Periodicity of elements

Physical properties:
General trends of PERIOD 3
 Mpt increase across the period

 Electrical conductivity increases across the period

 Ionisation energy increases across the period

 Atomic radius decreases across the period

 Ionic radius decreases across the period for both metals and non-matals

Size of anions is larger than the size of cations

Chemical properties
Reaction Na and Mg with water:
M + H2O MOH + H2
Sodium, Na(cold)
 Reacts vigorously
 Floats and fizzes
 pH = 12-13
Magnesium, Mg
 reacts slowly in water
 sinks
 pH = 9-10
 reacts readily with steam to form MgO and H2
 Reaction with oxygen:
M + O2 MO
Na
 tarnishes rapidly on exposure to air
 burns with a brilliant yellow flame
Mg
 burns vigorously with a bright white flame
 white solid
Al
 powdered Al burns
 white solid
P
 burns readily in air to form P4O10
 burns to form P4O6 when treated with limited air
S
 burns readily in air with blue flame SEE pg 228,229 for
tables
Reaction of oxide with water:
MO + H2O MOH
Sodium oxide
 readily dissolves in water
 pH = 12
Magnesium oxide
 not very soluble in water
 reacts with water to form a base
 pH = 9
Al2O3
  only soluble in powder form
P2O5
 reacts vigorously with water to form phosphoric acid
 pH = 3
P2O3
 reacts with water to form phosphonic acid
SO2
 dissolves in water to form sulfurous acid
SO3
 reacts with water to form sulfuric acid
 pH = 2
Reaction with chlorine:
Na
 burns in chlorine to form a white solid
Mg
 burns in chlorine to form a white solid
Al
 reacts with chlorine gas to form a white volatile solid
Si
 reacts with chlorine gas to form a volatile liquid
P
 reacts with chlorine to form a colourless volatile liquid, PCl3
 which reacts with more chlorine to form a pale-yellow solid
S
 does not react with chlorine
Reaction of chlorides with water:
NaCl
 readily dissolve in water
 pH = 7
MgCl2
 readily dissolve in water
 pH = 6.5
Al2Cl6
 reacts with water
 pH = 3
SiCl4
 insoluble in water
 reacts vigorously
PCl5
 reacts vigorously
 pH = 2 see pg 230,232 for tables

Group 2
 General trends down the group:
 reactivity, atomic radius, reducing nature and density increases

 melting point and ionisation energies decreases

 solubility of hydroxides increases

 solubility of sulfates decreases

 thermal stability of carbonates increases

MCO3 MO + CO2
 thermal stability of nitrates increases
2M(NO3)2 2MO + 4NO2 + O2
Reaction with water
 M + H2O M(OH)2 + H2
 Magnesium reacts very slowly
 Reactivity with water increases down the group
Reaction with dilute acids
M + Acid Salt + Water
Reaction with oxygen
M + O2 MO

Flame colours
 Metal Flame colour
Mg Bright white

Ca Brick-red

Sr Scarlet/red

Ba Apple green
  Due to high reactivity of barium it must be stored under oil.
Reaction of oxides with water
M + H2O M(OH)2
MgO
 The solid oxide is apparently unchanged
 pH = 9
CaO
 exothermic reaction
 pH = 11-12
SrO
 oxide dissolves to produce a clourless solution
 pH = 13-14
BaO
 oxide dissolves to produce a clourless solution
 pH = 13-14
Reaction of oxides with dilute acids
With HCl
 all oxides dissolve in HCl to produce solutions of their chlorides

With H2SO4
 sulfates become more insoluble down the group.
Reaction of carbonates with dilute acids
With HCl
 all react with HCl to form colourless solutions
With H2SO4
 MgCO3 and CaCO3 react with H2SO4 to form colourless solutions
 SrCO3 and BaCO3 react to form white precipitates, reaction will stop due
to formation of soluble sulfates USES pg 239