4 TH Stage Final Report Project

The University of Duhok
College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department
4th Year Project
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A

STEEL PORTAL FRAME BUILDING
By
Alind Hasan Gul Tewfiq
Hussein Naif Khalid Ahmad
Zana Ahmad
Supervised by
Dr. Abduljabbar Ismael Abdy
Submitted in partial-fulfillment of the requirements for the B.Sc.

Degree in Civil Engineering
2020-2021
Table of Contents
Abstract 3
Chapter One Portal Frame Buildings 4
1.1 Introduction 5
1.2 History of Portal Frame 7
1.3 Main Elements of Portal Frame Warehouse Building 8
1.4 Why Select Steel Portal Frames? 8
1.5 Types of Steel Portal Frame Buildings 10
Chapter Two Portal Frame Building Details and Loading Actions
15
Calculations
2.1 Building Details 16
2.2 Loading Actions Calculations 17
2.2.1 Permanent Actions 17
2.2.2 Imposed Loads on Roof 19
2.2.3 Snow Loads 20
2.2.4 Wind Loads 23
Chapter Three Portal Frame Structural Analysis 32
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 Load Combinations 33
3.3 Structural Analysis of the Portal Frame 34
Chapter Four Portal Frame Structural Design 42
4.1 Introduction 43
4.2 Classification of Cross Sections 43
4.3 Members Cross Section Verification -Trial #1 44
4.3.1 Section Properties 45
4.3.2 Section Classification 46
4.3.2.1 Column Classification 46
4.3.2.2 Rafter Classification 47
4.3.3 Resistance of The Cross Sections 49
4.3.3.1 Column 49
4.3.3.2 Rafter 52
4.8 Members Cross Section Verification Summary 55
Chapter Five Summary 56
5.1 Summary 57
References 58-59
1
Some notes about the project:
 This project covers the analysis and design of a Single-Span Symmetric Portal
Frame.
 The analysis and design covers for rafter and column only .
 Because of time , checking for the deflection , buckling and serviceability are
not considered
 Because of time , analysis and design for welding, bolting , secondary elements
and foundations are also not considered .

2
ABSTRACT
The work carried out in this project is about the structural analysis and design of the
main members of a steel portal frame building. The analyzed and designed parts of the
steel structure mainly include, the columns that are used to support the entire roofing
system and the rafters (beams) that are used to support the purlins and the roof
cladding. The rafters are connected to the columns using moment connections. These
parts of the building chosen were considered to be the most critical based on the
applied loading conditions. The loads acting on the structure included: dead loads, live
loads, snow loads, wind loads and the structure´s self-weight, and the design mainly
focused on the effect of snow loads and wind loads.
The structural analysis process for the steel portal frame building is carried out using
advanced MICROSTRAN software. The main purpose of the analysis was to identiFy
parts of the building which experienced the highest stresses and design it to be able to
withstand the high wind pressure and the heavy snow loads. In this project, the dead
loads and the live loads were calculated according to the method outlined in Eurocode
1 (Eurocode1: Actions on structures - BS EN 1991-1-1:2002) (1). The snow loads were
calculated according to the method outlined in the Iraqi Standards IQ.301 (Iraqi Code
for Forces and Loadings: 2015) (2). The wind loads were calculated according to the
method outlined in the Iraqi Standards IQ.301 (Iraqi Code for forces and loadings:
2015) (2). The structural steel design was carried out following the Eurocode 3
(Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - BS EN 1993-1-1:2005) (3).
3
CHAPTER ONE
PORTAL FRAME BUILDINGS
4
1.1 Introduction
Portal-framed steel cladding building structures are considered as the most common
type of single-story industrial buildings. They are commonly used in the industrial
areas of cities as factories and warehouse structures, and also, they are widely used as
indoor sporting venues. The main components of portal frame buildings are a series of
parallel portal shaped frames mainly constructed using hot-rolled sections. Each frame
is rigid, and resists lateral loads like wind action forces in the horizontal direction and
the vertical gravity loads in the plane of the frame by flexural action (4).
The secondary steelwork supporting the cladding consists of cold-formed side rails for
walls and cold-formed purlins for the roof. The secondary steelwork also plays an
important role in restraining the primary steelwork members against buckling out-of-
plane. The roof and wall cladding separate the enclosed space from the external
environment and provide thermal and acoustic insulation. The cladding transfers loads
to secondary steelwork and restrains the flange of the purlin or rail to which it is
attached (5).
A typical example of portal frames is shown in Figure 1.1 and Figure 1.2. Longitudinal
wind forces that are perpendicular to the frames are resisted by triangulated bracing
systems in the roof and walls which prevent the frames from falling over. A three-
dimensional typical example of the steel skeleton of a braced bay of a portal frame
building warehouse is shown in Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.1 Outlined Typical Portal Frame Structure (4)
5
Figure 1.2 Typical Portal Frame Structure
6
Figure 1.3 Outlined 3D Portal Frame Structure (5)
1.2 History of Portal Frame
Portal frames were first developed during World War II, but they became widely
popular in the 1960s. Today, they are used to create different kinds of enclosures,
particularly wide-span ones such as warehouses, agricultural buildings, hangars,
factories, as well as retail and storage facilities. In Australia, they are most often used
as structural framing for steel sheds, both residential and commercial (6). The first
portal frame in history was made at the EXPOSITION UNIVERSELLE in Paris 1878,
the engineer HENRI DE DION progressed the science of vaulting with the first portal
frame of lattice girders where the forces were transmitted directly to the foundations
without tie bars. This Galarie des Machines had a span of 35m and its pitched roof
shape was a forerunner of many sheds to follow as shown in Figure 1.4 (7).
Figure 1.4 The First Portal Frame in History (8)

7
1.3 Main Elements of Portal Frame Warehouse Building
As shown in figures 1.1 to 1.3, the main elements of a portal frame warehouse building
are as follows;
1. Beam Rafters are inclined members used to support the roof purlins and roof
cladding.
2. Columns are vertical members used to support the roof beam rafters.
3. Purlins are the horizontal members of the support system in a roof. Purlins offer
support for the load of the roof cladding. They, in turn, are supported by the
main rafters or by the building walls themselves.
4. Side rails are the horizontal structural member in a framed wall. Side rails
provide lateral support to the wall panel, primarily, to resist wind loads.
5. Roof or wall cladding fastened to the purlins and Side rails, the primary
functions of the cladding are to provide shade, shelter, and an attractive
appearance.
6. Wall and roof bracing which are used to resist lateral loads.
1.4 Why Select Steel Portal Frames?

Steel portal frames are very efficient and economical when used for single-story
buildings, provided that the design details are cost-effective and the design and
analysis assumptions are well chosen. In countries where this technology is highly
developed, steel portal frames are the dominant forms of structure for single-story
industrial and commercial buildings. In the UK, for example, more than 90% of such
buildings have a steel structure, and about 50% of these building are portal frames (8).
The advantages of portal frames are(9,10):

 Low cost
 Rapid fabrication and simple erection
 Wide range of possible exteriors and cladding
 Ease for maintenance
 Easily adaptable to future needs (additional bays, plants or services)
 Large clear spans for a small increase in cost.
 The low marginal cost of large clear spans is attractive for three reasons:
o Flexibility of internal layout
o Adaptability to changing use
8
o Greater range of possible purchasers in the case of sale of the building.
In addition to the aforementioned advantages, steel as a structural material has

numerous advantages as follows (9,10);
 High Strength-to-Weight Ratio, the high strength of steel per unit of weight
means that the weight of structures will be small.
 Uniformity, the properties of structural steel are uniform and homogeneous, and
highly predictable.
 Elasticity, steel behaves closer to design assumptions than most materials
because it follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high stresses.
 Permanence, Steel frames that are properly maintained will last indefinitely.
 Ductility, the property of a material by which it can withstand extensive
deformation without failure under high tensile stresses is its ductility.
 Toughness, Structural steels are tough - that is, they have both strength and
ductility.
 Additions to Existing Structures, Steel structures are quite well suited to
having additions made to them.
 Recycling, Steel is the ultimate recyclable material as it can be easily recycled.
 Miscellaneous. Several other important advantages of structural steel are as
follows:
o Ability to be fastened together by several simple connection devices,
including welds and bolts.
o Adaptation to prefabrication;
o Steel structures are easier and quicker to fabricate and erect, compared
with concrete structures.
o The erection of steel structures is not as affected by the weather as is the
use of other building materials, enabling steel erection to take place even
in the coldest climates.
o Ability to be rolled into a wide variety of sizes and shapes.
o Possible reuse after a structure is disassembled.
o Scrap value, even though not reusable in its existing form
9
1.5 Types of Steel Portal Frame Buildings
Portal frames are generally low-rise structures, comprising columns and horizontal or
pitched rafters, connected by moment-resisting connections (Figure 2.1). The frame
relies on the bending resistance of the connections, which are stiffened by a suitable
haunch or deepening of the rafter sections. This form of rigid frame structure is stable
in its plane and provides a clear span that is unobstructed by bracing. A number of
types of structure can be classified broadly as portal frames (8). These are shown
Figures 1.5 to 1.16.
Figure 1.5 Single-Span Symmetric Portal Frame
10
Figure 1.6 Portal Frame with Internal Mezzanine Floor
Figure 1.7 Portal Frame with External Mezzanine Floor
Fig
ure 1.8 Crane Portal Frame with Column Brackets
11
Figure 1.9 Mono-Pitch Portal Frame
Figure 1.10 Propped Portal Frame
Figure 1.11 Tied Portal Frame
12
Figure 1.12 Mansard Portal Frame
Figure 1.13a Curved Rafter Portal Frame
Figure 1.13b Quasi-Curved Rafter Portal Frame
13
Figure 1.14 Cellular Beam Portal Frame
Figure
1.15
Gable
Frame to
a Portal
Frame
Structure
14
Figure 1.16 Framing for Hipped Roof with a Hip Roof Pitch Greater than
tat of the Main Roof
CHAPTER TWO
PORTAL FRAME BUILDING DETAILS AND
LOADING ACTIONS CALCULATIONS
15
16
2.1 Portal Frame Building Details
The portal frame geometry details as shown in Figures (2.1 and 2.2) are as follows;
1. Portal Frame Span (L) = 30 m. ( 15 – 50 ) m

2. Portal Frame center to center spacing = 6 m. ( 5 – 8 ) m
3. Roof Pitch = 7°. ( 5° – 10° )
4. Clear Height (Eaves height) = 10 m. ( 5 – 15 ) m
Figure 2.1 Portal Frame Dimensions (2D)
17
Figure 2.2 Portal Frame Dimensions (3D)
2.2 Loading Actions Calculations
2.2.1 Permanent Actions

Permanent actions are the self-weight of the structure, secondary steelwork and
cladding. Where possible, unit weights of materials should be obtained from
manufacturers’ data. Where information is not available, these may be determined
from data in BS EN 1991-1-1 (1). Typical weights of materials used in roofing are given
in Table 2.1. For a roof that only carries normal imposed roof loads (i.e., no suspended
machinery or similar, the self-weight of the cladding plus secondary steelwork is
typically (0.2 to 0.4 kN/m2) when expressed over the plan area of the roof (6). Another
component of loading to be considered as a permanent action is the self-weight of any
services (commonly called service loading). Depending on the use of the building, the
weight of the services varies significantly. At the preliminary design stage, the service
loading is usually assumed to be between (0.15 and 0.4 kN/m 2) on plan over the whole
roof area (5).
Table 2.1 Typical Weights of Roofing Materials (5)
The calculated permanent action in this project are as follows;
a) Self-weight of the cladding plus secondary steel work = 0.3 kN/m2

(Standard range of the load is between (0.2 to 0.4) kN/m2)
b) Service loading = 0.2 kN/m2
18
(Standard range is between (0.15 - 0.4) kN/m2)
Total weight of the roof = 0.3+0.2 =0.5 kN/m2

gk =g self weight + g roof
gself weight =the self −weight of the rafters
groof =the self −weight of the roofing with purlins∧services taken as (0.5 kN/m2)
Therefore, for an internal frame:

groof =0.5∗SP=0.7∗6=3 kN /m
Where, SP is the portal frame center to center spacing = 6 m
As shown below in Figure 2.3, the total permanent action (Dead Load) is equal to the
following;
kN
gt =3 + g self weight
m
Figure 2.3 Permanent Actions
19
2.2.2 Imposed Loads On Roof
Imposed loads on roofs that are not accessible, except for normal maintenance and
repair, are classed under category H in BS EN 1991-1-1(1). For that category of roof,
the UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-1(11) gives imposed loads on roofs that depend on the
roof slope. A point load, Qk is given, which is used for local verification of roof
materials and fixings, and a uniformly distributed load, qk, applied vertically and used
for the design of the structure. The loading for roofs not accessible except for normal
maintenance and repair is given in Table 2.2. It should be noted that, following Clause
3.3.2(1) of BS EN 1991-1-1(1), imposed loads on roofs should not be combined with
either snow loads or wind actions.
Table 2.2 Imposed Loads on Roofs, UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-1(11)
The calculated imposed load on roof in this project are as follows;
Roof slope α =7 °
Because α =7 ° is less than 30°,
Then, from Table 2.2 Imposed loads on roofs;

2
q k =0.6 kN /m

q k =0.6∗SP=0.6∗6=3.6 kN /m

20
As shown below in Figure 2.4, the imposed load on roofs (Roof Live Load) is equal to
the following;
q k =3.6 kN /m
Figure 2.4 Imposed Load on Roof
2.2.3 Snow Loads

Snow loads in Iraq are calculated according to the method outlined in the Iraqi
Standards IQ.301 (Iraqi Code for Forces and Loadings: 2015) (2). Based on the Iraqi
Standards IQ.301, snow loads are determined depending on the following;
1- The Specific Weight of Snow:
The specific weight of snow typically ranges between (0.1 – 0.4) with an average value
of (0.25). Occasionally, snow loads create a layer of ice with an approximate thickness
of about 50 mm and a specific weight of about (1.0) which is equal to the specific
weight of water.
2- The Height of the Structure above Sea Level and the Slope of the Surface
Subjected to Snow Loads:
21
Based on the Iraqi Standards IQ.301 (Iraqi Code for Forces and Loadings: 2015) (2), for
flat surfaces and for inclined surfaces with an angle less than 25 degrees with the
horizon line, the snow loads can be calculated using Table 2.3 depending on the height
of the structure above sea level.
Table 2.3 Snow Loads Calculation (2)
For roofs with a slope that exceeds 25 degrees with respect to horizon line, multiply
the values obtained from Table (2-3) by the reduction factors indicated in Table (2-4).
Table 2.4 Snow Loads Reduction Factors (2)
The calculated snow loads in this project are as follows;
22
Roof Pitch α =7 °
Because α =7 ° is less than 25°, Table 2.3 is used to determine the Snow Loads;
The structure is located in Dohuk Governorate which has a sea level equal to 565m.
So, from Table 2.3; Snow load = (h-400) / 400
= (565-400)/400
= 0.413 (kN/m2)

q s=0.413∗SP=0.413∗6=2.48 kN /m
As shown below in Figure 2.5, the snow load is equal to the following;
q s=2.48 kN / m
Figure 2.5 Snow Load on Roof
2.2.4 Wind Load
23
Wind loads in Iraq are calculated according to the method outlined in the Iraqi
Standards IQ.301 (Iraqi Code for Forces and Loadings: 2015) (2). Based on the Iraqi
Standards IQ.301, the procedure for calculating wind loads on buildings and structures
are as follows;
1. Determining the Basic Wind Speed (V) for the site location where the structure
is constructed which is calculated based on the Gust Wind Speed that will
happen in an estimated time duration of 3 seconds with a probability of
exceedance of one time during 50 years period. Basic Wind Speed (V) is
determined from the Iraqi basic wind speed contour map shown in Figure 2.6.
So, for the structure site location (Dohuk Governorate) the Basic Wind Speed
(V) is equal to 38 m/s.
Figure
2.6 Iraqi Basic Wind Speed Contour Map (m/s) (2)
2. Calculation of (Design Wind Speed) (Vs) using the following equation;
Vs = V * S1 * S2 * S3, (m/sec)
24
Where,
S1 is Topography Factor: The value of this factor depends on the topography of

the earth's surface. When the slope of the earth's surface does not exceed a value
of (5.0%) within a radius of one kilometer from the origin of the structure's site,
then the surface can be considered flat, and in this case the Topography Factor
(S1) is taken equal to one. For other cases, the procedure given in Appendix (A)
of the Iraqi Standards IQ.301 (Iraqi Code for Forces and Loadings: 2015) (2) can
be used to calculate the Topography Factor (S1).
In this project the value of S1 is taken = 1.0 (Flat area with ground slope < 5%
within 1.0 Km diameter radius).
S2 is Ground Roughness, Building Size and Height above Ground Factor:

This factor represents the combined effect of the ground roughness, building
size and height above ground on the wind speed. The values of this factor for
different cases can be determined using Table 2.5 depending on the height of the
structure (H), the ground surface classification in terms of roughness (Category
A: Unobstructed open land, examples include airports, flat coastal areas, swamps
and farms not surrounded by windbreaks or fences. Category B: Open land with
scattered windbreaks. Category C: Open land with many windbreaks such as
small cities and the peripheries of large cities. Category (D): Lands with large
and multiple obstacles such as city centers), and the buildings and structures
classification in terms of their sizes and the type of their facades (Class A:
Includes cladding, glazing, roofing, and single elements for buildings
constructed without cladding. Class B: Includes buildings and structures with
their largest horizontal dimension or their largest vertical height do not exceed
50 m. Class C: Includes buildings and structures with their largest horizontal
dimension and their largest vertical height exceed 50 m).
In this project the value of S2 = 0.722 (Determined from Table 2.5 for (Category
C, Class C, and building height (H) equal to 11.75 m)).
25
Table 2.5 The Values of the Factor (S2) in Terms of the Roughness of the Ground
Surface, the Size of the Building and its Height above the Ground (2)
26
S3 is Statistical Factor: This factor is related to the required degree of safety and
the time period during which the building is subjected to wind loads, and the
probability that the building will be subjected to wind gust speeds and time
periods greater than those assumed during the design. In cases of normal wind
loads on buildings and constructed structures (not under construction), the
Statistical Factor (S3) is taken equal to 1.0 (Assuming an exposure period of 50
years and a probability level of 0.63). For other cases where the exposure
periods and the probability level are different from what is mentioned above,
Figure 2.7 can be used to determine the value of the Statistical Factor (S3).
In this project the value of S3 is taken = 1.0 (Normal Wind Loads for an
exposure period of 50 years and a probability level of 0.63).
Figure 2.7 Statistical Factor (S3) (2)
27
Therefore, (Design Wind Speed) Vs = V * S1 * S2 * S3
= 38 * 1.0 * 0.722 * 1.0
= 27.44 m/s
3. Calculation of (Dynamic Pressure of the Wind) (q) using the following

equation;
q = k * (Vs)2
Where,
Vs is Design Wind Speed
k = 0.613 (when the units for wind pressure and speed are (N/m2) and (m/s))
Therefore, q = 0.613 x (27.44)2 = 461.56 N/m2 = 0.462 kN/m2
4. Calculation of the Wind Pressure (WP) using the following equation;
WP = (Cpe-Cpi) * q * SP
Where,
Cpe is the external pressure coefficient determined from Tables 2.6 and 2.7
Cpi is the internal pressure coefficient taken as (+ 0,2 (Pressure) and – 0,3
(Suction))
q is the Dynamic Pressure of the Wind
SP is the portal frame center to center spacing = 6 m
The calculated wind pressures (WP) are presented in Table 2.8 and shown in Figure 2.8
for the wind loading to be used for the most onerous uplift combination and Figure 2.9
for the wind loading to be used in combination with permanent actions and snow
loading.
28
Table 2.6 External Pressure Coefficient (Cpe) for Building Walls
29
Table 2.7 External Pressure Coefficient (Cpe) for Building Roofs
30
Table 2.8 Calculated Wind Pressures (WP)
31
32
Figure 2.8 Wind Loading to be used for the most Onerous Uplift Combination
Figure 2.9 Wind Loading to be used in Combination with Permanent Actions and
Snow Loading
33
CHAPTER THREE
PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
3.1 Introduction
34
Methods of frame analysis at the ultimate limit state (ULS) are classified into two
types: elastic analysis and plastic analysis. The plastic analysis covers both
rigid-plastic and elastic-plastic analysis. The elastic analysis is the most common
method of analysis for general structures, but will usually give less economical designs
for portal structures than plastic analysis. It is not uncommon to perform an initial
analysis using elastic analysis. Most bespoke software for portal frame analysis will
carry out an elastic-plastic analysis (5).
3.2 Load Combinations

According to BS EN 1991-1, imposed actions on a roof are not considered with either
the wind actions or the snow load. The critical combinations of actions for the
structural analysis of the portal frame are likely to be from:
1. Permanent actions with imposed roof loads, or
2. Permanent actions with snow loads, or
3. Permanent actions with snow loads and wind actions.
As the imposed roof loads are greater than the snow loads, combination 2 can be
ignored. Combination 3 must be considered with both the wind actions and the snow
load as the leading variable action, in turn. The used load combinations, with partial
factors and combination factors, are shown in details in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 Load Combinations with Partial Factors and Combination Factors
3.3 Structural Analysis of the Portal Frame

35
For the load combinations presented in Table 3.1, a linear elastic structural analysis
based on the ultimate limit state (ULS) design method is conducted for selected trial
sections for the rafters and the columns. The selected trial sections are presented in
Table 3.2. The linear elastic structural analysis was carried out using advanced
MICROSTRAN software. The results of the structural analysis will be used in
structural design process of the rafters and the columns comprising the portal frame.
Table 3.2 Trial Sections for Columns and Rafters
The structural analysis results (Axial Force (Fx) of the portal frame for load
combination-1, load combination-2, load combination-3 and load combination-4 for
Trial #1 sections are presented in Figure 3.1 to Figure 3.4 respectively. The structural
analysis results (Shear Force (Fy )) of the portal frame for load combination-1, load
combination-2, load combination-3 and load combination-4 for Trial #1 sections are
presented in Figure 3.5 to Figure 3.8 respectively. The structural analysis results
(Bending Moment (Mz)) of the portal frame for load combination-1, load combination-
2, load combination-3 and load combination-4 for Trial #1 sections are presented in
Figure 3.9 to Figure 3.12 respectively.
Trial #2 sections are presented in Figure 3.13 to Figure 3.16 respectively. The
structural analysis results (Shear Force (Fy )) of the portal frame for load combination-
1, load combination-2, load combination-3 and load combination-4 for Trial #2
sections are presented in Figure 3.17 to Figure 3.20 respectively. The structural
analysis results (Bending Moment (Mz)) of the portal frame for load combination-1,
load combination-2, load combination-3 and load combination-4 for Trial #2 sections
are presented in Figure 3.21 to Figure 3.24 respectively.
36
NOTE : This Figures below indicates for the analysis of trial #1 only and the same for
others
37
Figure 3.1 Analysis results (Axial Force, Fx (kN)) for Trial #1 sections - load
combination-1
combination-2
38
combination-3
combination-4
39
40
Figure 3.5 Analysis results (Shear Force, Fy (kN)) for Trial #1 sections -
load combination-1
load combination-2
41
load combination-3
load combination-4
42
Figure 3.9 Analysis results (Bending Moment, Mz (kN.m)) for Trial #1 sections -
load combination-1
load combination-2
43
load combination-3
load combination-4
44
CHAPTER FOUR
PORTAL FRAME STRUCTURAL DESIGN
45
4.1 Introduction
Once the structural analysis for the portal frames has been completed, the frame
members (Rafters and Columns) must be verified. The members cross-section
verifications must be carried out for bending, axial and shear resistances. Before
determining the cross-sectional resistance, the sections must be classified in
accordance with Section 5.5 of BS EN 1993-1-1 (3). The members cross-section
classifications and the members cross-section verifications is carried out on the five
trial sections (Presented in in Chapter Three - Table 3.2) selected for the portal frame
rafters and columns to determine the safest and the most economical sections to be
used for the portal frame rafters and columns.
4.2 Classification of Cross Sections (5)

In BS EN 1993-1-1(3), cross sections are classified according to the width to thickness
ratio of the flanges and web, dependent on the magnitude of the bending moment and
axial compression on the section. The Class of a section is the highest Class of either
the flanges or the web.
The Classes indicate the following structural behavior:
1. Class 1 can support a rotating plastic hinge without any loss of resistance from
local buckling.
2. Class 2 can develop full plastic moment but with limited rotation capacity before
local buckling reduces resistance.
3. Class 3 can develop yield in extreme fibers but local buckling prevents
development of the plastic resistance.
4. Class 4 has proportions such that local buckling will occur at stresses below first
yield.
46
4.3 Members Cross Section Verification -Trial #1
4.3.1 Section Properties
Table 4.1 Column section: 457 × 191× 82 UKB, Grade S355 (12)
h 460 mm iz 42.3mm
b 191.3 mm iy 188 mm
tw 9.9 mm IT 69.2*104 mm
tf 16 mm Iw 922*109 mm
hw 428 mm Iy 37100*104 mm4
d 407.6mm Iz 1870*104 mm4
A 10400 mm2 Fy 355 N/mm2
Wel, y 1610*103 mm3 r 10.2 mm
Wp1, y 1830*103 mm3
Table 4.2 Rafter section: 457*191*67 UKB, Grade S355(12)
h 453.4 mm iz 41.2 mm
b 189.9 mm iy 185 mm
tw 8.5 mm IT 37.1*104 mm4
tf 12.7 mm Iw 705*109 mm4
hw 428 mm Iy 29400*104 mm4
d 407.6 mm Iz 1450 *104 mm4
A 8550 mm2 Fy 355 N/mm2
Wel, y 1300*103 mm3 r 10.2 mm
Wp1, y 1470*103 mm3
47
 Section properties :
3D (actual I section )
48
4.3.2 Section Classification
As mentioned previously, the sections must be classified in accordance with
Section 5.5 of BS EN 1993-1-1(3), before determining the cross-sectional
resistance.
4.3.2.1 Column Classification

Web Classification
d 407.6
= =41.17
tw 9.9
(d/ tw) maximum web depth-to-thickness ratios

(d, tw) from column section properties (Table
4.1)
α=
1
2
1+
( N Ed ,c
fy∗t w ∗d )
 is the imperfection factor
(NEd,c) maximum column axial force (Figure 3.1) = 167 kN
(Fy ) from column section properties (Table 4.1) = 355
N/mm2
α=
1
2
1+( 167
355∗9.9∗407.6 ) α =0.51>0.5
ε=
√ 235 235 ¿ 0.81
=
fy 355
(ε) coefficient depending on Fy

The limit for Class 1 is
396 ε 396∗0.81
= =56.97> 41.17 0 K .
13 α−1 (13∗0.51−1)
Therefore, the web is Class 1.
Flange Classification
c = 0.5(b − tw − 2r)
(b, r) from column section properties (Table 4.1)
= 0.5 ∗ (191.3 − 9.9 − 2 ∗ 10.2)
= 80.5 mm
49
c 80.5
= =5.03
t f 16
(c / tf) maximum flange width-to-thickness ratios (tf) from column section

properties (Table 4.1)
The limit of Class 1 is: 9ε = 9 ∗ 0.81 = 7.29
7.29 > 5.03
Therefore, the flange is Class 1.
Section Classification
Because both the web and flanges are Class 1, therefore the column section is
Class 1.
4.3.2.2 Rafter Classification

Web Classification
c 407.6
= =47.9
tw 8.5
(c/ tw) maximum web width-to-thickness ratios (c , tw) from rafter section
α=
1
2
1+( N Ed ,c
fy∗t w ∗d )
 is the imperfection factor
(NEd,c) maximum rafter axial force (Figure 3.1) = 82.1 kN
(Fy ) from rafter section properties (Table 4.2) = 355 N/mm2
α=
1
2
1+( 82.1
355∗8.5∗407.6 ) α =0.51>0.5
ε=
√ 235 235 ¿ 0.81
=
fy 355
(ε) coefficient depending on Fy

The limit for Class 1 is
396 ε 396∗0.81
= =56.97> 47.9 0 K .
13 α−1 (13∗0.51−1)
50
Therefore, the web is Class 1.
51
Flange Classification
c = 0.5(b − tw − 2r)
(b, r) from rafter section properties (Table 4.2)
= 0.5 ∗ (189.9 – 8.5 − 2 ∗ 10.2)
= 80.5 mm
c 80.5
= =6.33
t f 12.7
(c / tf) maximum flange width-to-thickness ratios (tf) from rafter section

The limit of Class 1 is: 9ε = 9 ∗ 0.81 = 7.29
7.29 > 6.33
Therefore, the flange is Class 1.
Section Classification
Because both the web and flanges are Class 1, therefore the rafter section is
Class 1.
52
4.3.3 Resistance of The Cross Sections
4.3.3.1 Column
Shear Resistance
Shear Area Av = A − 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but not less than ηhwtw
(A, b, r, tf, tw, hw) from column section properties (Table 4.1)
= 10400 − 2 ∗ 191.3 ∗ 16+ (9.9 + 2 ∗ 10.2) ∗ 16
=4763.2 mm2
Conservatively, (η=1) factor for shear area
ηhwtw = 1 ∗ 428∗ 9.9
= 4237.2 mm2
ηhwtw < Av
Therefore, Av =4763.2 mm2
V pL, Rd =
fy
Av
√3 ( )
γ Mo
(Vpl,Rd ) plastic design shear resistance

(Fy ) from column section properties (Table 4.1)
( γ M o) =1.0, partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is, and is
taken from UK NA(13)
V pL, Rd =
4763.2
( )∗10
355
√3 −3
=976.26 KN
1
(VEd,c) maximum column shear force (Figure 3.5) = 63.6 kN

63.6 kN < 976.26kN
Therefore, Shear Resistance is OK.
Bending and Shear Interaction
When shear force and bending moment act simultaneously on a cross section, the
effect of the shear force can be ignored if it is smaller than 50% of the plastic
design shear resistance.
0.5Vpl,Rd = 0.5 ∗ 976.26
= 488.13 kN
63.6 kN < 488.13 kN
53
Therefore, the effect of shear force on moment resistance may be Neglected.
54
Compression Resistance
A fy
N c , Rd=
γ Mo
(Nc,Rd) design resistance to normal forces of the cross-section for uniform

compression
(A, Fy ) from column section properties (Table 4.1)
( γ Mo) =1.0, partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is, and is
taken from UK NA(13)
10400∗355 −3
N c , Rd= ∗10 =3692 KN
1
(NEd,c) maximum column axial force (Figure 3.1) = 167 kN

167kN < 3692 kN
Therefore, Compression Resistance is OK.
Combined Bending and Axial Force
When axial force and bending moment act simultaneously on a cross section, the
effect of axial force can be ignored provided the following two conditions are
satisfied:
NEd = 0.25Npl,Rd and
0.5 hw tw fy
N Ed=
γ Mo
(Npl,Rd = Nc,Rd ) for class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections
(NEd) design value of the axial force
(Npl,Rd) design plastic resistance to normal forces of the gross cross-section
compression
(hw, tw, Fy) from column section properties (Table 4.1)
(𝛾𝑀𝑜) =1.0, partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is, and
is taken from UK NA (13)
NEd = 0.25Npl,Rd = 0.25 ∗ 3692 = 923 kN
0.5 ( 428 )∗9.9∗355

N Ed= ∗10−3 =752.10 KN
1
(NEd,c) maximum column axial force (Figure 3.1) = 167kN
167 kN < 923 kN and 167 kN < 752.10 kN
Therefore, the effect of axial force on moment resistance may be Neglected.
55
Bending Resistance
W PL fy
M PL , y , Rd=
γ Mo
(Mpl,y,Rd) is the design plastic moment resistance of the cross section about the y-y
axis
(Wpl ,Fy ) from column section properties (Table 4.1)
taken from UK NA (13)
3
1830∗10 ∗355
M PL , y , Rd= ∗10−6=649.65 KN .m
1
(My,Ed,c) maximum moment at column top from (Figure 3.9) = 636 kN.m
636 kN. m < 649.56 kN. m
Therefore, Bending Resistance is OK.
56
4.3.3.2 Rafter
Shear Resistance
Shear Area Av = A − 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but not less than ηhwtw
(A, b, r, tf, tw, hw) from rafter section properties (Table 4.2)
= 8550 − 2 ∗ 189.9 ∗ 12.7 + (8.5 + 2 ∗ 10.2) ∗ 12.7
= 4093.57mm2
Conservatively, (η=1) factor for shear area
ηhwtw = 1 ∗ 428∗ 8.5
= 3638 mm2
Av > ηhwtw
Therefore, Av = 4093.84 mm2
V pL, Rd =
Av
( √fy3 )
γ Mo
(Vpl,Rd ) plastic design shear resistance

(Fy) from rafter section properties (Table 4.2)
( γ M o) =1.0, partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is, and is
V pL, Rd =
4093.57
( 355
√3 ) −3
∗10 =839.07 KN
1
(VEd,c) maximum rafter shear force (Figure 3.5) = 147 kN

147 kN < 839.07 kN
Therefore, Shear Resistance is OK.
Bending and Shear Interaction
When shear force and bending moment act simultaneously on a cross section, the
effect of the shear force can be ignored if it is smaller than 50% of the plastic
design shear resistance.
0.5Vpl, Rd = 0.5 ∗ 839.07
= 419.5 kN
147kN < 419.5 kN
Therefore, the effect of shear force on moment resistance may be Neglected.
57
Compression Resistance
A fy
N c , Rd=
γ Mo

compression
(A, Fy ) from rafter section properties (Table 4.2)
8550∗355 −3
N c , Rd= ∗10 =3035.25 KN
1

82.1 kN < 3035.25 kN
Therefore, Compression Resistance is OK.
Combined Bending and Axial Force
When axial force and bending moment act simultaneously on a cross section, the
effect of axial force can be ignored provided the following two conditions are
satisfied:
NEd = 0.25Npl,Rd and
0.5 hw tw fy
N Ed=
γ Mo
(Npl,Rd = Nc,Rd ) for class 1, 2 or 3 cross-sections
(NEd) design value of the axial force
(Npl,Rd) design plastic resistance to normal forces of the gross cross-section
compression
(hw, tw, Fy ) from rafter section properties (Table 4.2)
(𝛾𝑀𝑜) =1.0, partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is, and
is taken from UK NA (13)
NEd = 0.25Npl,Rd = 0.25 ∗ 3035.25 = 758.8kN
0.5 ( 428 )∗8.5∗355

N Ed= ∗10−3 =645.745 KN
1
82.1 kN < 758.5 kN and 82.1 kN < 645.745 kN
Therefore, the effect of axial force on moment resistance may be Neglected.
58
Bending Resistance
W PL fy
M PL , y , Rd=
γ Mo
(Mpl,y,Rd) is the design plastic moment resistance of the cross section about the
y-y axis
(Wpl, Fy) from rafter section properties (Table 4.2)
( γ Mo) =1.0, partial factor for resistance of cross-sections whatever the class is,
and is taken from UK NA (13)
1470∗103∗355 −6
M PL , y , Rd= ∗10 =521.85 KN . m
1
(My,Ed,c) maximum moment at eaves (The point of connection between the

columns and the rafters) (Figure 3.9) = 636 kN.m
636 kN. m > 521.85 kN. m
Therefore, Bending Resistance is NOT OK and this section can’t be chosen for
the rafters.
NOTE : This design is only for trial #1 and the same for others
4.8 Members Cross Section Verification Summary
The members cross section verification summary for the five trial sections is listed
below in Table 4.11.
Table 4.11 Summary of members cross section verification
Combined Member
Bending
Shear Compression Bending Bending Cross
Trial # and Shear
Resistance Resistance and Axial Resistance Section
Interaction
Force Verification
Trial 1-Column
OK Neglected OK Neglected OK Saf
(457x191x82)
Trial 1-Rafter
OK Neglected OK Neglected NOT OK Not Safe
(457x191x67)
Trial 2-Column
OK Neglected OK Neglected OK Safe
(457x191x89)
Trial 2-Rafter
OK Neglected OK Neglected NOT OK Not Safe
(457x191x74)
Trial 3-Column
(457x191x98)
Trial 3-Rafter Safe and
OK Neglected OK Neglected OK
(457x191x82) Lightest
Trial 4-Column Safe and
Neglected OK Neglected OK
(533×210×82) OK Lightest
Trial 4-Rafter
(457x191x89)
Trial 5-Column
(533×210×92)
Trial 5-Rafter
(457x191x98)
From the members cross section verification summary for the five trial sections
presented in Table 4.11, it was found the safe and the most economical section for
the portal frame columns is (533×210×82 UKB) and the safe and the most
economical section for the portal frame rafters is (457x191x82 UKB).
60
CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY
61
5.1 Summary
In this project the structural analysis and design of a steel portal frame building
was carried out. The structural analysis and design were mainly carried out for the
columns and the rafters (beams) of the steel portal frame building structure under
the effect of the applied external loadings (dead loads, live loads, snow loads, wind
loads and the structure´s self-weight).
The structural analysis process for the steel portal frame building was implemented
using advanced MICROSTRAN software. For the five load combinations
presented in Table 3.1, a linear elastic structural analysis based on the ultimate
limit state (ULS) design method was executed for the five selected trial sections
given in Table 3.2 for the rafters and the columns. The structural analysis results
(Axial Force (Fx), Shear Force (Fy), Bending Moment (Mz)) of the portal frame
for the five load combinations were used in the structural design process for the
members cross section verification.
The summary of the members cross section verification is presented in Table 4.11.
From this table it was found the safest and the most economical section for the
portal frame columns is (533×210×82 UKB) and the safe and the most economical
section for the portal frame rafters is (457x191x82 UKB).
62
REFERENCES
63
References
1. BS EN 1991-1-1:2002, Eurocode 1: Actions on structures. General actions -
Densities, self-weight, imposed loads for buildings (incorporating corrigenda
December 2004 and March 2009). BSI, 2002.
2. Iraqi Standards IQ.301,"Iraqi Code for forces and loadings ", Iraqi Ministry
of Building and Construction, 2015.
3. BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures. General rules
and rules for buildings (incorporating corrigenda February 2006 and April
2009). BSI, 2005.
4. Woolcock, S.T., Kitipornchai, S. and Bradford, M.A., 1999. Design of portal
frame buildings. Australian Institute of Steel Construction.
5. Koschmidder, D.M. and Brown, D.G. eds., 2012. Elastic design of single-
span steel portal frame buildings to Eurocode 3. Steel construction Institute.
6. What Is A Portal Frame? 2021.
https://www.allaboutsheds.com.au/blog/what-is-a-portal-frame/
7. King, C.M., 2001. Design of steel portal frames for Europe. Steel
Construction Institute.
8. Salter, P.R., Malik, A.S. and King, C.M., 2004. Design of single-span steel
portal frames to BS 5950-1: 2000. Steel Construction Institute.
9. McCormac, J.C. and Csernak, S.F., 2012. Structural Steel Design, 5Th
Edition. Pearson prentice hall.
10.Aghayere, A.O. and Vigil, J., 2009. Structural steel design: a practice-
oriented approach. Pearson prentice hall.
11.NA to BS EN 1991-1-1:2002, UK National Annex to Eurocode 1: Actions
on structures. General actions - Densities, Selfweight, imposed loads for
buildings. BSI, 2005.
12.Nunez-Moreno, E. and Yandzio, E., 2009. Steel building design: Design
data “Eurocode Blue Book”(P363). SCI, Tata Steel, BCSA, 585.
13.NA to BS EN 1993-1-1:2005, UK National Annex to Eurocode 3: Design of
steel structures. General rules and rules for buildings. BSI, 2008.
64

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The University of Duhok

Civil Engineering Department

4th Year Project

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF A

Alind Hasan Gul Tewfiq

Hussein Naif Khalid Ahmad

Dr. Abduljabbar Ismael Abdy

Submitted in partial-fulfillment of the requirements for the B.Sc.

PORTAL FRAME BUILDINGS

Figure 1.1 Outlined Typical Portal Frame Structure (4)

Figure 1.4 The First Portal Frame in History (8)

1.4 Why Select Steel Portal Frames?

The advantages of portal frames are(9,10):

In addition to the aforementioned advantages, steel as a structural material has

Figure 1.5 Single-Span Symmetric Portal Frame

Figure 1.7 Portal Frame with External Mezzanine Floor

Figure 1.10 Propped Portal Frame

Figure 1.11 Tied Portal Frame

Figure 1.13a Curved Rafter Portal Frame

Figure 1.13b Quasi-Curved Rafter Portal Frame

1. Portal Frame Span (L) = 30 m. ( 15 – 50 ) m

Figure 2.1 Portal Frame Dimensions (2D)

2.2 Loading Actions Calculations

2.2.1 Permanent Actions

Table 2.1 Typical Weights of Roofing Materials (5)

The calculated permanent action in this project are as follows;

a) Self-weight of the cladding plus secondary steel work = 0.3 kN/m2

Total weight of the roof = 0.3+0.2 =0.5 kN/m2

gself weight =the self −weight of the rafters

Therefore, for an internal frame:

Where, SP is the portal frame center to center spacing = 6 m

Figure 2.3 Permanent Actions

Table 2.2 Imposed Loads on Roofs, UK NA to BS EN 1991-1-1(11)

The calculated imposed load on roof in this project are as follows;

Because α =7 ° is less than 30°,

Then, from Table 2.2 Imposed loads on roofs;

Therefore, for an internal frame:

Where, SP is the portal frame center to center spacing = 6 m

Figure 2.4 Imposed Load on Roof

2.2.3 Snow Loads

1- The Specific Weight of Snow:

Table 2.3 Snow Loads Calculation (2)

Table 2.4 Snow Loads Reduction Factors (2)

The calculated snow loads in this project are as follows;

So, from Table 2.3; Snow load = (h-400) / 400

Therefore, for an internal frame:

Where, SP is the portal frame center to center spacing = 6 m

Figure 2.5 Snow Load on Roof

2.2.4 Wind Load

2. Calculation of (Design Wind Speed) (Vs) using the following equation;

S1 is Topography Factor: The value of this factor depends on the topography of

S2 is Ground Roughness, Building Size and Height above Ground Factor:

Figure 2.7 Statistical Factor (S3) (2)

3. Calculation of (Dynamic Pressure of the Wind) (q) using the following

Vs is Design Wind Speed

Therefore, q = 0.613 x (27.44)2 = 461.56 N/m2 = 0.462 kN/m2

4. Calculation of the Wind Pressure (WP) using the following equation;

q is the Dynamic Pressure of the Wind

SP is the portal frame center to center spacing = 6 m

3.2 Load Combinations

1. Permanent actions with imposed roof loads, or

2. Permanent actions with snow loads, or

Table 4.2 Rafter section: 45719167 UKB, Grade S355(12)