113

AtVIties

ACTIVITY
To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, ufea and
AIM:
a power source.

PPARATUS AND MATERIAL

APP
Apparatus. No apparatus required in assembling a circuit.

Material. 1Three bulbs (6 V, 1 W) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power supply (battery
liminator), three (on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, a tu

Wire.
Supplementary. Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch.

THEORY
circuit,
Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 VA.C. and 50 Hz. The household
connected in series with each
connected in "parallel" with mains. The switches are
all appliances are
fluorescent tubes fans
appliances in live wire. 5 A switches are required for normal appliances like, hulbs,
etc. 15 A sockets and
switches are required for heavy load appliances like, refrigerator, air conditioner,
etc. All appliances must have three wires called live, neutral and the earth.
Total power
geyser, hot plates
consumption P'at a time,

P P, +P P, +. .
+

where P,, P, P, are the powers drawn by appliances.

To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn fuse of little higher
drawn by all appliances. For further safety, a suitable
rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally
value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with supply source.

DIAGRAM

B
BSO
BSO
B
BgS-O A (A.C.)

A.C. ammeter (

Power M.S 0246g110

Source of supply
sOurce Fuse (0 to 0.75 A)
0 to 10 V
(b)
(a)
(a) Circuit diagram,
(6) Actual layout.
114
Comprchenstve Practical Physics-

PROCEDURE
onnect the bulbs B, B, and B, in series with switches S,, S, and 5, respectively and con.
each set of B-S in onnec
parallel with each other.
nnect main supply to asstep-down transformer (battery eliminator) to
get require
voltage from 0 to 10 V(0, 2, 4, 6,8 and 10 V).
Onnect the mains fuse M.S. in series with the power supply (battery eliminator).
Connect an A.C. ammeter in series with the B-S set.
Connect one end of power supply to one end of B-S set.
Check the circuit one again to ensure that household circuit is complete.
. Gradually increase the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must burn off at about 0.6 A.

ACTIVITY 4
AIM: To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

Apparatus. Avoltmeter and an ammeter of appropriate range, a battery, a rheostat, one waykey
Material. An unknown resistance or resistance coil, connecting wires, a piece of sand paper.

DIAGRAM

Rh

PROCEDURE

Connect the components (Resistors, inductors etc.) in series with each other as
shown
diagram and then in series with the battery.
2. Connect the ammeter in series with the circuit, to measure the current.

3. Connect the voltmeter in parallel to the resis-tor, to measure the

potential difference
4. Connect the switch in series with the battery.
5 Assembly of the electrical components in electric circuit is complete.
UTILITY

It is used for measuring an unknown resistance (see Experiment 2: Section A).

ACtVies

ACTIVITY 5 s
stte n
ad y
uy
c u r r e n t .

aa
for
wire for
wire

in p o t e n t i a l drop
with length ofa
fa
the v a r i a t i o n
AIM:
To study
T os t

APPARATUS A N D MATERIAL,
a
rheostat,

resistance

A p p a r a t u s . Potentiometer.
a low connecting
eliminator,

4.5 V battery or battery set square,

aterial. A fully charged

a
Mat
a m m e t e r (0-3) A,
a one way key, a jockey,
(0-3.0 V), a n
voltmeterofrange
sand paper.
and a piece of
wires

(cross-sectional area
THEORY thickness
and
material density
with wire of uniform the wire.
For a
poterntiometer
to the length of
potential drop is proportional
current,
steady
carrying a
We have, Vol
V Kl
V
K= =constant
It is called the potential gradient.
unit length.
where K is
the drop of potential per

DIAGRAM

wm 400 cm
+Rheostat Q
A 300 cm

200 cm

100 cm

B V
with length of a wire.
variation in potential drop
Fig. Studying

PROCEDURE
scheme of connections as in figure.
1. Draw a circuit diagram showing the
ends of the connecting copper wires with a sand paper.
2. Remove the insulation from the
of constant e.m.f.) to the
3. Connect the pole of the battery (eliminator) (a battery
positive
zero end (P) of the potentiometer
and the negative pole through a one-way key, an ammeter

the other end (Q) of the potentiometer.

and a low resistance rheostat to
Connect the positive terminal of the voltmeter to the end P of the potentiometer and the

negative terminal to the jockey

5. Touch the end of the jockey to the end Q of the potentiometer.
116 Crmprehensive Practical Phy

6. that the
voltmeter gives full scale deflection(
Close the key set the rheostat such
cm. The voltmeter
will give zero deflection
uch
jockey
the at end P at 0 (zero)

louch the jockey at marks separated by

50 cm length
ot wire. vote
thevoltmeter
the voltmeter read
in each case.
9. tabular form as given ahead.
Necord your observations in

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

3V
Range of voltmeter
= 0.05 V
Least count of voltmeter
Zero correction of voltmeter
Range of ammeter 0.3 A
= 0.05 A
L.C. of ammeter
***

Steady current showm by ammeter

Table for length and potential drop
Ratio
Voltmeter
Serial No. Length of
potentiometer wire reading k
of V (V)
Obs. 1(cm) (V cm)
(3) (4)
(1) (2)
0
.
0

2. 50

3 100 ...

150 ...

200
250
*

300
**

350
8. *

400
9.

CALCULATION FROM GRAPH

for the values of potential drop Valong y-axis and len=

Plot a graph choosing a suitable scale,
l along x-axis as shown in figure.
BC V-.Y
From graph, tan0=
AC 1-12
k
But,
Activities
117

Scale
X-axis: 1 cm ..... unit
Y-axis 1 cm =.... unit

N2
B

2 A C

3 4
X
5

Length, (cm)

From equations (1) and (2),

tan K .3)
The slope of straight line OB gives the value of potential gradient.

RESULT
() The graph betweén V and l is a straight line. Therefore, the potential drop along the length of
wire is directly proportional to its length.
Vl
V kl
(i) The potential drop per unit length of wire is, k =...V cm

ACTIVITY6

AIM: To draw the diagramofagiven open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat,
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order
and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL

A battery eliminator or a battery (0 to 6 V), rheostat, two resistors, one-way key. D.C. ammeter
(0-3) Aand a D.C. voltmeter (0-3) V.

THEORY
An open circuit is the combination of primary components of electric circuit in a such a manner
nat on closing the circuit, no current is drawn from the battery.
Activities
213

P R E C A U T I O N S

Two polaroids and source of light should be in a straight line.

Rotate only second polarised from 0 to 360".

It is so, because the refiected light is completely plane polarised.

which
Figure shows thearrangement for testing the polarisation of light by tourmaline crystals
act as polaroids.

No

Polarised iight
Polarised Polarised Unpolari-
Unpolari-
light sed light light
sed light
light
(b) Crossed crystals
(a) Parallel crystals

tourmaline crystals.
Testing of polarisation of light by

ACTIVITY 6

thin slit.
AIM: To observe
diffraction oflight due to a

black
light (laser pencil)
APPARATUS

screen a source of monochromatic

a
Two razor blades, adhesive tapes,

paper and a glass plate.

fine
THEORY around the
corners or edges of a
of bending of light is comparable
o r small to
Diffraction is a phenomenon order of wavelength
when or the
Diffraction takes place the size of the aperture
aperture. pronounced if
Opening o r The diffraction
effect is more
arises due to
interference of
the size of slit or aperture. diffraction pattern
The
wavelength of the waves.
diffraction pattern due
to a

0DStacle is of the order of wavefront. 1he

of the same

symmetrical point bright bands of

decreasing
from different dark and weak
Waves band having
alternate

sit consists of a central bright

ge
ntensity on both sides.
na
For diffraction, d sin 0
or slit
Here d size of aperture
angle of diffraction
diffraction
n = order of

Awavelength of light.
 Comprehenawe Practical Physie
214 physics
PROCEDURE
adhesive
1. Fix the black paper on the glass plate by using
and extremely close to each other
to ear
Place two razor blades so that their sharp edges are parallel
to form a narrow slit in between.

Glass plate

Black paper

blades, black paper and

a glass plate.
A thin slit made by using two razor

of blades and place at a suitable distance froma

3. Cut the small slit in between the sharp edges
wall or screen of a dark room.
4. Throw a beam of light on the slit by the laser pencil.
A diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark bands is seen on the wall

Intensity

I/21 1,/62 I/121

cONCLUSION

When light waves are incident on a slit or aperture then it bends away (spread) at the corners
ers

of slit showing the phenomena of diffraction of light.

PRECAUTION

() Air gaps should not be left between glass plates and black paper.
it) The razor blades should be placed extremely closed as possible.
(ii) Diffraction pattern should be seen on a wall of a dark room.
(iv) A point source of monochromatic light like laser torch
should be used.
A c t i v i t i e s
219

ACTIVITY 8
tne
IM: To obtain combination uwith the specified focal
given set oflenses.
alens length by using two lenses from

APPARATUS

Convex lens of known focal lengths, metre scale, optical bench with two uprights, Screen an
collimator (for parallel beam of light).

THEORY

1. Power of
lens: 'Ihe ability ofa lens to converge or diverge the rays passing through it 1s caled
the power of the lens. A lens with a smaller focal length has greater ability to converge or diverge

the rays passing through it and vice-versa. The power of the lens is reciprocal of focal length
and is given by following equation.

P-
The unit of power is dioptre (D).
2. With a convex lens, the real image of a distant object is formed at a distance equal to its focal
length.
3. When two or more lenses are kept in such a way that they are close to each other and their
principal axes fall on the same line, then the arrangement is called a lens combination.
Suppose fis focal length of the combination when lenses of focal lengths f, f f . are kept
close to each other, then we have

Also, the power of the combination (P) is given by

P = P, + P, + P, t ..
4. We are required to select the second lens such that the combination of two lenses gives a single
of specified focal
ns
length.
DIAGRAM
2

Focus of the
O combination
 Comprchensdue Practical Physir
220
PROCEDURE

1.Set up theoptical bench on a horizontal table.

also fix the upright, lenses on these
Place the two uprights on the optical bench and
beam of light along
the optical bench.
Next adjust the collimator to direct a parallel touch each other.
Ihe two lenses on the uprights should be soadjusted that they
Ihe combination of lenses should be adjusted such
that it lies between the
collimator aand the
collimator

screen.
lens and the
screen to get the focal length ofthe .

.
Now measure the distance between the
combination.
combination by finding
the values of the individual lenses as done d
. Verify the focal length of the
in activity 7A.

OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS

('Assumed data has been taken for simplifying calculation)

combination,
Specifed focal length of lens
f 10 cm= 0.1 m
Power o fcombination l e n s , P = 0.1 -10 DD
15 0.15 m
lens, f,
=
= cm
(ti) Focal length of given
convex

Power of given convex lens, P, = -6.67 D

o150.0

Power of unknown convex lens, P

(it)
P P,+P2
D
P, P- P, (10 6.67)
-

= =

P, 3.33 D
1 =0.30 m
Power of unknown convexlens, f, 3.33

f 30 cm
So, the second
convex lens should have a focal length of 30 cm.
Mean distance,
Distance oflens L, from the
Distance oflens L, from
d- * =f(cm)
S.No. screen, d, (cm) the screen, d, (cm)
2

2.
f Cm

Focal length of L,
=

f, =
. . . m

Focal of L, f,=
length = . . .
cm

Focal length ofthe combination,

=
-
 221
Activities

f oOr

f
Mean focal length, f- 2 - ... cm
2

RESULT

Focal length of the combination of lenses f . . m

Combination

Slit
Collimator
Screen

Optical bench

PRECAUTIONS of the image.

checking for position
Parallax must be removed while
thin.
lenses should be
2. Both the aperture.
should be of same
Both the lenses position.
3. that the optical
bench is in
horizontal

than 25 c m .
spirit to
ensure
distance of m o r e
4. Use a measurement
the eye should be at a
accurate
. For getting a n

SOURCES OF ERROR

be thin.
1. Lenses may not not be same.
lenses may
The apertures of the horizontal position.
not be in
the
. The optical bench may