Food and Chemical Toxicology 161 (2022) 112824

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Food and Chemical Toxicology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/foodchemtox

Amplified electrochemical sensor employing screen-printed electrode

modified with Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite for high sensitive analysis of Sudan
I in present bisphenol A
Hadi Beitollahi a, Mahboobeh Shahsavari b, Iran Sheikhshoaie b, Somayeh Tajik c, *,
Peyman Mohammadzadeh Jahani d, Sayed Zia Mohammadi e, Abbas Aghaei Afshar c
a
Environment Department, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
b
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, 76175-133, Iran
c
Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
d
School of Public Health, Bam University of Medical Sciences, Bam, Iran
e
Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Handling Editor: Dr. Jose Luis Domingo This study utilized a facile one-pot protocol to synthesize Ni-cobalt zeolitic imidazolate framework (Ni-ZIF-67)
nanocomposite, which was then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction,
Keywords: energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite was
Sudan I subsequently applied to modify a screen-printed electrode (SPE) as a durable sensor for detection of Sudan I
Bisphenol A
concomitantly with bisphenol A (BPA), with remarkably increased electrochemical response when comparing
Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite
with a bare SPE. The results showed the calibration plot to be linear in the concentration range between 0.03 μM
Modified electrode
Voltammetry and 535.0 μM, with a narrow limit of detection of 9.0 nM (S/N = 3). Our proposed protocol was successful in
detecting target analytes in real tap water and food specimens.

1. Introduction
Food safety has attracted immense attention of the scientific com­
munity throughout the world in the area of using chemical additives
with toxic nature to improve the appearance of food products (Meh­
mandoust et al., 2021a,b,c; Alizadeh et al., 2021; Mehmandoust et al.,
2021a,b,c).
On the other hand, the monitoring of food additives is a major
concern in many countries including India because most of these
chemicals are toxic and carcinogenic.
Among these, 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol, or Sudan I, as a synthetic azo
dye with lipophilic nature is widely utilized as an industrial colorant like
cosmetics, floor polishes, printing inks, shoes, textiles, plastics and oils
(Yin et al., 2011; Li et al., 2015). Evidence shows Sudan dyes are also
used illicitly in the food industry especially in chili powder, paprika and
curry pastes to promote color quality and preservative properties
because of its low cost and easy production process. Nevertheless, Sudan
I could reportedly exert carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in human
beings; accordingly, it was placed in a category III of carcinogenicity by
IARC, the International Agency for Research on Cancer) in 1975 (Yang
et al., 2020; Ye et al., 2019; Gan et al., 2008).
As well, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane, or Bisphenol A or BPA,
as an inexpensive and durable raw material is extensively applied in the
construction of polymeric products like polycarbonates plastics and
epoxy resins with applications in the area of water and food packaging.
Despite these advantageous applications, the BPA used in the structure
of these packages may get into beverages and foods and thus human
body even at trace levels (Ntsendwana et al., 2012; Messaoud et al.,
2017). The non-biodegradable BPA is greatly resistant to
chemo-degradation can mimic the physiological performance of estro­
gen hormones in the human body, so resulting in adverse health effects
like heart disease, cancers and developmental deficiencies (Santana
et al., 2017; Ghanam et al., 2017; Gao et al., 2012).
Accordingly, Sudan I and BPA as two prevalent compounds found in
multiple food products must be sensitively detected by a facile and
reliable way. Among these, the electrochemical approaches are highly
applicable for simultaneous determinations of these two analytes con­
sisting of electroactive groups like azo and phenol in various food

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: tajik_s1365@yahoo.com (S. Tajik).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2022.112824
Received 13 December 2021; Received in revised form 5 January 2022; Accepted 12 January 2022
Available online 31 January 2022
0278-6915/© 2022 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
H. Beitollahi et al.
Fig. 1. a) EDX spectrum of Ni/ZIF-67 particles, (b–e). Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) mapping of Ni/ZIF-67 particles.
specimens (Ghazanfari et al., 2021; Najafi et al., 2014; Wang et al.,
2015; Ebrahimi-Tazangi et al., 2021). The advantages of electro­
chemical analysis over others are rapid response, admirable sensitivity
and selectivity, affordability, fast analysis, simplicity, and real-time in
situ detection (Yao et al., 2016; Gan et al., 2014; Pereira et al., 2012;
Inoue et al., 2000; Wang et al., 2015; Zhang et al., 2019). Nevertheless, a
major weakness in the electrochemical determination is the fairly great
overpotential coupled with weak reproducibility. Moreover, bare elec­
trode mostly tolerates a fouling impact, thereby leading to negligible
selectivity and sensitivity (Raj and Ohsaka, 2001; Meng et al., 2022).
2
Food and Chemical Toxicology 161 (2022) 112824
This bottleneck can be bypassed with the development of new sensor
materials with high conductivity, long stability and acceptable catalytic
performance (Mehmandoust et al., 2021a,b,c; Karimi-Maleh et al., 2022,
Karimi-Maleh et al., 2021; Sohrabi et al., 2022). The surface modifica­
tion of and electrode can decrease the overvoltage and control sluggish
kinetics of numerous electrode steps (Govindasamy et al., 2017; Ama­
tatongchai et al., 2019; Muthumariappan et al., 2017; Antuña-Jiménez
et al., 2020).
The advent of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) in the 1990s was very
useful in this area owing to their reproducibility, reliability,
H. Beitollahi et al.
Fig. 2. FT-IR spectrum of Ni/ZIF-67in a region 300-4000 cm− 1.
Fig. 3. XRD patterns of the ZIF-67 and Ni/ZIF-67.
Fig. 4. FESEM images of the Ni/ZIF-67.
3
Food and Chemical Toxicology 161 (2022) 112824
Fig. 5. CVs obtained for (a) unmodified SPE (b) Ni-ZIF-67/SPE in 0.1 M
phosphate buffer solution at the pH value of 7 containing 200.0 μM of Sudan I
at 50 mV/s scan rate.
Fig. 6. LSVs of Ni-ZIF-67/SPE in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at the pH
value of 7 containing 150.0 μM of Sudan I at various scan rates; No. 1 to 6 are
10, 50, 75, 100, 200, and 400 mV/s, sequentially. Inset: anodic peak current
variation against scan rate square root.
inexpensiveness and mass production. In order to improve the analytical
performances of SPEs, the surface modification using nanomaterial has
spurred extensive interest owing to their improved electrochemical ac­
tivity (Arduini et al., 2012; Wahyuni et al., 2021; Yáñez-Sedeño et al.,
2018; Barton et al., 2016).
In recent years, application of nanoparticles within size range of
1–100 nm has received significant attention due to their novel properties
and has come up as an area of extensive research in degradation and
H. Beitollahi et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology 161 (2022) 112824

Table 1
Analytical performance comparison of the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE sensor for Sudan I
detection with other sensors.
Electrochemical Method Limit of Linear range Ref.
sensor detection

MWCNT-IL/GCE SWV 0.008 μM 0.03–3.1 μM Liu et al.

(2014)
PIL-EG/GCE Amperometry 2.3 × 6.86 × Li et al.
10− 8 M 10− 8–8.79 × (2015)
10− 6 M
GMGCE CV 4.0 × 7.50 × Ma et al.
10− 8 M 10− 8–7.50 × (2013)
10− 6 M
MWCNT/GCE Current–time 3.46 × 1.01 × Yang et al.
10− 8 M 10− 6–1.22 × (2010)
10− 4 M
AgNPs@GO/GCE Amperometry 11.4 107 3.90 × Prabakaran
M 10− 6–3.19 × et al. (2015)
10− 5 M
Ni-ZIF-67/SPE DPV 9.0 nM 0.03–535.0 This work
μM

Fig. 7. Chronoamperograms obtained on Ni-ZIF-67/SPE in 0.1 M phosphate

buffer solution at the pH value of 7.0 for various Sudan I levels; No. 1 to 5 are
0.1, 0.5, 0.9, 1.3 and 2.0 mM of Sudan I; Insets: (A) I plot against t− 1/2 from
chronoamperograms 1 to 5; (B) Slope from straight lines against Sudan I levels.

Fig. 9. DPVs of the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at the pH

value of 7.0 with various Sudan I + bisphenol A levels; No. 1 to 7 are 2.5 + 1.0,
25.0 + 20.0, 100.0 + 100.0, 200.0 + 250.0, 300.0 + 375.0, 400.0 + 500.0 and
500.0 + 700.0 μM of Sudan I and bisphenol A; Inset A: Plot of Ip against Sudan I
level; Inset B: Plot of Ip against bisphenol A level.

topologically similar to zeolites. Many ZIFs have been developed so far

Fig. 8. DPVs of Ni-ZIF-67/SPE in 0.1 M phosphate buffer solution at the pH
value of 7.0 with distinct Sudan I levels; No. 1 to 17 are 0.03, 0.3, 2.5, 10.0,
25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 150.0, 200.0, 250.0, 300.0, 350.0, 400.0, 450.0, 500.0
and 535.0 μM of Sudan I; Inset: peak current plot as a function of Sudan I levels
between 0.03 and 535.0 μM.
removal, catalyst and sensing fields of different compounds (Van et al.,
2021; Vasseghian et al., 2021; Vasseghian et al., 2021, 2022; Almomani
et al., 2021; Erim et al., 2021).
Further attention has been recently aroused towards metal-organic
frameworks (MOFs, or coordination polymers) (Doan et al., 2021) as
effective materials in electrochemical sensing electrodes, one of the most
important of which is zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), which are
owing to their unique properties such as great surface area,
micro-porous nature, controllable pore size, and admirable chemical
and thermal stability (He et al., 2018; Li et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2021;
Pan et al., 2011). To increase the physicochemical properties of ZIFs like
catalytic performance, electrical conductivity and stability, they can be
anchored with conductive materials such as metal nanoparticles (NPs),
polymers, carbon-based composites, metal oxides, and surfactants,
thereby presenting various applications in variety of fields. Among
these, metal composites have been employing in numerous catalytic
sensors owing to their cost-effectiveness and easy to operate in real time
(Arul et al., 2021; Seid et al., 2022; Kempahanumakkagari et al., 2018;
Liu et al., 2016; Lei et al., 2014).

4
H. Beitollahi et al. Food and Chemical Toxicology 161 (2022) 112824

Table 2
The application of Ni-ZIF-67/SPE for concurrent detection of Sudan I and bisphenol A in the real urine specimens; all concentrations are reported as μM (n = 5).
Sample Spiked Found Recovery (%) R.S.D. (%)

Bisphenol A Sudan I Bisphenol A Sudan I Bisphenol A Sudan I Bisphenol A Sudan I

Tomato paste 0 0 1.5 ND – – 3.2 –

2.5 4.0 3.9 4.1 97.5 102.5 2.4 1.7
3.5 5.0 5.1 4.9 102.0 98.0 3.1 2.9
4.5 6.0 6.1 5.8 101.7 96.7 1.9 3.5
5.5 7.0 6.9 7.2 98.6 102.9 2.0 2.2
Ketchup sauce 0 0 ND ND – – – –
5.0 5.5 4.9 5.6 98.0 101.8 2.0 1.8
6.0 6.5 6.1 6.3 101.7 96.9 2.8 3.2
7.0 7.5 6.8 7.6 97.1 101.3 2.2 2.8
8.0 8.5 8.2 8.4 102.5 98.8 3.1 2.7
Chilli powder 0 0 ND ND – – – –
5.0 5.5 5.1 5.4 102.0 98.2 2.4 3.0
7.0 7.5 6.9 7.6 98.6 101.3 2.9 2.1
9.0 9.5 9.1 9.3 101.1 97.9 3.2 1.7
11.0 11.5 10.9 11.8 99.1 102.6 1.9 3.1
Tap water 0 0 – – – – – –
4.5 5.0 4.6 4.9 102.2 98.0 2.4 2.4
5.5 7.0 5.3 7.2 96.4 102.9 2.1 2.8
6.5 9.0 6.4 9.1 98.5 101.1 3.6 1.7
7.5 11.0 7.6 10.7 101.3 97.3 1.8 3.4

2. Experiments 2.3. Construction of modified electrode

2.1. Materials and equipment
FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) was conducted with
Shimadzu 8400 spectrometer. X’Pert Pro XRD (X-ray diffraction; Pan­
alytical; the Netherlands) spectra were prepared at a scan rate of
0.05◦ ⋅second− 1. FESEM images (field emission scanning electron mi­
croscopy) were investigated by MIRA3TESCAN-XMU.
A PGSTAT 302N Autolab potentiostat/galvanostat (Eco Chemie, the
Netherlands) was utilized for the electrochemical determinations. Gen­
eral Purpose Electrochemical System (GPES) software was run to control
all experimental circumstances. DropSens SPEs (ref. DRP-110; Spain)
consist of three electrodes of a graphite counter, a silver pseudo-
reference and a graphite working ones. All pH values were measured
by a digital pH meter (Metrohm 710).
All reagents and solvents used in our work had analytical grade.
Cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate (Co(NO3)2.6H2O) (CAS number: 10026-
22-9, ˃98%), 2-MethyImidazole (Mim) (CAS number: 693-98-1,
˃98%) and nickelousnitrate (Ni(NO3)2) (CAS number: 13478-00-7,
˃97%) belonged to Sigma-Aldrich, as well as ethanol, methanol,
bisphenol A (CAS number: 80-05-7, 99%), Sudan I (CAS number: 85-86-
9, 99%) and all other reagents were Merck.
Double distilled water (DDW) was utilized to prepare all solutions.
Orthophosphoric acid and corresponding salts were utilized to prepare
by phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at the pH values between 2.0 and
9.0.
2.2. Construction of Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite
A conventional procedure was fulfilled to fabricated ZIF-67. Briefly,
2-methylimidazole (4.2 g) was poured into methanol (100 mL) and then
into another cobaltous nitrate hexahydrate (5.1 g)-containing methanol
solution (100 mL). The resulting solution was stirred for 5 min thor­
oughly, which resulted in a blue solution that was left at an ambient
temperature for 20 h. A centrifugation was performed for the blue
precipitate, followed by washing with ethanol three times and subse­
quently drying at 60 ◦ C for 10 h to achieve ZIF-67. Next, a certain
amount of ZIF-67 (1 g) was appended in ethanol solution (30 mL)
bearing nickelousnitrate (0.35 g) while stirring for 30 min, subsequently
followed by performing centrifugation and drying at 80 ◦ C for 6 h to
achieve Ni-anchored ZIF- 67 (Ni/ZIF-67).
The following procedures were carried out to coat the bare SPE with
Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite. The Ni-ZIF-67 stock solution was prepared in
aqueous solution (1 mL) by dissolving Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite (1 mg)
under 40-min ultra-sonication (With power 50–60 HZ). Then, the Ni-
ZIF-67/H2O suspension (2 μL) solution was exposed to a carbon working
electrodes, and the solvent was allowed to evaporate at the ambient
temperature.
2.4. Preparation of real specimens
The real specimens used in this experiment were tomato paste,
ketchup sauce, and chili powder, which weighed 10 g each and were
mixed with ethanol (20 mL) under 30-min ultra-sonication. The mixture
was filtrated to gather the liquid phase using a 100-mL volumetric flask.
Then, the treatment was repeated in triplicate and diluted by ethanol up
to the marked volume. The laboratory tap water specimens were also
analyzed within 12 h, which were underwent the pretreatment through
a filter with a 0.22 μM cellulose acetate membrane.
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Determination of Ni-ZIF-67 nanocomposite characteristics
Fig. 1a represents the EDX patterns provided for the three constituent
particles of ZIF materials. Ni was detected in Ni/ZIF-67 materials,
indicating the presence of a loading element. EDX spectra represented
the percentage of elements Co, Ni, C and N as 16.98, 4.6, 39.2 and 39.22,
sequentially. Fig. 1b–e shows energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry
(EDS) mapping analysis for Ni/ZIF-67, confirming the existence of Co
(red), Ni (green), C (blue), and N (turquoise) elements which are
distributed homogeneously throughout the sample.
The FTIR spectrum of the Ni/ZIF-67 is shown in Fig. 2. The strong
and wide peak at 3529 and the another bond at 3129 cm− 1 corresponded
to OH stretching vibrations in H2O and C–H stretching vibrations,
sequentially. The in-plane bending vibrations of the imidazole ring have
been observed in the range of 900–1300 cm− 1. There were two robust
peaks at 1569 cm− 1 (C– – N stretching) and 1423 cm− 1 (C–H stretching)
in the CH2. Importantly, the robust peak at 427 cm− 1 was related to
characteristic Co–N.
As shown in Fig. 3, the powder X-ray diffraction patterns of Ni/ZIF-
67 revealed a highly crystalline structure; these patterns were in line

5
H. Beitollahi et al.
with previous reports. Fig. 3a displays the XRD spectrum for Ni/ZIF-67,
indicating the peaks at 29.7◦ , 24.6◦ , 22.3◦ ,
18.2◦ ,16.8◦ ,14.7◦ ,12.9◦ ,10.6◦ and 7.4◦ related to the diffraction planes
of (004), (233), (114), (222), (013), (022), (112), (002) and (011),
sequentially. The robust peaks for the Ni/ZIF-67 were the same as pure
ZIF-67, which means successful fabrication of the Ni/ZIF-67. The (013)
and (011) peaks related to weak relative intensities, when comparing
with ZIF-67, were probably due to the Ni element addition.
The structure of materials and the morphology of surfaces were
investigated through the SEM images. Fig. 4 for ZIF-67 exhibited a
typical hexagonal frame and particle sizes are estimated at about 2 μm,
also plenty of uniformly distributed Ni nanoparticles on the ZIF-67
surface with particle sizes 43–70 nm.
3.2. Electrochemical responses of Sudan I on Ni-ZIF-67/SPE
The electrochemical response of Sudan I was aqueous solution pH-
dependent. Hence, it was essential to optimize the solution pH to
reach the best Sudan I electrocatalytic oxidation. Accordingly, the Sudan
I electrochemical response was assessed in 0.1 M PBS at the pH range of
2.0–9.0 on the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE surface using cyclic voltammetry. The
Sudan I oxidation on the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE surface was electrocatalytically
more favored in neutral solutions than in basic or acidic conditions, so
that the pH value of 7.0 was the best for Sudan I oxidation.
Fig. 5 shows the CVs of Sudan I (200.0 μM) electro-oxidation on the
unmodified SPE and Ni-ZIF-67/SPE (curves a and b, respectively). The
peak potential of the Sudan I oxidation was seen at 450 mV, which was
approximately 130 mV more negative when comparing with unmodified
SPE. Much higher anodic peak current was found for the Sudan I
oxidation on the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE when comparing with unmodified SPE.
This means a significant improvement of electrode performance toward
Sudan I oxidation following the unmodified SPE modification with Ni-
ZIF-67.
3.3. Influence of scan rate
Fig. 6 shows the role of scan rate in the Sudan I oxidation on the Ni-
ZIF-67/SPE using Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), so that the peak
potential of oxidation migrated to further positive direction by raising
the scan rate, which underlines the kinetic restriction in the electro­
chemical response. In addition, a plot of peak height (Ip) was linear
against scan rate square root (ν1/2) in the range between 10 and 400
mV/s, which means diffusion-limited reactions at sufficient over­
potential rather than surface-controlled processes.
3.4. Chronoamperometric determinations
Chronoamperometric determinations of Sudan I on the Ni-ZIF-67/
SPE surface were performed by adjusting the potential of working
electrode at 0.5 V, the results of which are shown in Fig. 7 for various
Sudan I concentrations in PBS at different pH values of 7.0. The chro­
noamperometric analysis of electroactive moieties was computed by the
Cottrell’s equation under limited conditions of mass transfer, as follows:
I = nFAD 1/2
Cbπ − 1/2 − 1/2
t corresponding author.
In this, D stands for diffusion coefficient (cm2/s) and Cb for bulk
concentration (mol/cm3). The I plot against t − 1/2 was on the basis of
experimental data (Fig. 7A), with the optimal fits for various Sudan I
levels. The slopes from the straight lines (Fig. 7A), were drawn versus
various Sudan I levels (Fig. 7B). At last, the mean D value was estimated
at 5.0 × 10− 6 cm2/s.
3.5. Calibration plot and LOD
The peak current of Sudan I oxidation on the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE surface
6
Food and Chemical Toxicology 161 (2022) 112824
was utilized to detect the solution Sudan I. The differential pulse vol­
tammetry (DPV) is a method capable of elevating sensitivity and prop­
erties during analytical processes. Accordingly, this method was
performed exploiting Ni-ZIF-67/SPE in 0.1 M PBS with various Sudan I
levels (Fig. 8). Based on the findings, the peak current of Sudan I
oxidation on the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE surface was linear, depending on the
Sudan I levels in the range between 0.03 and 535.0 μM. The LOD and
correlation coefficient were 9.0 nM and 0.9998, sequentially.
Table 1 shows the analytical performance comparison of the elec­
trode fabricated in this work with other electrodes for Sudan I detection
(Liu et al., 2014; Li et al., 2015, Ma et al., 2013; Yang et al., 2010;
Prabakaran et al., 2015).
3.6. Detection of bisphenol A and Sudan I concurrently
The DPV method was utilized to simultaneously detect BPA and
Sudan I in mixtures on the Ni-ZIF-67/SPE by altering their concentra­
tions and recording the DPV, see Fig. 9. Based on the voltammetric
findings, some distinct anodic peaks could be observed at the potentials
of 430 and 570 mV related to the Sudan I and BPA oxidation, sequen­
tially, confirming concurrent detection of the two analytes on the Ni-ZIF-
67/SPE (Fig. 9). The modified electrode sensitivity to the Sudan I
oxidation was 0.0539 μA/μM, which is too close to the value calculated
in the absent BPA (0.0544 μA/μM). This means the independence of the
oxidation processes of these two analytes on Ni-ZIF-67/SPE, which
makes their simultaneous detection possible without distinguished
interference.
3.7. Real sample analysis
The applicability of as-fabricated sensor was evaluated for the
determination of Sudan I and BPA in real water and food specimens
using the method of standard addition (Table 2). The results confirmed
the maintenance of modified electrode efficiency in this regard, with
satisfactory recovery rate as well as admirable reproducibility based on
the mean relative standard deviation (RSD).
4. Conclusion
The sensing ability developed in this study was on the basis of Ni-ZIF-
67 nanocomposite modified screen-printed electrode as an ultra-
sensitive electrochemical sensor to simultaneously detect bisphenol A
and Sudan I. The voltammetric behavior of Ni-ZIF-67/SPE was enhanced
toward bisphenol A and Sudan I owing to the electro-catalytically syn­
ergistic impacts. The as-fabricated electrode possessed a variety of
positive properties, including excellent electro-catalytic activity, short
response time, narrow limit of detection, facile production steps, broad
linear range, unparalleled recovery, impressive sensitivity and espe­
cially in determination of analytes in the real specimens, suggesting Ni-
ZIF-67/SPE as a promising candidate for diverse applications.
Data availability statement
The data presented in this study are available on request from the
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgments
This study was financially supported by the Research Center of
Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical
H. Beitollahi et al.
Sciences, Kerman, Iran (grant number: 400000393; research ethics
committees code: IR.KMU.REC.1400.357).
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