy Cer According to UML. 1 3, a system is a collection of connected units that are organized to accomplish a specific purpose. A system can be described by one or more models, possibly from different viewpoints. IEEE Std. 610.12-1990 defines a system as a collection of components organized to accomplish a specific Function or set of functio That is, a system is defined as an organized set of connected components to accomplish the specified tasks, Let us now look at some of the software architecture definitions from some of the most influential writers and groups in te field Software Architecture Definitions ML 1.3: ‘Adsison.Wostey 1997:2 companion “item description” abject (association). Fora composite object, include object connections to its “part” object (aggregation). 8. For all objects (including all of the above) select connecting objects to which the object under consideration sends a message (within one or more scenarios) to get some information of to answer a query about objects directly related to it ‘The third and last step in establishing each object’s responsibility is to define what Serves des each object inthe problem domain provide, ie, what it does. Puting the Tight service with the Fight object i also very important since any mistake in judgment will increase coupling and reduce cohesion. The verbs in your problem domain utally indicate some ofthe servies required o the asociated object. Software abjects do things that the system is esponsile todo with regard to that object By putting the services with the attributes they work on results in lower coupling and stronger cohesion, and inereased likelihood of reuse. The basie principe isto keep data and action together for lower coupling and better eohesion, The basic services, done by all (such as get, set, create, initialize), are not shown in the object model. While or an objeet, the following Fundamental questions should beforti=0,)< aie FE santa) afmin Its easy to see thatthe new seletionSort function is much mote readable. The logical steps have been abstracted out into the wo functions namely, minimum and swap. This code is not only shorter but also as a by product we now have two funetions (minim and swap) that ean be reused ‘Reusabiity is one of the’ rime reasons to: make funetions ut is not the only reason “Modularity is of equal concer (if not more) and a function should be broken into smaller Pieces, even if those pieces are not reused. AS an example, let us consider the quickSort gor below‘elements, ahd connecting elements, The data elements contain the information that is ‘used and transformed in the system; the processing elements process the data elements and specify the transformation functions, and connecting elements connect different picces of architecture together. These ean themselves be data or processing elements This formula was modified by Boehm as follows: Software architecture = (Elements, Forms, Rationale/Constaints} Krutchen proposed thatthe software architecture model should be composed of multiple views as a software architecture deals with abstraction, with decomposition and composition, with sive and esthetics as well as requicements fom diferent stake holders His architectural model is known as Krutchen's 4*1 architectural view model. As ial view is the object model of the design, the process view captures the concurrency and synchronization aspects of the design, the physical view documents the mappings) fof the software onto the hardware and reflects its distributed aspect, the development view describes the slate organization of the software in its development environment, and the usecase view uses selected use eases or scenarios to validate that the architecture Supports the required functionality “This model is shown in the following diagram,€8504-Software Engineering —L Lecture No. 35 10.14 Exception handling advantage of exception handling sits ability to handle asynchronous errors, The idea is to raise some error flag every time something goes wrong. There isa system that is always on the lookout for this ero flag, Third, the previous system cals the eror handling code if the eror flag has been spotted. The raising ofthe imaginary rzor lag is simpy called raising or shrowing an error. When an ercor is thrown the overall system responds by catching the error. Surrounding a block of error-senstive code with exception handling is called trying to execute a block. The following code segment ilusrates the genera exception handling mechanism.10.10 Short circuiting || and && The logical and operator, &&, and logical or operators, |, ae special due tothe CIC short circuiting rule, ie. a | b and a && b are short eiccuit evaluated, That is, eful tool Itcan be used where one boolean expression ean be placed first to “guard” a potentially unsafe operation in a second boolean expresion ‘Also, time is saved in evaluation of complex expressions using operators | and && However, a numberof issues arse if prope attention is not paid. 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