Name: Erich Caramijan Isnain Subject: BioChemistry - Lec

Year/Section: BSED3A Date: August 11, 2022

Class Schedule: 8:30am - 10:00am

Assignment 1: Cell Organelles and Functions

Instructions: 1.) Download an image of the Di erence Between Plant cells and Animal
cells (with labeled cell organelles).
2.) Write the corresponding functions of all organelles

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Functions of each organelle in Animal Cell
The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the
interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer
that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and
exiting the cell.

The cytoplasm is the gel-like uid inside the cell. It is the medium for chemical reaction. It
provides a platform upon which other organelles can operate within the cell. All of the functions
for cell expansion, growth and replication are carried out in the cytoplasm of a cell.

The primary functions of the nucleus are to store the cell's DNA, maintain its integrity, and
facilitate its transcription and replication.

The classic role of mitochondria is oxidative phosphorylation, which generates ATP by

utilizing the energy released during the oxidation of the food we eat. ATP is used in turn as the
primary energy source for most biochemical and physiological processes, such as growth,
movement and homeostasis.

A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of
protein synthesis in the cell. The ribosome reads the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence and
translates that genetic code into a speci ed string of amino acids, which grow into long chains
that fold to form proteins.

Microtubules, together with micro laments and intermediate laments, form the cell
cytoskeleton. The microtubule network is recognized for its role in regulating cell growth and
movement as well as key signaling events, which modulate fundamental cellular
processes.

Centrioles are paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near
the nuclear envelope. Centrioles play a role in organizing microtubules that serve as the
cell's skeletal system. They help determine the locations of the nucleus and other organelles
within the cell.

The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, functions as a factory in which proteins received from
the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes,
the plasma membrane, or secretion.

Lysosomes function as the digestive system of the cell, serving both to degrade material taken
up from outside the cell and to digest obsolete components of the cell itself.

Golgi vesicles are often, referred to as the “tra c police” of the cell. They play a key role
in sorting many of the cell's proteins and membrane constituents, and in directing them to their
proper destinations.

The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, and in general its function is to
produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has
on it ribosomes, which are small, round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins.

The primary function of the nucleolus is in facilitating ribosome biogenesis, through the
processing and assembly of rRNA into preribosomal particles.

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The pinocytotic vesicles function as carriers of the extracellular uid into the cell.

Functions of each organelle in Plant Cells

Cell wall, cell membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleus, nucleolus, lysosome,
centrosome, golgi apparatus, ribosome, vacuole, and mitochondria are organelles that
are roughly similar with both cells with a distinguishable di erence.

A vacuole is a membrane-bound cell organelle. In animal cells, vacuoles are generally small
and help sequester waste products. In plant cells, vacuoles help maintain water balance.
Sometimes a single vacuole can take up most of the interior space of the plant cell.

The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength
and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress. It also allows cells to develop turgor
pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.

Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable
chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. By doing so, they sustain life on Earth.
Chloroplasts also provide diverse metabolic activities for plant cells, including the synthesis of
fatty acids, membrane lipids

Amyloplasts are plant-speci c organelles responsible for starch biosynthesis and storage.

Inside amyloplasts, starch forms insoluble particles, referred to as starch grains (SGs)

A "raphide crystal" is found in plant cells and has the primary purpose of "repelling animals
away from plants”.

Druse Crystal's primary functions in plant cells include high-capacity "calcium control" and
"herbivory resistance”.

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References:

https://study.com/academy/answer/what-does-the-druse-crystal-do-in-a-plant-cell.html

https://study.com/academy/answer/what-does-the-raphide-crystal-do-in-a-plant-cell.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-40424-w

https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/pinocytosis

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1903870116

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Endoplasmic-Reticulum-Smooth

https://microbenotes.com/golgi-apparatus-structure-and-functions/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9953/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9838/

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Centriole

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fonc.2014.00153/full

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Ribosome

https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/5623/structure-and-function-of-chloroplasts

https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/plant-cells-chloroplasts-and-cell-walls-14053956/

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Vacuole

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4321783/

https://www.mechanobio.info/what-is-the-nucleus/

https://training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/cells_tissues_membranes/cells/structure.html

https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Cell-Membrane