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LAGOS STATE UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF MICROBIOLOGY
COURSE CODE:MIC210
COURSE TITLE:MICROBIAL CYTOLOGY
LECTURER NAME:MR. SHITTU
GROUP 21:ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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 GROUP MEMBERS
● ZACCHEAUS MAUGBE PRECIOUS:200561203
OBUH DARLINGTON AGHOGHO:200561211
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SHOBERU TAIWO CHRISTANIA:200561215

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DOSU PRECIOUS MAUTIN:200561216

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● AMINU-ABDULKABIR ABDULWAJUD:200561217
ADETOKUNBO MARYAM MOTUNRAYO:200561219
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● AIGBE OSAGIE AYOMIDE:210561017 3

 TOPIC OUTLINES:
DEFINITION OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND PASSIVE TRANSPORT

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TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT
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PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT AND SECONDARY ACTIVE

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TRANSPORT
TRANSPORTERS OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
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 WHAT IS ACTIVE TRANSPORT?
●Active transport is a kind of cellular transport where substances move
against a concentration gradient. This means that the direction is from an
area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Hence,
this process will require the expenditure of energy, and the assistance of
membrane proteins, such as carrier proteins.
●Active Transport is defined as a process that involves the movement of
molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher
concentration against a gradient or an obstacle with the use of external
energy.

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 ACTIVE TRANSPORT VS. PASSIVE
TRANSPORT
●Passive transport is another form of cellular transport. It is one of the
mechanisms employed by a cell to move substances across a biological
membrane. It differs from active transport in the way that the substances
move not against but along the direction of their respective concentration
gradient. The movement of substances in passive transport is in the
direction opposite to that of active transport.
●In the active transport, substances (e.g. ions, glucose, and amino acids)
move across a membrane from a region of their lower concentration to a
region of their higher concentration. Thus, they move against the
direction of their concentration gradient. Because of this, cellular energy 6
(e.g. ATP) is used in active transport in contrast to passive transport
 TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT.
●There are two types of active transport namely – Primary active transport
and secondary active transport.
●Primary active transport: is the one that uses chemical energy in the form
of ATP whereas a secondary active transport uses potential energy often
from an electrochemical potential difference. In primary active transport,
there is a direct coupling of energy such as ATP. Substances moved in
primary active transport are Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+.
●An example is an active transport involving the sodium-potassium pump.
It is a transport system in a biological membrane where three Na+ ions
are taken out while two K+ ions are taken into the cell against their
respective concentration gradients. Another example is the active
transport driven by the redox energy of NADH when it moves protons
 TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT(CONTD)
●Secondary active transport:there is no direct ATP coupling. Rather, the
transport is powered by the energy from electrochemical potential
difference as the ions are pumped into and out of the cell. In secondary
active transport, one ion is allowed to move down its electrochemical
gradient. This results in increased entropy that can be used as a source of
energy.
●For example, Na+ ions moving down the electrochemical gradient across
the plasma membrane power up the transport of a second ion against its
gradient, e.g. H+ ions. Thus, secondary active transport is also called
coupled transport or cotransport.
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Coupled transport:is defined as the simultaneous transport of two
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 PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT DIAGRAM

Primary active transport: the energy from hydrolyzing ATP is directly coupled to the movement of sodium ions across a biological membrane

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 SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT DIAGRAM.

Secondary active transport: where one substrate moves down its concentration gradient while the other moves against the concentration gradi

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 PRIMARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT VS.
SECONDARY ACTIVE TRANSPORT
Primary active transport Secondary active transport

Synonym(s): Direct active transport Synonym(s): Coupled transport or cotransport

Direct coupling of ATP No direct coupling of ATP

Energy used: Energy used:

-Metabolic energy (ATP) -Electrochemical gradient
-Redox energy
-Photon energy

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 TRANSPORTERS OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
●In primary active transport, membrane protein transporters include the ion
pumps, ion channels, and ATPases. ATPases, in particular, include the P-
type ATPases, such as sodium-potassium pump, calcium pump, and proton
pump, F-ATPases, such as mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP
synthase, and V-ATPases, such as vacuolar ATPase. ATP-binding cassette
transporters (ABC transporters), e.g. MDR, CFTR, are also involved in
primary active transport. All of them are ATP-driven
●In secondary active transport, the transporters are the antiporters and the
symporters. An example of an antiporter is the sodium-calcium exchanger
in the membranes of cardiac muscle cells. This antiporter allows three Na+
ions to move down the concentration gradient into the cell and then 12
actively transport one Ca+ ion out of the cell. (1) The movements of Na+
 BIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
●Active transport is essential in multifarious biological processes. It is
employed in many biochemical pathways (e.g. proton gradient generation
in chloroplasts and chemosynthesis in mitochondria). In plants, ABC
transporter PhABCG1 is responsible for the active transport of volatile
organic compounds across the plasma membrane.This is vital to plants
since volatile organic compounds entice pollinators and seed-dispersal
organisms. Plants also use ABC transporters, particularly NtPDR1, to
actively transport antimicrobial metabolites.Plants also employ active
transport when they absorb nutrients (e.g. chlorine and nitrates) from the
soil into the vacuole. In humans and animals, active transport is
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employed in many metabolic activities, e.g. glucose absorption.
 REFRENCES.
●Yu, S. P. & Choi, D. W. (June 1997). “Na(+)-Ca2+ exchange currents in
cortical neurons: concomitant forward and reverse operation and effect of
glutamate”. The European Journal of Neuroscience. 9 (6): 1273–81.
●Dyer, J., Hosie, K. B., & Shirazi-Beechey, S. P. (July 1997). “Nutrient
regulation of human intestinal sugar transporter (SGLT2) expression”.
Gut. 41 (1): 56–9. doi:10.1136/gut.41.1.56.
●Zhou, L., Cryan, E. V., D’Andrea, M. R., Belkowski, S., Conway, B. R.,
& Demarest, K. T. (1 October 2003). “Human cardiomyocytes express
high level of Na+/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT2)”. Journal of Cellular
Biochemistry. 90 (2): 339–46.
Poppe, R., Karbach, U., Gambaryan, S., Wiesinger, H., Lutzenburg, M.,
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 QUIZ.
Choose the best answer.
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1. What is an active transport?

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●A. The movement of substances from an area of lower to an area of higher

concentration
●B. The movement of substances from an area of higher to an area of lower
concentration
C. The movement of substances in a random fashion
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2. Two substances moving on the same direction

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A. Uniport
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B. Symport
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C. Antiport
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 CONCLUSION.
●At the end of this slide we were able to discuss active transport, the
types, the diffrence between active transport and passive transports, we
talked about the primary active transport and secondary active transport
and we treated some questions to test students ability.

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 THE END
THANKS FOR READING

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