AUTOMATIC COFFEE MAKER MACHINE

REPORT MINI PROJECT ESE644

SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
SHAH ALAM

PREPARED BY:

NO FULL NAME MATRIC NO

1 O'NEIL JAKIRI 2020993137
2 ROHIDAH BINTI SAIMUN 2019725523

LECTURER'S NAME: DR. ROSIDAH BINTI SAM

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 14th JULY 2021

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

No. Content Pages

1 Executive Summary 1

2 Problem Statement 2

3 Project Objective 3

4 Proposed Solution
1) Flowchart 4
2) Mechanical design
5
3) Sensors
4) Actuators 6
7-8

5 Project Scope 9

6 Results and Discussion

1) Ladder diagram 10-13
2) Assignment list
14
3) Wiring diagram
15

7 Conclusion 16
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Automatic coffee maker machines are a common sight that we are used to seeing all the
time, whether in workplaces, large buildings or corporate centers, or in public areas such as
administrations, hospitals and so on.
The idea behind this automatic coffee maker machine is simple: for huge volumes of
services, renting an automatic coffee maker machine is far more cost-effective than purchasing
coffee from outside the property, which will eat up valuable time. As a result, automatic coffee
makers are becoming increasingly popular in a variety of fields.
For sensible purposes, these machines work as if they were automatic occasional manufacturers
machines with a coin purse. The user inserts the required coins, and solely should press a button
to get the specified coffee preparation in seconds.
The entire profit goes to the coffee machine manufacturer, who, in turn, must pay for the
machine's upkeep and any malfunctions or difficulties that may occur. In exchange, the office or
building that purchases one of these machines ensures that its customers or employees will have
access to a convenient, high-quality, and low-cost coffee service (a cup of coffee from this type
of automatic coffee maker machine can cost as little as 50-60 cents).
Automatic coffee maker machines contain features that you wouldn't find in a household
coffee maker, such as the ability to select each drink at the touch of a button or choosing the type
of coffee you want in your cup from the keyboard, either cold or hot.

1
 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Based on the results of our survey, it was discovered that beverages, particularly coffee,
have become a daily routine for individuals all over the world. Some coffee makers are
inexpensive, but they have fewer features, making it inconvenient for people to drink coffee
since they must stand near the coffee maker to check if there is water in the maker tank or if the
liquid level in the coffee pot is full and if no one maintains a check on the state of the coffee
maker, it might pose some safety issues as well as waste energy.
Some people acquire their coffee from a roadside booth or café, and it can take up to 15
minutes for the beverage to arrive. As a result, the problem can be solved with an automatic
coffee maker machine.

2
 PROJECT OBJECTIVE

The objective of the project is:

1. To design a PLC program and develop an automatic coffee maker machine, which
dispenses the coffee of required quality in less time after receiving a coin.
2. To offer the options like hot coffee or cold coffee.
3. To adopt simple design mechanisms that can be easily maintained.

3
 PROPOSED SOLUTION

FLOW CHART

START

Insert coin

Cup dispensed
for 3 second

Ice cubes dispensed

Hot or Cold
for 5 times

Hot water dispensed for

Hot water dispensed for
4 second
10 second

Granulated coffee
dispensed for 7 seconds

Creamer dispensed for 5

seconds

Sugar dispensed for 5

seconds

END

4
MECHANICAL DESIGN

Figure 1.0: Mechanical Design of Automatic Coffee Maker

5
SENSORS

a) Coin detector
Automatic coffee maker uses light sensors to measure the size of a coin and
electromagnets to detect the metal type to determine what kind of coin it is. The
basic premise of coin detection is to compare the physical features of a coin to those of
recognized approved coins. The coin acceptor determines the coin's mass, size, diameter,
thickness, metal composition, and/or magnetism, and then delivers the appropriate
electrical signal through its output connection.
As in this project, students use Coin Slot SG-648 for coins acceptor as Coin slot SG-648
has been tested and accepting all Malaysia coins. This coin’s acceptor has high accuracy
and Intelligent Micro-chip control. Coin Slot SG-648 are programable without PC and
Can be re-programs by internal setup function.

Figure 1.1: Coin Slot SG-648

b) Ice Cube sensor

Photoelectric sensor is the non-contact sensor detects existence of objects utilizing light.
It checks amount of receiving light which is affected by the target object and
distinguishes if the object is there or not. It is used for factory automation purpose
mainly. In this project, students use the NF-TS40 screen fiber unit makes it possible to
count the number of ice cube dropping from a dispenser. Because detection occurs as the
ice cubes are falling, variations in ice cube positions are inevitable.

6
ACTUATOR

a) Solenoid Valves
Solenoid valves control the flow rate of fluid and gases in systems, devices, and motors.
These control valves, which are all unique and come in a variety of forms, have clearly
completed tasks ranging from simple to complex with ease. As in project, students use
TYPE B397 3/2 NC direct acting solenoid valve with 2 coils series and TYPE B297
2/2 NC direct acting solenoid valve with 2 coils series.
One of the advantages using this solenoid valve is the operation of the closing and
opening of the valve, with the valve able to open and shut within less than a second.
Solenoid valve have the fast response time, low power consumption and very compatible
with both DC and AC voltage. This solenoid valve also has cheap replacement parts
which will decreasing the cost for maintenance.

Figure 1.2: Type of Solenoid Valves

b) Hydraulic actuator
Hydraulic cylinder is used in this project which also is designed with a hollow
cylindrical tube, making it possible for a piston to easily slide. When pressure is applied
to just one side of the piston, it is called “single acting”. With this, the piston moves in
just one direction and for the return stroke, a spring is often used. Pressure can also be
applied to both sides, which is known as “double acting”. Pressure variance between the
two sides is what causes piston motion on either side. Because liquids are nearly
impossible to compress, a hydraulic actuator can exert considerable force.

7
 c) Safety valve
In a steam system, the safety valve is one of the most critical safety mechanisms for
boiler. Overpressure protection is provided by safety valves, which protect plant
operators and equipment. A safety valve's primary function is to alleviate pressure. It's
mounted on the boiler's steam drum and will open automatically if the pressure on the
inlet side of the valve rises over a predetermined level.

d) Vibrating Pump
A vibratory pump, or vibe pump, is a small electromagnetic workhorse. A piston attached
to a magnet is set inside a metal coil. Electrical current runs through the coil causing the
magnet to rapidly move the piston back and forth, pushing the water through the
machine.

e) Ice actuator
The Ice Actuator will control the dispensing of the ice from the ice maker.

8
 PROJECT SCOPE

In terms of the project's scope, the machine will give a one-of-a-kind service to the end
user. The machine will accept money and a user selection as input, inform the user that their
money and input are genuine, and that their selection is in stock, then pull a coffee cup from the
selection, boil the water, and inject the water into the coffee cup, pour granulated coffee into the
coffee cup, then dispense creamer and sugar, as well as an ice cube if the consumer prefers cold
coffee or vice versa. The customer will then be served a coffee cup from the front of the
machine. The time it takes from user input to drink delivery, as well as the price the consumer
must pay to acquire the product from the machine, are all included in the scope.

9
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

PLC LADDER DIAGRAM

The figures below show the PLC ladder diagram for the coffee making machine. The ladder
diagram is designed using LOGO!Soft Comfort v8.0 Demo software, which is software used for
programming simple automation tasks in industry and building technology.

Figure 2.1.1 LAD Diagram for PSU

Figure 2.1.2 LAD Diagram for CCD, ICC and Hot or Cold coffee choice

10
 Figure 2.1.1 and 2.1.2 show the ladder diagram for the power supply unit (PSU),
and the ladder diagram for the coffee cup dispenser (CCD), ice cube dispenser (ICC), and the hot
or cold coffee choice (HOT COFFEE and COLD COFFEE) respectively.

In figure 2.1.1, the ladder diagram is designed for the power supply unit for the
coffee making machine, which is needed to power the whole system for the coffee making
machine. In the ladder diagram, there are 2 inputs involved, which is the ON and OFF button.
The ON button is used to turn on the power for the coffee making machine and the OFF button is
used to turn off the power for the coffee making machine, in case of an emergency shutdown.
Latching technique is used to make the ON and OFF button work, by latching M1 before the
OFF button.

As for figure 2.1.2, the ladder diagram is designed for the coffee cup dispenser
(CCD), ice cube dispenser (ICC), and the hot or cold coffee choice (HOT COFFEE and COLD
COFFEE). For the coffee cup dispenser (CCD), the button START is used to detect coins and
start the coffee making process after the user inserted a coin into the machine. Upon pressing the
button, a coffee cup will be dispensed from the machine for 3 seconds and CCD notification light
will turn on, notifying the user that the process of dispensing the coffee cup is ongoing. The light
will turn off after the process is finished.

For the hot or cold coffee choice (HOT COFFEE and COLD COFFEE), the user
can choose to make hot coffee and cold coffee, by pressing the HOT button for hot coffee, and
COLD button for cold coffee. The notification light for each choice will light up depending on
the user’s choice. Note that the process for making hot and cold coffee is technically similar
except for the cold coffee, where ice cubes were dispensed first before the hot water.

For the ice cube dispenser (ICC), the ICE SENSOR will detect the amount of ice
cube that is dispensed into the empty coffee cup. The ICE SENSOR will detect exactly 5 ice
cubes. After that, the ice cube dispenser will stop and proceed to the next coffee making process,
which is the hot water dispenser (HWD). Note that this step will only be activated for cold coffee
and if the user picks hot coffee, this step will be skipped automatically by the machine. The CR
button is used to reset the counter for the ice cube dispenser, which will be done by the machine
automatically.

11
 Figure 2.1.3 LAD Diagram for HWD(H), HWD(C), and GCD

Figure 2.1.4 LAD Diagram for CD and SD

Figure 2.1.3 and 2.1.4 show the ladder diagram for the hot water dispenser, for both
hot coffee (HWD(H)) and cold coffee (HWD(C)), and the granulated coffee dispenser (GCD),

12
and the ladder diagram for the creamer dispenser (CD) and the sugar dispenser (SD)
respectively.

In figure 2.1.3, the ladder diagram is designed for the hot water dispenser, for both
hot coffee (HWD(H)) and cold coffee (HWD(C)), and the granulated coffee dispenser (GCD).
For the hot water dispenser, there are 2 different timers for it, where for the hot coffee, the hot
water will be dispensed into the coffee cup for 10 seconds, and for the cold coffee, hot water will
be dispensed for 4 seconds. This step is designed this way to compensate for the available
capacity inside the cup, where the cup for the hot coffee choice will have nothing in it and as for
the cold coffee choice, there are 5 ice cubes in it. This is to make sure the coffee will not
overflow during and after the end of the coffee making process. The notification light for the hot
water dispenser (HWD LIGHT) will turn on during the process and will turn off after it is
finished. The machine will then proceed to the granulated coffee dispenser.

For the granulated coffee dispenser, the machine will dispense granulated coffee
into the coffee cup for 7 seconds. Granulated coffee is basically a coffee powder, which can exist
in grains or particles form. This ingredient is used because of the advantages it has, such as high
solubility rate and faster preparation speed, so that the coffee can be prepared instantly, as in
instant coffee. The notification light for the granulated coffee dispenser (GCD LIGHT) will turn
on during the process and turn off after it has finished. After this step, the machine will proceed
to the creamer dispenser.

In figure 2.1.4, the ladder diagram is designed for the creamer dispenser (CD) and
the sugar dispenser (SD). For the creamer dispenser, the machine will dispense creamer for the
coffee for 5 seconds. Creamer is used to substitute milk or cream as an additive to coffee.
Creamer is not an essential for coffee but since the majority of coffee drinkers prefers creamer
for their coffee, this machine is equipped with a creamer dispenser. The notification light for the
creamer dispenser (CD LIGHT) will turn on during the process and will turn off after it has
finished. The machine will then proceed to the sugar dispenser.

For the sugar dispenser (SD), the machine will dispense sugar into the coffee cup
for 5 seconds. The sugar used for this process is melted sugar, which exists in liquid form for
easy dispersing. The notification light for the sugar (SD LIGHT) will turn on during the process

13
and will turn off after it has finished. The coffee making process has been completed by the
machine and the machine will return to its original state.

ASSIGNMENT LIST
The tables below show the assignment list for both input and output for the coffee
making machine. Table x shows the assignment list for the input and table y shows the
assignment list for output.

INPUT LABEL ADDRESS DESCRIPTION

On button ON I1.0 Button to turn on the

machine

Off button OFF I2.0 Button to turn off the

machine

Coin sensor START I3.0 Sensor to detect coin as

a payment for the coffee
from the user

Ice cube sensor IC I6.0 Sensor to detect ice

cubes dispensed (fixed
at 5 ice cubes)

Hot coffee button HOT COFFEE I4.0 Button to initiate hot

coffee making process

Cold coffee button COLD COFFEE I5.0 Button to initiate cold

coffee making process
Table 2.2.1 Assignment list for input

OUTPUT LABEL ADDRESS DESCRIPTION

Cup dispenser CCD Q1.0 Dispense coffee cup

Ice cube dispenser ICC - Dispense ice cubes for

the cold coffee

Hot water dispenser HWD(H) Q4.0 Dispense hot water for

(hot coffee) the hot coffee

14
 Hot water dispenser HWD(C) Q4.0 Dispense hot water for
(cold coffee) the cold coffee

Granulated coffee GCD Q5.0 Dispense granulated

dispenser coffee for the coffee

Creamer dispenser CD Q6.0 Dispense creamer for

the coffee

Sugar dispenser SD Q7.0 Dispense sugar for the

coffee
Table 2.2.2 Assignment list for output

WIRING DIAGRAM
The diagram below shows the simple one-to-one wiring diagram for the coffee making
machine. Note that the PLC wiring diagram is for sketch based on the input and output
application available for LOGO!Soft Comfort Demo v8.0, where inputs are I1.0, I2.0, I3.0,…,
and outputs are Q1.0, Q2.0, Q3.0, ….

15
Diagram 2.3 PLC wiring diagram for coffee making machine

16
 CONCLUSION

This section concludes the entirety of the mini project report. In this mini project,
students were able to test their creativity and knowledge in PLC to design an automation system,
and also pick the required sensors and actuators that fits with the system. The students were also
able to develop a PLC program to control the system, which in this case, LOGO!Soft Comfort
v8.0 is used as the software to write the PLC program.

As a conclusion to this mini project which is titled coffee maker machine, all of the
objectives have been achieved, where students were able to design a PLC program and develop
an automatic coffee maker machine, which dispenses the coffee of required quality in less time
after receiving a coin, offer the options like hot coffee or cold coffee on the coffee maker
machine, and also adopt simple design mechanisms that can be easily maintained.

During the duration of the mini project development, no issues were encountered by
the students and the PLC system designed has met the requirements that was listed in the mini
project requirement.

17