Lumber is wood that has been processed into dimensional lumber, including beams

and planks or boards, a stage in the process of wood production. Lumber is mainly
used for construction framing, as well as finishing (floors, wall panels, window
frames). Lumber has many uses beyond home building. Lumber is sometimes
referred to as timber as an archaic term and still in England, while in most parts of
the world (especially the United States and Canada) the term timber refers
specifically to unprocessed wood fiber, such as cut logs or standing trees that have
yet to be cut.

'ROUGH LUMBER' refers to boards that are not surfaced at all and it is sold as cut
from the sawmill. Rough cut lumber is wood that has yet to be chemically treated,
smoothened, or dried. It is a raw version of lumber that you can still mill down to
your desired thickness or dimensions. This is a multipurpose type of lumber that
can conform to most projects with the final finishing touches completely up to you.

DRESSED LUMBER Also called "surfaced lumber" has been jointed and planed
after it has been dried, while rough lumber has been dried but not planed. Dressed
lumber has been machined on all sides leaving a smooth surface. It is used for a
variety of uses including home renovations, joinery, DIY projects as well as for
architecturally-inspired designs such as feature walls and screening.

FLOOR AND ROOF BEAMS. Beam and joist arrangements that can form a
supporting frame for a floor. Beams are thicker and longer and are laid vertically;
joists are typically shorter and lay across the beams to give them horizontal support.
A roof beam is the primary load-bearing element in your roof. It provides
support to the roof or floor above, and strengthens your walls, keeping them
securely in place to prevent them from spreading out or leaning in. Roof beams
also provide support to the rest of your roof, including any joists, trusses,
battens, or roofing materials. Estimate number of pieces required by counting
directly from the floor and roof framing plans. The Length of floor and roof beams
should be taken from outside-to-outside measurements of their supports
FLOOR JOIST AND BRIDGING - joist floor frames are often pre-constructed,
transported to the site and attached to stumps or (less commonly) to a slab
foundation, although they can be constructed on the site as well.  bridging refers to
a brace or combination of braces installed between floor joists to hold them tightly
in place. It is primarily used to improve the stability of a floor structure. These
braces can be made of wood, metal strips, or strappings. Estimate number of pieces
required by directly counting from the floor framing plans. The Length will be the
outside-to-outside distance of supporting girders, beams or plates.

FASCIA BOARD is a type of roof trim that is commonly used on houses. It is

mounted on the exposed ends of rafters or the top of exterior walls to create a layer
between the edge of the roof and the outside. It also protects the roof and the
interior of the house from weather damage. The length of the fascia boards along
the gutters is equal to the over-an measurement of the building, plus the widths of
the roof overhangs on the both sides. The length of the fascia boards at roof gable
ends is the same as that of the rafters or truss top chords

PURLINS are installed horizontally under metal roofs. They are installed on top of
the roof rafters with a felt underlayment or vapor barrier installed on top. Purlins are
2 by 4 feet and are installed much like metal roofing. They give added support to
the roof and also provide a nailing surface for the end panels and drip edge. Count
the number required directly from the roof framing plans, details of rafters or
trusses. The length of purlins to be selected should be such that splices should occur
on top of rafters or trusses chords and not between them.

CLEATS These are the short pieces of wood that secured the purlins to the rafters
or top chord of the trusses. The number of cleats in a gable or lean-to roof is equal
to the number of purlins, times the number of rafters or top chords.

BOARDFOOT

After one has determined the number, sizes and lengths of lumber needed in a
construction, these should be converted into their unit of measurement called Board
Foot/Feet. This is necessary because the cost of lumber is quoted by suppliers on
per board foot basis. One board foot is the equivalent of the nominal volume of a
board, 12" wide, 12" long and 1" thick, the width and thickness being the dressed
down measurements still.

The true definition of “board feet” is not a calculation of length. Believe it or not,
it’s a calculation of volume. The term is most often used by lumber producers who
need to determine how many board feet they can obtain from each tree they harvest.
Therefore, this is not a term that you will likely ever need to use at the lumber yard.

One board foot is measured as 1x12x1. Notice that this board is a square (1-foot
equals 12”).
A 1x6x1 has 0.5 board feet. This board has half (0.5) the volume of the 1x12x1
board.

Sometimes it helps to visualize the “missing” half of the board foot.

WOOD POSTS
In wood construction posts normally land on a sill, but in rare types of buildings the
post may continue through to the foundation called an interrupted sill or into the
ground called earthfast, post in ground, or posthole construction. Alam naman natin
na ang post ay isang fundamental element in a fence. Kaya sap ag estimate ng wood
post Dapat din natin malaman yung bilang ng mga piraso at sukat na kinakailangan
mula sa Foundation o Floor Framing. Maaaring matukoy ang haba ng mga poste
mula sa Transverse or Longitudinal Section drawings of the structure, which show
the height of the different levels of the project Mga plano at mula sa mga guhit na
nagpapakita ng Mga Detalye ng Wood Posts o Footings. Maaaring matukoy ang
haba ng mga poste mula sa mga guhit ng Transverse o Longitudinal Section ng
istraktura, na nagpapakita ng taas ng iba't ibang antas ng proyekto.
Kapag ang mga poste na kinakailangan ay lumampas sa maximum na haba ng
lumber yung tinatawag natin na tabla na magagamit, na karaniwang 6.00 metro
(20"), kinakailangan natin mag estimate ng mas maiikling mga poste na pagsasama-
samahin sa kinakailangang haba. Yung mga pinagsamang haba ng mga maikling
poste bago ang pag-splice ay dapat na 0.90 metro yung mahaba kaysa sa ang
kinakailangang haba ng buong poste upang magbigay ng allowance para sa overlap
sa splice/joint.

A BOLT is a type of mechanical fastener that comes with a threaded shaft.

Generally, they manufacture with metal that use to fasten many types of materials
together. The heads of those bolts specifically design to grip those tools so that you
can tighten the materials efficiently. Sa pag tayo ng wood post kinakailangan ng
Two (2) pieces of bolts with washers are needed to secure each post to the w. i.
straps. Add four (4) pieces more for every splicing of posts. The length of each bolt
should be at least 25mm (1") longer than the side of the post it bores through to give
allowance for the thickness of the washers and nut. The w. i. straps are usually
made flush with the sides of the post.

Ang mga STEEL REINFORCING BAR (deformed bars) ay mga steel bar o meshes
ng mga steel wire na ginagamit bilang isang tension device sa reinforced concrete at
reinforced masonry structures upang palakasin at hawakan ang kongkreto in
tension. Ang ibabaw ng rebar ay madalas na naka-pattern upang bumuo ng isang
mas mahusay na bond sa kongkreto. When the concrete piers and footings of wood
posts ay required to have steel reinforcing bars, estimate the number required by
following the instructions given in Section D.

Each wood post is anchored to the concrete pier by at least one pair of wrought iron
(w.i.) straps and bolts. The straps are commonly available in the following sizes:

16D is the most commonly used nail size for framing applications. Also known as
16-penny nails, these are 3.5 inches long, but their diameter varies depending on the
type of nail. Both varieties of 16d nails are used in projects related to framing, like
fastening wall plates or rim joints. The sinkers come with vinyl, cement, and epoxy
coating, which make them more reliable for framing than their counterparts. These
framing nails are all about convenience, mainly because they can easily slide into
the wood. And that convenience factor is more crucial when you have to drive in a
large number of nails. Besides, their textured head prevents nail guns and hammers
from slipping, thereby ensuring user safety.

If you are looking for the appropriate nail size for framing roof truss, or trimming
doors then 10d nails are the best choice. Furthermore, they are also used in framing
studs, for instance when you are doubling wall studs or floor joists that are
overlapping. The 10d galvanized nails are exactly 3 inches in nail length and have a
diameter of about 0.148 inches. That being said, this size is ideal for fastening two
board faces that are flat, since the nails do not penetrate deeper into the boards.

8d nails are appropriate for all kinds of siding materials. These nails are used to
attach sheathing, furring strips, subfloors, and any other material which does not
require bigger nails.Apart from that, they are also used for toenailing as well as
joining wall plates. However, when using them, make sure that the nails are
arranged in a way that they will penetrate the stud. These are generally 2.5 inches
long, while their shank and the head diameter is about 0.134inches and 9/32 inches,
respectively.
The 6d nails are primarily used for joining flat woods and nailing the subfloor and
finish floor. Also, you can use this for small-scale wood projects as their small size
and diameter ensure less chances of surface damage. 6d nails are shorter in nail
length and have a smaller diameter compared to other framing nails, making them
suitable for small interior projects only.
1. Assume that each of the collar beams or plates is 0.90 meter (3") long.
Therefore, 1 piece of lumber 1.80 meters (6") long is required for collar beams
or plates per truss.
Example:
If there are 5 trusses shown in the plans of the project, the number and length
of lumber required for the collar beams or plates would be:
5 Pcs. (Size of Lumber) x 1.80in. (6')
(The size or cross section of the lumber to be specified will be as indicated in
the detail drawings of the truss.)

2. When the size of the king post is the same as the collar beams, determine its
length and add the length of lumber for the collar beams of 1.80 meters (6').
Thus only one piece of lumber will be ordered for the king post and collar
beams for each truss.

Example:
The collar beams and the king post of a set of trusses have the same size, and
that the king post is 1.20 meters long. If there are 5 trusses shown in the roof-
framing plan, estimate the number and length of lumber required.
Solution
Length of lumber required per truss = 1.80m (Collars) + 1.20m (KP) =
3.00meters (10')
Lumber required for 5 trusses: 5 Pcs. (Size of Lumber) x 3.00m (10')
(The size or cross section of the lumber to be specified will be as indicated in
the detail drawings of the truss.)
3. When the size of the king post is not the same as any of the other truss
members, estimate the lumber required separately. Add together the heights of
2, 3, or 4 king posts having the same size such that the total measurement will
come up to the nearest length of lumber commonly sold in increments of two
feet. Later the lumber will be cut into short pieces corresponding to the length
of each king post.

Example:
Estimate the lumber required for 5 pieces of king posts, each 1.50 meters long.

Solution
Converting the length of each King post to number of feet: 1.50m x 3.281 =
4.92, say 5'
Therefore, the number and length of lumber which can be ordered for the 5
pieces of King posts would be:
1 Pc. (Size of Lumber) x 10' (To be cut into 2 King posts)
1 Pc. (Size of Lumber) x 16' (To be cut into 3 King posts)
(The second piece of lumber will result in a wastage of 1 foot because although
15 feet is all that is needed, the lumber length has to be adjusted to 16 feet.)

4. Assume that the length of two wood connectors is 0.90 meter (3), each
connector being 0.45 meter (1-1/2) long. This length is deemed adequate for
most truss constructions. Since the size of the web members and the connectors
is the same, the lumber required for both can be estimated as one piece for one
side of long trusses, or for both sides of short-span trusses. Add together the
length of the diagonal members, vertical members, plus 0.90 meter for each
pair of wood connector used for one side, or for the whole truss, depending
upon the span of the truss being estimated.

Example:
Supposing that the length of each diagonal member of the truss shown below is
0.90 meter, while each vertical member (excluding the king post) is 0.60 meter
long, estimate the number and length of lumber needed for the web members
and connectors for the truss,
Solution
Adding together the length of the web members and connectors at one side of
the truss.

0.90m (Diag.) +0.60m (Vert.) +0.96m (Connectors) = 2.40 meters

Converting to number of feet:, 2.40m x 3.281 7.80, say 8 feet. Therefore, the
lumber required for both sides of the truss is: 2 Pcs. (Size of Lumber) x 10'
The size or cross-section of the lumber to be used will be as indicated in the
truss detail drawing.)
5. Where the bottom chords of a truss consist of 2 pieces, the length of each
should be longer by at least 0.60 meter than the outside-to-outside distance of
the end supports. This will provide 0.30 meter to project beyond each support
for bolting with the top chord, as shown in the truss drawing below

6. Wind or sway bracings are also recommended to be placed between trusses

to make roof framing more rigid and thus enable it to withstand strong winds
or typhoons. Wind bracings consist of two wood pieces placed diagonally
between trusses, one end of each being placed securely at the top part of a truss
and the other end placed at the bottom part of the adjoining or next truss. The
length of lumber required for wind bracings can be determined by measuring
with a scale the diagonal distances between trusses.
NAILS
NAIL, in construction and carpentry, a slender metal shaft that is pointed at one end
and flattened at the other end and is used for fastening one or more objects to each
other. Nails are most commonly used to fasten pieces of wood together, but they are
also used with plastic, drywall, masonry, and concrete. Nails are usually made
of steel but can also be made of stainless steel, iron, copper, aluminum, or bronze.
The pointed end of a nail is called the point, the shaft is called the shank, and the
flattened part is called the head.

There are many different types of nails, the types depending on the material that
they are driven into and the degree of holding power that they must have. Two basic
classes of nails are common nails and finishing nails

COMMON WIRE NAILS are construction steel products with multiple uses. Also,
itong type of steel nails ay kilala din sa tawag na steel common nails,construction
nails or framing nails. These nails have diamond shaped points, flat heads and
straight shanks. Common nails are the most popular among the steel nails. Used by
manufacturers worldwide as wood joiner, however, the most common use of this
product is in building structures. Common wire nails are often used in construction
and general rough framing.

BOX NAILS are similar to common nails but have a slimmer shank and have less
holding power. Box nail is used on lighter pieces of wood and on boxes, and also
used for installing clapboard siding. They are especially good for this application
because ayun nga mas thinner yung nail tends nito to crack the siding less. The nail
also has a slightly larger head, which helps the nail keep the siding in place, even
when the sun and temperature might cause the wood to shrink or swell somewhat.
Box nails are most often used with a galvanized coating on them, so that they will
stand up to the weather better.
THE FINISHING NAIL is also known as Brad Nail or Finish Nail. This Finish Nail
is featured by a small head, a smooth shank, and diamond shape point. Compared
with Common Nail, the Finishing Nail is featured with a smaller head and is lighter
than the common nail. The reason for using these types of nails are for the fact that
they can be sunk into the trim or molding. This leaves a hole to be filled in with
putty to make the trim or molding smooth. They range in length from 1 to 4 inches.

A CASING NAIL essentially is a large finishing nail. It is often used in exterior

applications, such as for installing exterior trim boards and for nailing door frames
and trim. They are commonly galvanized for corrosion-resistance. The nail head of
a casing nail is tapered and may be set flush or just below the wood surface.

BRAD NAILS (OR BRADS) are used in light finish woodworking and are
essentially very small finishing nails. Because of the small shank diameter and the
small head, these nails greatly reduce the possibility of splitting when used in
hardwood. Brads are ideal for general joinery and are usually countersunk below
the surface of the wood using a nail set—the holes are then filled with putty for a
finished appearance. Brad nails can be made for use in a nail gun (as pictured here)
or to be hand-driven.

DIFFERENT DESIGN OF TRUSSES

A HOWE TRUSS is a bridge with axial compressive forces in the diagonal and
axial tensile forces in the vertical members. It is commonly used as a bridge truss.
The geometry this truss possesses makes its use advantageous for longer spans.

FAN TRUSS is a simple design made out of steel. Most projects with larger span of
around 10-15 meters uses this kind of truss. These are essentially Fink trusses that
have their web members ‘fan out’ from the joints at the bottom, usually with the
addition of vertical members.
KING POST TRUSS are made of the smooth plane by saw and jack planes, then
joined to the tie beam by a bridle joint or tenon joint while desired joints are made
for the purpose of connecting components.

These joints are fastened and strengthened by an iron strap, the two struts are fixed
to the principal rafter by a slant and tenon joint. It is fixed by the tenon joint in the
upper edge of the tenon beam, while heads of the king post are joined by mortise
and tenon joints at the ends of the principal rafter.
These joints are fixed more tightly with the help of a three-way mild steel strap on
each side and purlins are placed at right angles to the principal rafters connected
through cogged joints and cleats.

QUEEN-POST TRUSSES, there is one vertical post but in the case of the queen-
post there are two vertical posts called queen-posts. A horizontal beam connected at
the top of the queen-posts is called a straining beam each queen-post and principal
rafter is subsequently joined by two interested members known as struts. The two
struts are subjected to compression are called compression members, while the two
queen-posts are subjected to tension are called tension members.

DOUBLE FINK TRUSSES are essentially Fink trusses that repeat the pattern twice
on either side. If the most basic Fink truss can be characterized by a double-V, then
a double fink would look like a double-W.

SCISSORS TRUSS. In this truss type, the bottom chord members cross each other
and join the top chord members, making a scissor-shaped arrangement as shown
below. This type of truss helps create a vaulted ceiling,i.e., a self-supporting arch
between walls and the actual roof.

THE FINK TRUSS in its most basic form has web members that follow a V-pattern
which can be repeated several times. As the top chords are sloping downward from
the center, the V pattern becomes noticeably smaller. As Fink trusses rely more on
diagonal members, they can be very efficient at transmitting loads to the support.
A PRATT TRUSS has been used over the past two centuries as an effective truss
method. The vertical members are in compression, whilst the diagonal members are
in tension. This simplifies and produces a more efficient design since the steel in the
diagonal members (in tension) can be reduced. This has a few effects – it reduces
the cost of the structure due to more efficient members, reduces the self-weight, and
eases the constructability of the structure. This type of truss is most appropriate for
horizontal spans, where the force is predominantly in the vertical direction

NAILS AND BOLTS are the materials usually used for connecting the various
wood members of trusses assembled at the job site. In constructing trusses, larger
sized common wire nails are first used to join the different truss members together.
Later holes are bored through at the appropriate joints and secured together with
machine cut bolts with washers. The size (diameter) of the bolts should be as
indicated in the drawings or specifications while the length must at least be 25mm
(1") longer than the combined thickness of the truss members to be joined together.
This will give allowance for the thickness · of the nut and the washers. The nails
should be long enough to go through the first and second pieces of wood and also
penetrate at least 25mm (1") through the third wood member. Thus, for two pieces
of 50mm (2") thick bottom chords and one piece 50mm (2") thick top chord, the
ideal size of nail to use would be 40d (127mm or 5") or 50d (139mm or 5-1/2")
common wire nails.

NAILS AT BOLTS ay ang mga materyales na karaniwang ginagamit para sa

pagkonekta sa iba't ibang mga miyembro ng kahoy ng trusses na binuo sa lugar ng
trabaho. Sa paggawa ng mga trusses, ang mas malalaking sukat na karaniwang wire
nails ay unang ginagamit upang pagsamahin ang iba't ibang wood members ng
isang trusses. In constructing trusses, larger sized common wire nails are first used
to join the different truss members together. Later holes are bored through at the
appropriate joints and secured together with machine cut bolts with washers.. Ang
sukat ng diameterng mga bolts ay dapat na tulad ng ipinahiwatig sa mga drawings o
mga detalye habang ang haba ay dapat na hindi bababa sa 25mm (1") na mas
mahaba kaysa sa pinagsamang kapal ng mga truss members na pagsasamahin. Ito
ay magbibigay ng allowance para sa kapal ng nut at ng mga washers. Ang mga
pako or nails ay dapat na sapat ang haba upang dumaan sa una at pangalawang
piraso ng lumber at tumagos din ng hindi bababa sa 25mm (1") sa third member of
lumber. Kaya naman yung required or yung ideal na size ng nails na ginagamit ay
40D and 50D common wire nails
TONGUE AND GROOVE are often used in conjunction with wood floorboards,
sheet paneling, wainscot, and any number of other materials where a tight, solid
seam is required between separate pieces.

One tongue fits firmly into the groove of the adjoining board. The purpose is to
control vertical movement between adjoining boards. Horizontal movement is still
allowed to a small degree and, in fact, is a desirable quality, since wood flooring
will expand and contract.

An average of 12-1/2 pieces of 1" x 4" wood flooring is laid across one meter of
floor joists. This may already include allowance for the perimeter wall baseboards.

In building plans, the floorings are not shown, but only the underfloor framings
such as floor beams, plates, floor joists, wood sleepers (in the case of concrete slab
subflooring) and the bridgings. A sample floor framing plan showing the
arrangements of floor beams, floor joists and bridgings, and an isometric drawing of
the same are shown in the next slide

In estimating the number of 1" x 4" T & G wood flooring needed for a defined area
or room with the sides (a) perpendicular, and (b) parallel, to the floor joists as in the
floor framing above, a simple formula to use is: Length of side (b) x 12.5= Number
of 1 " x 4" wood T & G flooring required The measurement of side (b) to be
multiplied by 12.5 to obtain the number of floorings should be in meters. The length
of flooring is equal to side (a), in even number of feet. If the dimension of side (a) is
in meters, multiply by 3.281 to get its equivalent length in feet, rounding up to its
next longer length in multiple of two feet, if necessary.